Local Pearl Research Articles

Photoperiod manipulation corrects the negative effect of low dietary crude protein levels during weeks 12 to 26 on bone quality and fertility of male Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris)

Improving the reproductive performance of guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) based on the management of environmental factors is important for developing meleagriculture. Thus, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary crude protein levels and photoperiod during the 12th to 26th wk of age on growth performance, calcium and phosphorus mobilization, and fertility of local Pearl Gray male guinea fowl. In total, 120 twelve-week-old male guinea fowl were divided into 3 groups with 8 replicates each and 5 birds per replicate using a completely random design. The experimental groups included: a group fed a diet containing 15% crude protein and subjected to 16 h of light and 8 h of darkness (16LL), a group fed a diet containing 19% crude protein and subjected to 16 h of light and 8 h of darkness (16HL), and a group fed a diet containing 15% crude protein and subjected to 18 h of light and 6 h of darkness (18LL) during the 12th to 26th wk of age. The results showed that guinea fowl in the 16HL treatment had a significantly (P = 0.003) lower feed conversion ratio than those in the 16LL and 18LL groups. Calcium and phosphorus levels in the tibia and femur were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in guinea fowl of the 16HL and 18LL groups than in that of the 16LL group. Birds in the 16HL and 18LL treatments had significantly higher peripheral testosterone levels (P < 0.00001) than those in the 16LL treatment. The 16HL and 18LL treatments had significantly higher (P < 0.05) sperm volume, sperm concentration and motility, and fertility rate than the 16LL group. Therefore, a decrease in crude protein level from 19 to 15% in the diet of male guinea fowl between the 12th and 26th wk of age negatively affects the growth performance and fertility of these birds, but this is corrected by an increase in the photoperiod before sexual maturity.

Lagoon hydrodynamics of pearl farming atolls: the case of Raroia, Takapoto, Apataki and Takaroa (French Polynesia)

Abstract. Between 2018 and 2022, four pearl farming Tuamotu atolls of French Polynesia were monitored with autonomous oceanographic instruments to measure the hydrodynamics of atoll lagoons and the ocean–lagoon water exchanges. These surveys were conducted within the framework of the ANR-funded MANA (Management of Atolls) project and its extensions to additional sites. The overarching goal was to improve knowledge on the processes influencing the spat collection of the pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera, the oyster species used to produce black pearls. These data sets are also critical for the calibration and validation of 3D high spatial resolution hydrodynamic models used to study oyster larval dispersal within lagoons. The observational strategies focused on the characterization of ocean–lagoon exchanges through passes and hoa (i.e., shallow reef flats), lagoon circulation, incident waves breaking on the forereef, water elevation inside the lagoon as well as spatial temperature variability. Chronologically, the investigated atolls were first Raroia Atoll with 9 months of measurements between May 2018 and March 2019 during which the MALIS1 and MALIS2 cruises on-board the R/V ALIS took place. It was followed by a 4 month deployment in Takapoto Atoll (November 2021 to March 2022). In late April 2022, Apataki Atoll was instrumented until end of July, followed by Takaroa measurements between July and October 2022. Apataki (Leg2) and Takaroa Atoll were conjointly instrumented during the MALIS 3 oceanographic cruise. Altogether, those multi-atoll data bring a worldwide unique oceanographic atoll data set that is useful for addressing local pearl farming questions but potentially beneficial for other fundamental and applied investigations. Each data set was post-processed, quality controlled and converted into NetCDF format. Files are available in open source into dedicated repositories in the SEANOE marine data platform. Links (DOI) of individual data sets are provided in Table 2.

The sleeping soul doctrine of metaphysical anthropology in the Javanese death tradition

The doctrine of the sleeping soul is a doctrine developed to accommodate local wisdom in Indonesia. This doctrine describes the metaphysical part of man after death. A local pearl of wisdom discussed is the Javanese death slametan tradition. The purpose of this article is to develop the doctrine of the sleeping soul according to the narrative of Jesus’ words in Mark 5:35–42 and the Prophet Daniel in Daniel 12:1–3 in representing the metaphysical anthropological view of the Javanese death slametan tradition in terms of the theory of collective memory. The descriptions of the sleeping soul doctrine in the Javanese death slametan tradition are as follows: Firstly, there is a collective memory in giving appreciation to the metaphysical side of humans after death. Secondly, the sleeping soul doctrine is developed from the collective memory of the Javanese death slametan tradition and the Hebrew view. Thirdly, the sleeping soul doctrine is a contextualisation doctrine of the Javanese death slametan tradition.Contribution: The implications of this research give birth to the doctrine of the sleeping soul in the framework of the preservation of Javanese culture, especially in the Javanese culture of death [slametan]. This study proves that Christianity has contributed to caring for culture rather than alienating it.

