Local Sanctuary Research Articles

Two New Inscriptions from Asarönü (Finike, Antalya)

The first part of this article deals with a Severan family monument from Asarönü: Statue bases of father (new) and mother (first published in 1991), erected by their sons in the local sanctuary of Apollo, show important public functions of the elite family in Limyra: local priesthood to the emperors, organisation of sitonia, embassies to the emperors in Rome and Britain, and in the Lycian Confederacy: priesthood to the Roma. The second chapter presents a fragmentary stele from the same sanctuary of Apollo (3rd century B.C.): Asarönü, then still an autonomous polis, was incorporated into the polis of Limyra as a dependent community with the rank and function of a peripolion under the Rhodian occupation of Lycia (188-167 B.C.). The appendix presents a fragmentary Late Hellenistic inscription from Limyra, which informs about the strategia, the division of the official year into two hexamenoi, and the Apolloneioi as Asarönü’s ‘demotikon’ in Limyra.

Messaging inclusion with consequence: U.S. sanctuary cities and immigrant wellbeing

In the United States (U.S.), sanctuary cities have increasingly garnered public attention as places dedicated to increasing immigrant safety, inclusion, and health. These cities primarily rely on limiting local police cooperation with federal immigration enforcement to deter immigrant detention and deportation. However, sanctuary policies’ inability to extend immigrants’ legal rights and their reliance on police as ushers of sanctuary may complicate how these spaces attend to their stated goals. In this paper, we examine how organizational workers conceptualize sanctuary, safety, and immigrant health and wellbeing within sanctuary cities. We draw on interviews with organizational workers in two sanctuary cities: Boston, Massachusetts and Seattle, Washington collected between February and August 2018. Our findings reveal that immigrants continue to face structural barriers to housing, safe employment, education, and healthcare within sanctuary cities with consequences to wellbeing. Workers’ definitions of safety draw on interconnected structural exclusion that prevent immigrants from accessing basic needs and fail to account for historically rooted forms of racism and nativism. Organizational workers identified tensions between messages of sanctuary and what local sanctuary policies offer in practice, providing insight into consequences of institutionalizing a grassroots social movement. As organizational workers negotiate these tensions, they must develop everyday sanctuary practices to extend immigrant inclusion, safety, health, and wellbeing.

The local effects of federal law enforcement policies: Evidence from sanctuary jurisdictions and crime

AbstractThis study estimates the association between sanctuary policies and crime in the United States by exploiting an increase in state and local sanctuary policy adoption in 2014. Counties that adopted sanctuary policies in 2014 experienced a decrease of 17.9 violent crimes per 100,000 inhabitants per year (0.02 percentage points) compared to counties that continued to cooperate with Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency (ICE), with the relationship driven by decreases in robberies and assaults. This result implies that sanctuary policies avoid $101 million per year in crime costs. Conversely, ICE cooperation increases crime costs in local communities by $3.28 billion per year.

The Seleukids and Elam in the 2nd c. BC.

The history of the Elymais is one of the poorly illuminated pages in the history of the Hellenistic Iran. This land was inherited by Alexander the Great from the Achaemenids, c. 311 BC it came under the rule of Seleukos I and remained the part of the Seleukid state until the middle 2nd century BC when Kamnaskires I, “the King of Elam” according to Babylonian cuneiform texts, founded the independent Kingdom of Elymais. However, the prehistory of these events is not well known. Our sources for the 3rd century BC do not provide any reliable data on separatist tendencies in the area. The events of 187 BC associated with the expedition of Antiochos III to Elam should be considered as the first known evidence of such hostilities. The death of Antiochos during the campaign is often presented as the result of his attempt to rob the local sanctuary, but it should not be interpreted simply as spontaneous reaction of angry natives. Rather it was a deliberate refusal to raise funds from the temple treasury according to royal request. The ensuing military campaign ended in defeat. In 184, Babylonian sources record the appearance of an “Elamite enemy” in the area of Susa. The next Seleukid military activity in Elymais, also associated with an unsuccessful attempt of Antiochos IV to rob the temple of Nanaya, falls on 164 BC. This evidence demonstrates the gradual strengthening of local autonomy, which led to the creation in ca. 147/145 BC an independent state of Elymais.

