Local Monuments Research Articles

Batyrs as a marker of the cultural landscape: a philosophical analysis

n the reviving process of history and culture of modern Kazakhstan, it is becoming increasingly common to install monuments to heroes who have become a symbol of statehood and patriotism. The establishment of monuments and memorials is one of the tools for the development of national identity. The research of mon-uments to heroes, understanding and interpretation of their essence and meaning allows to comprehend the contemporary Kazakh worldview and philosophy. The article provides a philosophical analysis of the practic-es of regional memorialization of local heroes (batyrs). The research includes case analyses of Kazakh batyrs as Zholan Toleu-uly, Ketbuqa batyr, Tolek batyr, Yerden Sansyzbay-uly, Yeset Koki-uly, Dauymshar batyr, Zhidebay batyr and Derbisaly Aidabol-uly. The results of field research conducted in the South Kazakhstan, Karaganda, Aktobe and Ulytau regions allowed to study the location of monuments and the features of their memorialization. The research methodology used visual analysis and interviews with local residents to collect information about memorable events. The article applied field research and interviews with local residents. The description of monuments in the cultural landscape of the regions presented in the article concludes that the local heroes of the pre-Soviet period contribute the development of national identity and patriotism in modern Kazakhstan. The authors compiled a register of local monuments to batyrs established by descendants and native authorities that complements the historical picture and allows for a more comprehensive under-standing of the processes of memorialization of batyrs in the regions of the country.

(Un)conventional monuments and transformist identities in the global south: the case of the ice cream and the tuna monuments in Ecuador

ABSTRACT This article explores the construction of local monuments in Ecuador and their role in transforming space and identity narratives in order to enter into the global economy. My analysis of two structures, The Ice Cream and The Tuna, which I conceptualise as (un)conventional monuments, focuses on three aspects: the planning and construction process, their relation to the space in which they are situated, and their role in processes of identity narrative construction. As a result of a multidisciplinary analysis that includes field observation, in-depth interviews, and the analysis of documents pertaining to the design and implementation of the structures, I argue that the monuments’ transformation of urban space is not so much a reflection of the local community features as of the authorities’ desire for legitimacy in the eyes of foreign and local visitors in an economic globalised context.

Black Lives Matters to Architecture: A View from Europe

Black Lives Matters began in the United States, where it has included the dismantlement of commemorations of the Confederacy, a breakaway state established to preserve slavery. In Europe it has sparked discussions of local monuments as well as drawn unprecedented attention to the way in which the slave trade and enslaved labour funded the construction of cities and country estates. This now needs to be acknowledged in public space. The challenge presents an appropriate moment to remember the ties that bind commemorative structures on both sides of the Atlantic and the impact that tributes to European nationalism have had on diverse strands of modern American architecture. These connections provide a back story for the newly discovered relevance, and at time effectiveness, of representational sculpture, which they integrated into built forms that appeared to embed regimes of all stripes in their local landscapes. Abstract counter-monuments often proved effective in addressing the Holocaust. Substituting the human figure for the shards of a shattered past that have long been juxtaposed in German memoryscapes with visions of a utopian future, may possibly provide a means of acknowledging the pain that runs through the cities that many of us inhabit. This in turn may prove to be an important step on the way to building the more equitable future for which we attempt to prepare the way as we work to decolonize our curricula.

Modern Martyrdom and Material Culture


 
 
 Martyrdom has long been associated with the essence of the Coptic identity. The public execution of the 21 Martyrs of Libya in 2015 allowed for a rekindling of the Coptic narrative of persecution both locally and globally through digital and physical material culture. This movement occurred in the aftermath of decades of significant social and political change which redefined the structure of Egyptian society and the place of the Coptic minority within it. Digital material culture in the form of social media campaigns, an animation film and recorded interviews allow for a global audience and an international outcry from Copts around the globe, creating a new sense of unity in suffering that transcends physical boundaries. The physical material culture includes traditional iconography and a church that serves as a local monument to the legacy of sacrifice left by the 21. Together, physical and digital material culture intertwine to preserve the heritage of the Copts in a movement of solidarity never before seen. The martyrdom of the twenty-first occurred during a time filled with social and political change around the world, fueled by activism and resistance to long-established societal norms.
 
 

Disrupted and Unsettled: An Introduction to Monuments, Memorials, and Italian Migrations

Disrupted and Unsettled: An Introduction to Monuments, Memorials, and Italian Migrations

Mykhailo Bernov as a Pioneer of Hiking Tourism: Travels Through the South of Ukraine and the Ukraine and the Crimea (Part I. South of Ukraine. August, 1895)