Assessing of Some Summer Forage Crops to Infection by Common Smut and Downy Mildew Diseases for Forage and Silage Production

The present study was carried out at Sakha Agricultural Research Station in the summer 2020 and 2021 seasons. Ten summer forage crops namely, Millet Saudia Arabia, Selection Millet1, Selection Millet2, Millet Shandawel 1, Sudangrass Giza1, Sudangrass Piper black ,Sorghum SX-17 were evaluated for downy mildew and common smut diseases and forage yield and some traits. Three cuts were taken from the seven fresh forage crops and only one cut for silage from maize (95 days), Teosinte and maize × teosinte (100days). Mean values of forage crops genotypes revealed significant to highly significant differences. Piper black had the highest fresh and dry forage yields at the three cuts and total over the two seasons which had (26.4,22.3,17.1 and 65.7kg/plot) for fresh and 5.3,2.8,2.5 and 10.59 for dry yield ,respectively . For combined data millet Shandawal 1 had 46.7 kg/plot, and 7.8 kg/plot ,while Saudia Arabia Millet gave 31.3 and 4.9 kg/plot, for total fresh and dry forage yields, respectively, so Shandawal 1 surpass Saudia Arabia by 49.2 and 59.2% for fresh and dry yield . Also, sorghum, piper black surpass SX-17 by 19.2 and 26.5 % for total fresh and dry yield, respectively. Maize SC168 x Teosinte Sakha was the highest for plant height (298 cm) ,stem diameter (2.9 cm) ,fresh/leaf stem percent(81%) and fresh forage yield (69 kg/plot) and exceed teosinte by 5.7,93.3,24.6 and 8.7% ,respectively . Meanwhile, exceed maize SC168 by 11.2, 16.0, 72.3 and 122.6%for plant height ,stem diameter ,fresh/leaf stem percent and fresh forage yield ,respectively. Saudia Arabia Millet and hybrid SX -17 were susceptible (s) to downy mildew disease on the other hand pearl millet 2,3,Giza 1 and piper black were resistance ( R ) to downy mildew disease at the three cuts in the two seasons . The local pearl millet1 , pearl millet2 , and pearl millet 3 (Shandawal 1) recorded the lowest percent of total infection by downy mildew disease1.666,0.000 and 1.333% respectively, also Giza 1 and piper black genotypes recorded the lowest percent of total infection by downy mildew disease which had 2.13 and 4.13% ,respectively. These tested local pearl millet and Giza 1 and piper black , were resistant(R) to downy mildew disease and can be used in breeding programs as sources of resistance to tested disease, In the revers , the imported pearl millet (Saudia Arabia pearl millet) and hybrid sorghum SX -17 were susceptible and recorded 20.33and 34.26, respectively. These results indicated dangerousness of importing susceptible materials. On the other hand, teosinte genotype was resistant to infection by downy mildew disease and the total infection percent was 0.000 in the first reading and 0.666% in the second , but maize was susceptible and recorded (16.70%) as total infection. Therefore the crossing between maize and teosinte resulted in moderate resistant (MR) whereas, 5.966% and 5.166% in the first and second reading. As common smut, teosinte was susceptible (s) but maize and maize x teosinte hybrid were moderate resistant (MR) for common smut infection disease. Finely, the local genotypes are better than the imported Saudi Arabia millet. Hybrid maize x teosinte was the best had more than twice maize silage yield (122.6%).