Bronze votive pins from the sanctuary of Athena Alea at Tegea, Arcadia, Greece, ca. 9th-7th BCE: A microscopic and compositional study using portable micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (micro-XRF)

We examined an assemblage of 72 copper alloy pins from the Athena Alea sanctuary at Tegea in central Peloponnese, Greece, dated to the 9th-7th centuries BCE, with a stereo-microscope and with micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The microscopic and elemental analyses investigated the technology and metalworking practices used in the sanctuary’s votives with a micro-invasive analytical protocol. Results confirmed that the assemblage consists of copper-tin binary alloys and provide evidence for the continuity of bronze in the Tegea area during the Geometric (9th-7th century BCE) and Orientalising (7th century BCE) periods. Most of the artefacts are made of bronze with an average tin content of ca. 9 wt% Sn, while a small group (n= 3) of pins is tin-free (<0.3 wt% Sn). Tin concentrations in the alloys do not correlate with the typology of the pins. The results further suggest an intentional addition of tin, as indicated by the normal distribution of tin values, along with a local metallurgical technology, that catered for the local sanctuary’s demand for votive objects.

The Limits of Local Sanctuary Initiatives for Immigrants

In recent years, many local governments in the United States have declared themselves to be sanctuaries, welcoming jurisdictions, safe cities, or cities of refuge for immigrants. At the same time, federal rhetoric and associated national laws—which have legal precedence over local immigration policies—have shifted in anti-immigrant directions. These developments raise questions about whether and how local sanctuary policies affect immigrants’ lives, including their feelings of fear, their access to local services, and their interactions with law enforcement. This article draws on existing studies and new interview data from a pilot study of two sanctuary cities, Boston and Seattle, to evaluate the impacts of municipal sanctuary policies for immigrants, including their potential influences on immigrant and refugee integration. I also explore policy approaches that might enhance these policies’ effectiveness in achieving their supporters’ stated goals.

State Anti-Sanctuary &amp;amp; Immigration Localism

A new front in the war against sanctuary cities has emerged. Until recently, the fight against sanctuary cities has largely focused on the federal government’s efforts to defund states like California and cities like Chicago and New York for resisting federal immigration enforcement. Thus far, in this federal anti-sanctuary campaign, localities have mainly prevailed on federalism grounds, based in the Tenth Amendment’s anti-commandeering and anti-coercion doctrines. In the past year, however, the battle lines have shifted with the proliferation of state level laws that similarly seek to punish sanctuary cities. States across the country are directly mandating local participation and courts thus far have upheld those state policies. These laws, like Texas’ SB 4, prohibit local sanctuary policies and impose severe punishments on the cities and officials that support them. This new state vs. local terrain creates doctrinal, political and normative implications for the future of local government resistance to immigration enforcement, which have thus far been under-theorized in immigration law scholarship. This Essay seeks to change that. This Essay is the first to focus on this emerging wave of state anti-sanctuary laws. In so doing, it makes four contributions. First, descriptively, the Essay documents the upsurge of anti-sanctuary laws that have appeared across the United States, and explains how they differ from prior state enforcement efforts. Second, doctrinally, it argues that the passage of these laws nudges sanctuary cities to unchartered legal territory in immigration law—localism. Under conventional localism principles, state anti-sanctuary laws are in a position to more fully quash local sanctuary policies and effectively conscript local officials into federal immigration enforcement. However, as the Essay’s third point contends, the draconian structure of state anti-sanctuary laws provides a unique context in which to advance what we call immigration localist claims and protect three distinct interests that concern local governments—structural integrity, accountability and local democracy. Fourth, as a normative matter, the Essay contends that immigration localism provides a more accurate descriptive and theoretical account of how current immigration enforcement operates and promotes community engagement on immigration enforcement. Specifically, the reorientation towards localism accounts for the powerful role that cities play in immigration enforcement and decenters the federal government’s dominant role in immigration enforcement. To be sure, this Essay recognizes that casting our theoretical gaze towards local discretion may end up emboldening the most exclusionary impulses of localities and supporting local anti-sanctuary policies. In the long run, however, local discretion in immigration enforcement is likely to better serve the interests of noncitizens and citizens alike.