This article examines the activities of Mykhailo Bernov as one of the founders of hiking tourism in the Russian Empire and Europe, his travels through Southern Ukraine, and then through the Crimea in the summer of 1895, the public updating of knowledge about the region and publishing activity. In the first part of this research, M. Bernov's travel route is reconstructed based on his travel notes «From Odessa on foot to Crimea. Letters of a Russian Pedestrian» (St. Petersburg, 1896) and his impressions of his journey through Southern Ukraine are detailed. The source research potential of notes is analyzed. It was concluded that M. Bernov created a wide and colorful picture of the life of the polyethnic population of the region at the end of the 19th century, recorded the peculiarities of their national culture and character, prospects for economic development and social inequality of different strata of the population. The main focus of M. Bernov's attention is concentrated on a person and his everyday, living observation sometimes leads to dispelling stereotypes about certain ethnic groups. He also communicated with ordinary people, but he tried to meet with the local administration, officials, military personnel, famous persons, and scientists. M. Bernov left interesting descriptions of visits to the estates of the wealthiest landowning families of Southern Ukraine – the Skadovskys and the Falz-Feyns. Among other things, the traveler notes the Ukrainian (including Cossack) component in the culture, history and population of the region. In general, M. Bernov is characterized by an imperial style of thinking, the use of derogatory names of ethnic groups and territories, which was common in the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century. The traveler often compares the natural beauty of Southern Ukraine with the landscapes of various parts of Europe, North Africa and other («Russian») provinces. He also wanted to see local monuments of architecture, history, archeology, art, museums, theaters. In general, the traveler considered the South of Ukraine to be an unattractive region for tourists due to the summer heat, dust, undeveloped infrastructure, etc.

Церковь Богородицы Захумской близ Охрида. Ретроспективные тенденции поздневизантийской архитектуры

In this article, a detailed stylistic analysis of the architectural design of the Church of the Holy Mother Zahumska (1361) is supplemented by a contextual analysis using the available data on the ecclesiastical and political history of the Ohrid Archbishopric and of Serbia of the 14th century. On the basis of the results obtained, it is suggested that the Church is an example of a purposeful appeal to the significant Early Palaeologan monuments of Ohrid, belonging to the architectural tradition of Epirus — namely, to the Church of the Virgin Peribleptos. It could be caused by the coincident desire of the donators. An attempt to clarify the role and place of the Zahumska Church in the local and regional architectural tradition of the late 13th–14th centuries leads to the conceptual problem of the essence and specific manifestations of retrospective trends in Late Byzantine architecture. They can be traced in the reproduction of earlier solutions and compilability of Late Byzantine architecture, in imitation of significant monuments by quoting their individual elements, and extremely rarely in close repetition of these patterns. In this row, the Church of Holy Mother Zahumska is an interesting example of the reproduction of an early local monument, interpreted in accordance with current stylistic trends. This study is based on the research supported by the Program of Fundamental Research of the Ministry of Construction, Housing and Utilities of the Russian Federation and of the Russian Academy of Architec- ture and Construction Sciences — 2022, research project 1.1.1.2.

Формирование мест памяти русинского населения Галиции и Буковины об интернировании на территории Цислейтании в 1914–1939 гг.

The commemorative practices around the internment of the Rusyns population of Galicia and Bukovina on the territory of Cisleitania were mainly associated with the cemetery of the internment camp Talerhof “Under the Pines”. The study made it possible to clarify the nature of these commemorative practices. It has been established that the cemetery “Under the Pines” can be considered a key place of memory of the internment of the Rusyns population during the First World War, even though in the interwar period the remains of the victims of the camp were rebur-ied at the Feldkirchen cemetery. It was found that in terms of significance for the Rusyns, the new memorial ossuary is significantly inferior not only to the former cemetery, but also to a number of local monuments. Both in Talerhof itself and in the interwar years, folklore was formed precisely around the cemetery "Under the Pines". The creation in 1934 of another place of commemoration – a monument to the Talerhofites in Lvov – made it possible to increase the level of accessibility of Galicians to the implementation of commemorative practices about the internment of Rusyns. It is noted that the new place of memory took on the image of the old cemetery “Under the Pines”, and it was thanks to this that it became the second most important object of worship for the Rusyns population. The findings obtained in the course of the study not only complement the already existing idea of the commemoration of Rusyns around internment, but also allow to intensify scientific discussions about the position of interwar Austria in matters of preserving the memory of the tragedies of the internment camps.

THE ORIGIN OF THE TITLE “UTSMYI” OF KAYTAG RULERS AND THE ETYMOLOGY OF THE OECONYM “URTSMUTS”

The article attempts to reveal the origin of the hereditary title “Utsmyi” of feudal rulers of Kaytag (Khaidaq’) – one of the largest state formations of the medieval Dagestan, which played an important role in political and ideological life of the North-East Caucasus. The capital of Kaytag – Qala-Quraysh (local name – “UrtsImuts”, “UrtsImutsi”), where magnificent monuments of history and culture of Medieval Age preserved, – was an administrative-political, cultural and ideological center of Dagestan. The author reviews various suggestions on the origination of the title “Utsmyi”. Interpretations of S.M. Bronevsky, E.I. Kozybsky and B.G. Malachikhanov, who suggested the origination of the title from the Arabic concept of “ismi” (notable), Jewish “otsum” (powerful, mighty), and other similar names, are considered improbable. R.M. Magomedov, B.G. Aliev, A.R. Shikhsaidov, M.S. Gadjiev suggest a feasible hypothesis about the local, Dagestan origin of the title “Utsmyi”. However, researchers of the 19th-20th centuries could not find a reliable explanation for the origin of the title in question. We propose our own view on this issue and suggest that the title “Utsmyi” derives from the local, Kaytag-Dargin colloquial name of Qala-Quraysh “UrtsImuts/UrtsImutsi”, which was recorded in written form long after the foundation of the village. The medieval Arabic written sources, local historical chronicles and epigraphic monuments, however, do not mention the local, Dagestan name “UrtsImutsi”. At the same time, the self-designated name and the name, used by the Dargins in colloquial speech since the foundation of this settlement has been and remains “UrtsImutsi”. The author explains the etymology of the oeconym from the rock massif “Urga-muza”, which means “middle mountain”, on the top (plateau) of which the village was founded long before the Arab conquests in Dagestan.