Food-to-Food Fortification of a Traditional Pearl Millet Gruel with a Natural Source of β-Carotene (Sweet Potato) Improves the Bioaccessibility of Iron and Zinc

Iron and zinc deficiencies are still a major public health concern in the Far North Region of Cameroon where staple foods are mainly mineral rich cereals which equally contain inhibitors of their bioaccessibility. The effect of food-to-food fortification of a traditional pearl millet gruel with a natural source of β-carotene on the bioaccessibility of iron and zinc was assessed. A sensory evaluation of gruels fortified at 20, 30, and 40% with mashed sweet potato was carried out. The samples were analysed for carotenoids, phytates, polyphenols, iron, and zinc contents. Bioaccessible iron and zinc were evaluated using in vitro digestion method. The gruel fortified at 20% with mashed sweet potato had better scores ( P &lt; 0.05) of taste (3.93), colour (3.36), and overall acceptability (3.80) compared to the control. Carotenoid, polyphenol, and phytate contents were higher in fortified gruels ( P &lt; 0.05) compared to the control, while iron and zinc contents were lower. A significant increase ( P &lt; 0.05) in bioaccessibility of 8.08% and 26.96% for iron and 53.79% and 62.92% for zinc was observed at 20 and 30% incorporation level, respectively. However, at 40% incorporation level, the increase in bioaccessible iron was less important and bioaccessible zinc decreased. Mashed sweet potato can be used as a fortificant to improve the bioaccessibility of iron and zinc contents of local pearl millet gruel, if added moderately.

Molecular identification and phylogenetics of local pearl millet cultivars using internal-transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA

AbstractLocal cultivars of pearl millet in Saudi Arabia are known to tolerate extreme heat and drought stress. In the current study, the sequences of internal-transcribed spacers (ITSs) of six pearl millet cultivars were sequenced and analysed to investigate the genetic diversity among the local cultivars. The nucleotide polymorphism, secondary structures and phylogenetics were analysed for ITS sequences of the six local cultivars. The obtained sequences were 772–774 base pairs (bp) in length, including complete sequences of the ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 region and partial sequences of 18S and 26S rRNA. The nucleotide diversity among cultivars was higher in ITS2 sequences than ITS1 sequences. The ITS2 had four variable nucleotide sites in three native cultivars, whereas the ITS1 contained one base insertion. The secondary structures of the ITS1 and 5.8S region were highly conserved among the six cultivars and contained some motifs that are conserved across Viridiplantae. However, the ITS2 secondary structure for the two native cultivars, Sayah and Jazan, was distinct from the other cultivars, which confirms the applicability of the ITS2 sequence in distinguishing between genetically close taxa. Additionally, the phylogenetic analysis of the six investigated cultivars and 31 pearl millet accessions from the NCBI database showed close relationships between the local accessions and NCBI accessions from India and France. However, the local cultivar Sayah appeared to be distinct from the other cultivars in the phylogenetic trees. This study provides insights into the polymorphism within local pearl millet cultivars which is important for the identification and conservation of these cultivars.

Young Businesspeople’s Entrepreneurial Perceptions and Intentions to Contribute to Local Communities: A Case Study of the Cultured Pearl Industry in Mie, Japan

A number of theoretical frameworks attempt to help those in disadvantaged areas by encouraging growth in local industries created in those areas. However, as far as the authors are aware, not all of these attempts have been successful. The case discussed here is that of the cultured pearl industry, a traditional Japanese industry. In particular, the research focuses on the cultured pearl industry in Mie Prefecture, located in the western part of Mainland Japan, and the attitudes of young entrepreneurs who aim to support its sustainable development. A quantitative approach was applied to survey data collected from 170 respondents living in and originating from Mie Prefecture, through which this research attempts to identify the factors motivating young entrepreneurs to contribute to the industrial revitalisation of their local communities. Four potential motivating factors for young entrepreneurs to contribute to their local communities were initially hypothesised (sense of community involvement, attachment to community, economic value, and non-economic value, such as that related to community ties). These were then analysed and examined based on a factor analysis and regression model. The analytical results indicated that three of the four factors were significant in estimating the willingness of young entrepreneurs to contribute to the community, with the exception being the third factor, ‘economic value’. This finding may not be immediately generalisable due to the small amount of data available for the study and the need to compare individual respondent demographics and response trends. For example, it may be that the participants in this survey were already successful entrepreneurs with no financial concerns and a desire to contribute to the local pearl businesses and community development in addition to their primary businesses. Thus, a future research goal is to evaluate the results of this study through a detailed survey that considers the respondents' individual attributes. However, as a pilot test, this study indicates that the young generation, with its entrepreneurial spirit, does not necessarily have economic value as their primary goal. Instead, they may be more attentive to sociocultural factors; in particular, they may be prepared to take a stand for the sustainable development of their local communities.