Diagnosis of Avian Tuberculosis in Swinhoe's Pheasants Using Conventional and Molecular-Based Techniques

Avian tuberculosis was diagnosed via histopathology, microbiology, and molecular biology in two of six pheasants from a local sanctuary bird house in Taiwan. Swinehoe's pheasant (Lophura swinhoii) is a near-threatened species in Taiwan. The infected birds showed clinical signs such as fatigue, inappetence, diarrhea, and fluffing of feathers. On postmortem, nonmineralized caseogranulomas were present in the brain, heart, lung, liver, spleen, costal membranes, and intestinal tracts. The presence of granulomas in the lungs of the infected pheasants may suggest that exposure to the infective agent was via the respiratory route rather than the alimentary route. Histopathologic findings were typical of avian tuberculosis, including acid-fast bacilli and centrally located caseous necrosis surrounded by epitheloid macrophages, lymphocytes, and multinucleated giant cells. Laboratory confirmation was made based on lesions and via Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast stain, polymerase chain reaction, nucleic acid sequencing, and a reliable assay protocol for identification of diseases bioactive amplification with probing assay.

A Nabataean Sanctuary at al-Mujib Nature Reserve: a Preliminary Notice

A small Nabataean temple has been identified in the rugged and isolated region of al-Mujib Nature Reserve east of the Dead Sea in central Jordan, at al-Riyashi North. The building, which has three symmetrical niches, has been identified as a local Nabataean sanctuary. Based on the surface collections and the construction history, the sanctuary probably dates to the first century BC/first century AD.

A Moabite Sanctuary at Khirbat al-Mudayna

The discovery at Khirbat al-Mudayna on the Wadi ath-Thamad of a small temple within a walled town in central Jordan is a first for ancient Moab. This building, identified as a sanctuary on the basis of its plastered benches and limestone altars, is not a national temple with direct access entry. Rather, it is a local sanctuary, with indirect access front an alleyway that runs parallel to the south wall of the innermost room of the six-chambered gate. This paper includes a report on Sanctuary 149, excavated during the 1999 season. Of greatest interest are the three stone altars ; two are painted, and one is also inscribed. These altars, each of a different type, suggest the range of cultic activities practiced in such a temple. Due to its position adjacent to the gate and to its construction history, the sanctuary probably dates to the early eighth century B.C.

軍事遠征と記念碑建立 -アッシリア王シャルマネセルIII世の場合-

The setting-up of royal monuments in the course of royal expeditions is a phenomenon familiar in the history of ancient Mesopotamia. Among the royal records of various Mesopotamian rulers, the inscriptions of Shalmaneser III, king of Assyria (859-824 B. C.), are especially informative on this subject. Over fifty references of this kind in his inscriptions represent twenty historical cases of the erection of one or more monuments. In this paper I shall examine these references and discuss some aspects of the phenomenon.The monument is referred to as the “image (salmu)” of the king in all cases but one, where it is described as a “stela (asumettu).” The term salmu itself can denote three types of object: (1) a three-dimensional royal statue, (2) a free-standing stela bearing a relief of the royal figure, or (3) a relief engraved on a rock face (i. e. a rock relief). Nevertheless, on the basis of archaeological and iconographic evidence, it may be supposed that the monuments, especially those set up in the open, were usually stelae and rock reliefs rather than statues in the round. Some evidence indicates that the text accompanying the royal image was usually a short commemorative inscription, not a long text of the king's standard annals as found on various objects unearthed in Assyrian capitals.The monuments were placed at the most distant points in the course of the campaign, and were designed to perpetuate the king's arrival at the most remote places. The places chosen can be classified into two categories: (1) at conspicuous geographical features with no associated settlements (mountains, sea coast, river source, etc.); (2) in cities, especially in their sacred places (i. e. temples, etc.). Monuments, especially royal images, erected in the second type of place must have represented the Assyrian king as a worshipper in the local sanctuary. He was thus associated by his image with every act of worship performed there, both as the earthly representative of the gods and as a participant in every favour they might grant. Simultaneously, the image must have reminded the local elite of their relationship with the Assyrian overlord when they came to the place in order to take an oath before the gods or for other purposes.