Reverse Endowment Effect for a New Product

This article reports and provides an explanation for a discrepancy between two theoretically equivalent, frequently used, and incentive‐compatible methods of measuring premia for improved novel products: the full‐bidding and endow‐and‐upgrade methods. We found the following reverse endowment effect in a willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) elicitation Becker‐DeGroot‐Marschak (BDM) experiment for the newly developed biofortified high iron pearl millet (HIPM) conducted in rural India. The WTP for exchanging local pearl millet (LPM) for HIPM (the endow‐and‐upgrade measure of premium for HIPM over LPM), was significantly greater than the difference between the WTPs for HIPM and LPM (the theoretically equivalent full‐bidding measure). Our explanation is that subjects who possess an existing version of a product experience a reversal of loss aversion with respect to the novel and improved version of the product. We identify and structurally estimate the reverse loss aversion parameter. Our findings caution against using endow‐and‐upgrade and full‐bidding methods interchangeably for measuring premia for new products, even if the experimental design accounts for reciprocity and experimental‐income effect.

Genetic variability and heritability of grain yield components and grain mineral concentration in India's pearl millet (&lt;i&gt;Pennisetum glaucum&lt;/i&gt; (L) R. Br.) accessions

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) is an important cereal in semi-arid tropics in Africa and India. Conventionally, millet has good amounts of grain minerals compared to other cereals. Estimation of genetic parameters would be useful in developing appropriate breeding and selection strategies. The present study was conducted to evaluate the local pearl millet accessions to assess the magnitude of variability and to understand the heritable component of variation present in the yield and nutritional characters. A field trial was laid under the complete randomized block design (RCBD) with three replications; observation were recorded on eight morphological and seven nutritional characters (as detailed in material and methods) including anti-nutritional properties such as phytate content among 61 genotypes collected from millet collection. The phenotypic co-efficient of variation (PCV) was greater than genotypic co-efficient of variation (GCV) for all the characters studied; this shows the influence of environmental factors on the characters. The phosphorus content had expressed the highest phenotypic and genotypic variances (845.30 and 772.08, respectively). The magnitudes of phenotypic and genotypic variances were low for the 100 grain weight (0.001 for both phenotypic and genotypic variance). High estimates of genetic co-efficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance were exhibited by iron and crude fat content. Heritability is a measure of possible genetic advancement under selection. High heritability was observed for all the traits under study except seed weight which had moderate heritability. High value of heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean were recorded for number of productive tillers, crude protein, crude fat, phytate, phosphorus, calcium, iron and zinc content, indicating the important role of additive gene action for the expression of these characters. Therefore, selection based on these characters could bring about desired improvement in yield as well as nutritional quality of pearl millet cultivars.Key words: Genetic-advance, Heritability, Variability, Micronutrients, Malnutrition

Effect of intra row spacing on the incidence and severity of pearl millet downy mildew and grain yield

The effect of seven intra row spacing (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 cm) on the incidence and severity of downy mildew of pearl millet and yield components of a local pearl millet variety (Zango) were studied under field conditions in 2002 and 2003 at Samaru, Nigeria. Intra row spacing did not have significant effect on the incidence and severity of the disease but significantly increased plant height, panicle length and weight, 1000-grain weight and grain yield.

Characteristics of local pearl millet (&lt;i&gt;Pennisetum glaucum&lt;/i&gt;) grains

The physico-chemical characteristics of local pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum ) grains (\gero\, \dauro\, \gayamba\) for \fura production are reported. The colours of the pericarps of the three cultivars were different. \Dauro had a blue-gray colour; \gero had a brown colour and \gayamba a yellow colour. The \gero cultivar is significantly lighter in weight (4.56 1.21g) compared with \dauro (7.06 0.01g) and \gayamba (8.43 1.07g). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in 1000-kernel weight between \dauro and \gayamba\. \Dauro and \gero had non-waxy endosperm, while \gayamba had waxy endosperm. Total amylose content of the pearl millet flours showed significant variation. \Gayamba had a lower amylose content. The implication of the waxy endosperm and amylose content of \gayamba has been highlighted. Differences existed among the flours in cooking yield and water added cooking yield. Cooking yield is not dependent on the water added, rather on the swelling capacity of the flours, \gero and \gayamba flours having a higher swelling capacity gave higher cooking yield. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) among the \fura samples in hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness and gumminess. However, significant differences (p Keywords : fura production, pearl millet grains, physicochemical, characteristics Nigerian Food Journal Vol. 23 2005: 193-204

Recent improvements in broodstock management and larviculture in marine species in Polynesia and New Caledonia: genetic and health approaches

Aquaculture production in French Polynesia and New Caledonia relies upon domesticated broodstock of two introduced species (the shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris, and the fish Lates calcarifer) and on natural stock of the local pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera. For L. stylirostris, refrigeration of shrimp sperm lowers the sanitary risk linked to the re-introduction of variability in Tahiti that is proved necessary by microsatellite markers. They also allow paternity controls that will improve future genetic management. Selective breeding programs for shrimp are underway in Tahiti and under assessment at pilot scale in New Caledonia. Conservation strategies are under elaboration for local populations of P. margaritifera that have been proven genetically differentiated. The recent development of pearl oyster hatcheries is the first step towards genetic improvement of this species. Thanks to geographical isolation and sanitary regulations, French Polynesia and New Caledonia are not affected by the viral outbreaks affecting shrimp elsewhere in the world (e.g., white spot and Taura syndrome viruses) and the pearl oyster in Japan (Akoya virus). Furthermore, a zoosanitary surveillance network of pearl oyster stocks is coming up in order to detect the emergence of any pathogen. Recently, alternative methods for antibiotherapy in shrimp larval rearing have been tested using probiotic bacteria, and could find an application in pearl oyster larval rearing.

Assessing tourism supply in Beihai, China

This exploratory research used focus groups to analyse the perceptions of government, business and local stakeholders regarding the supply of tourism resources in Beihai, a coastal city in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. The major goal was to provide the City officials with baseline information on tourism supply to assist them in planning for sustainable development of the industry. Based on focus group responses, a matrix table was devised consisting of three major supply variables: attractions, capital and policy. These variables were sorted using strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT). The major analytical tool used to interpret the focus groups' response was an informal content analysis devised by the authors. The results showed that both government and business saw marine-based tourism as key to their future tourism development. In addition, cultural tourism related to components of the marine environment, such as the local pearl culture and historical areas within the city were also considered important. Marketing represented a weakness but solutions were being found, as the stakeholders understand that niche marketing may be of more value than attempting to market luxury facilities to a general tourism market. The method adopted was shown to be acceptable for areas where more reliable quantitative data were unavailable.

Iron absorption from african pearl millet and rice meals

Iron absorption was measured from three West African meals in fourteen subjects, using the extrinsic tag method. The staple foods consisted of local pearl millet ( Pennisetum typhoides) or imported broken rice. The meals were contaminated by iron from soil residues and/or by dust and up to 60% of the nonheme iron did not exchange with the added inorganic radiotracer. Nonheme iron absorption was very low particularly with the pearl millet based meals. The iron absorption was 4.8% for the pearl millet “couscous” meal, 1.2% for the pearl millet gruel meal and 10.4% for rice and fish meal. The quantity of total iron absorbed was 326 μg, 69 μg and 279 μg, respectively. The corresponding bioavailable iron density was 28, 5 and 22 μg/100 Kcal. The results suggest that iron absorption from West African meals is insufficient to cover the physiological requirements of iron of large part of the population.

Body weight increase of indigenous pearl guinea fowl in Nigeria through crossbreeding

1. The performance of the crossbreds of local unimproved Pearl (RBC) and improved local Pearl (SLP) with improved exotic Pearl (EP) were compared with that of the 'purebreds' of the RBC, SLP and EP to 18 weeks of age. 2. The crossbreds of SLP and EP (SLEP) and RBC and EP (RBEP) had higher body weight and efficiency of food utilisation than the local parents. Heterosis was 5.3, 24.3, 1.6 and 1.6% at 0, 6, 12 and 18 weeks of age, respectively, for RBEP and 3.7, 30.8, 11.5 and 8.6% at 0, 6, 12 and 18 weeks of age, respectively, for SLEP. RBEP was 14.5, 98.8, 35.1, and 36.2% superior to RBC at 0, 6, 12 and 18 weeks of age, respectively. SLEP was also 22.0, 98.7, 41.7 and 41.1% superior to SLP at 0, 6, 12 and 18 weeks of age, respectively. Efficiency of food utilisation improved by 20.4% in RBEP and 24.2% in SLEP. The crossbreds were however inferior to EP in terms of weight gain and efficiency of food utilisation. 3. Evidence from this study indicated that crossing the local Pearl guinea fowl with the faster-growing exotic stock is capable of rapidly improving the body weight of the indigenous guinea fowl and hence its usefulness as a source of meat in Nigeria.

Intercontinental variation of Sclerospora graminicola

SUMMARYCollections of S. graminicola were made from local pearl millet crops in West Africa and India. Asexual inoculum was derived from the collections in Polythene tunnels and used to infect pearl millet cultivars from both continents. Analysis of deviance of the incidence of disease was performed on the logit scale using GLIM. The host × pathogen interactions were interpreted by use of the Finlay‐Wilkinson regression technique widely used in the study of genotype × environment interactions. While the West African collections were consistently more pathogenic than the Indian ones, West African hosts were potentially more susceptible to Indian than to West African pathogen isolates; conversely some Indian hosts were more vulnerable to West African than to Indian isolates. There was a fairly stable relationship between incidence of disease and relative pathogenicity of West African isolates but the Indian isolates were more variable in their susceptibility to changing background levels of disease. These results could influence resistance breeding strategies in pearl millet improvement programmes. The methods of analysis could be valuable for application to other complex and ill‐defined pathosystems.

THE CHANGING PATTERN OF PEARL CULTIVATION IN JAPAN (EXCLUDING MIE PREFECTURE)

The writer showed in Part I that regional characteristics of pearl culture include regional divisions of its stages and processes. Actually regional patterns consist of this regional division and the traditional conditions in various fishing villages. In this paper, the writer analizes the processes of acceptance of pearl culture in a new location under those conditions. The general postwar trend in number of pearl rafts shows a steady growth in all districts. About ten years ago a great expansion of rafts in suitable areas of southwest Japan took place because of maximum intensification in Mie Prefecture. At that time almost all districts were monopolized by Mie people. However, recently local pearl culturists have begun to develop along those coasts. As a result almost all newly developed coasts also have begun to show intensification. Available areas for pearl culture have become gradually more limitted. 88.6% of available bays and inlets in all prefectures, according to the national statistics of 1964 are already in use, prefectures with under 50% utilization are only three, Ishikawa, Shimane and Saga. No unused area remains in Hyogo, Hiroshima, Kanagawa, Shizuoka, Fukuoka and Miyazaki. Such development to pearl culture by both local and outside prefectural culturists have led prefectural government to introduce controls to protect local culturists. Many prefectures have begun to adopt restrictive policies to protect their own enterprises. 12 of 24 prefectures which have pearl farms have some form of such restriction. In prefectures with pearl farms where all grades of pearls can be cultured, strong restrictions are imposed on culture of oysters from other prefectures. For example, in Nagasaki Prefecture, the authorities have taken measures to restrict movement of oyster rafts and of entrepreneurs from other prefectures into Nagasaki Prefecture. Therefore, culturists from Mie have declined rapidly in recent years, from 10 in 1963 to one 1965. On the other hand local culturists increased from 129 to 201 during the same years. However, in areas requiring seasonal transfer between cool and warm water, it is rather difficult to protect local pearl enterprises. Generally speaking, in Setouchi Districts pearl culture in supported by culturists from Mie and other prefectures permission must be given them to culture in Setouchi areas in return for use of warm water in their prefectures. As a result protections of local pearl enterprises is different from Nagasaki. Authorities of prefectures along Setouchi Coasts are obliged to permit expansion of Mie and other prefecturel people in order to develop local pearl enterprises. In such case development of local pearl culture can be accomplished only with cooperation of other prefectures. Protective measures thus become more difficult than in prefectures such as Nagasaki were transfer of rafts is not necessary. Therefore, in the Setouchi areas many pearl enterprises from other prefectures still remain. Setouchi culturists had various kinds of jobs before joining pearl culture. They were ordinary fishermen, farmers, merchants etc. Many of them at first cultured pearls as a side job, but now some of them have become full time culturists. For example, in Okayama Prefecture, all of local culturists have side jobs of growing oysters for food, but in Kagawa Prefecture, of a total of 21 local culturists, four are full time culturists. In Hiroshima Prefecture, only three of total of 29 are locally owned, of these three, two are full time culturists while one cultures oysters for food as a side job. In Nagasaki Prefecture, culturists with no side jobs totaled 139 in 1965, part time culturists numbered 62. They at first started as small scale enterprises, but have increased their scale of management gradually and become stable. Therefore, they are changing their form of enterprise from individual to joint stock company, although their capital is not so large.