Politics of relics: On the celebration of the fallen of the First World War during the interwar period in Italy

This paper explores the way in which the fallen of the First World War were commemorated in Italy between 1918 and 1940. At the end of the war, numerous spontaneous local monuments were constructed. At the same time, the many small war cemeteries established near the former battlefield areas began to be perceived as a problem. Shortly before the Second World War, in order to bury all the exhumed bodies, the Fascist Regime constructed huge war memorials (ossari and sacrari). However, this was also a means of taking advantage of the fallen for ideological and political purposes. This paper focuses on the connection between the sacralisation of the battlefields by way of raising ossari and sacrari, on the one hand, and the spread of ‘fragments’ of these battlefields all around the country, on the other. The latter phenomenon has not yet attracted significant interest from researchers. Boulders from the battlefields began to appear in the middle of village, town, and city squares across the country. They were considered ‘sacred’ since they were where hundreds of thousands of soldiers had fallen, ensuring Italy’s victory. As the boulders themselves were imbued with the fallen’s sacred blood, they were not carved but rather displayed within the monuments in their ‘natural’ shape. They were not intended to represent anything or communicate a specific message regarding war and death; they simply had to present themselves. The stone of which they were made was their main feature: just like relics, they emanated a sacred aura. Through their physical dissemination, the whole national territory could therefore be sacralised. To take their cue from this rebirth of relics were the ossari and sacrari of the late Fascist Regime, which used them as a propaganda weapon.

Adatok II. Lajos magyar király páncélos ábrázolásaihoz

Most of the posthumous portraits of Louis II, who died in the battle of Mohács in 1526, show him in armour. In some pictures he is wearing fictitious armour, but in other portraits he is clad in the armour which until 1939 was believed to had once been his, but actually had been made in 1533 for the Polish king Sigismund II Augustus and is currently kept in the Hungarian National Museum. The author of the study has examined the latter group of artworks. She describes the armours of Louis II, some only mentioned in archival sources or historical works. Some items that can certainly or presumably be attributed to him are kept in museums abroad. The first paintings in which Louis II is wearing the gilded ornamental armour were painted by István Dorffmeister in the mid-1780s. Since at that time the armour was on display in one of the gala rooms fitted out in Vienna’s Kaiserliches Zeughaus in the 1760s, the study discusses the history of the imperial armour and weapon collections and the conception of the arms exhibition in the Zeughaus at that time. After the demolition of the Zeughaus in 1856, the armour was transferred, together with the rest of the imperial collection of armours and weapons, to the war museum wing of the newly built Arsenal. The armour was presented by the Austrian catalogues of the museum as belonging to Louis II, and some items had illustrations added to them. The armour was introduced in Pest in 1876 at a historical exhibition for charitable purposes, and later in 1896 at the Millennial Exhibition. The Hungarian press also devoted articles to it, and several scholarly papers were written about the armour.The prototypes for some of the 19th century artworks depicting Louis II in the Viennese armour – most of them local monuments preserving the memory of the battle – were István Dorffmeister’s paintings. His battle scene showing the death of Louis II appears in a sketch of an unrealized monument, dated 1846; in the picture painted on metal that adorned the monument in Mohács in the 1860s and on the bronze relief replacing it in the late 1890s. The antecedents to another group of representations must have been the 19th century Austrian and Hungarian descriptions and illustrations of the armour attributed to Louis II. The ruler wears this armour in several book illustrations and on the statue by Ferenc Vasadi on the Danubian facade of the Hungarian Parliament building.Although these artworks presenting Louis II in Sigismund II Augustus’ armour do not satisfy the iconographic criteria of historical authenticity, they were up-to-date for their time, for instead of depicting the fictitious, often waywardly fantastic armours of earlier centuries, they presented the portrayed person in an existing armour made in his own era, that is, with a historically authentic appearance.

MILITARY-ESTATE CODES IN MEDIEVAL JAPAN: ERA OF THE FIRST SHOGUNATES

The phenomenon of clan-regional rulemaking during the military-oligarchic regime in medieval Japan is studied for the first time. The purpose of the study was a comparative analysis of the texts of the largest princely codes of daimyo and military houses, as well as the norms of the Bushido code . The analysis was carried out on the basis of historical-genetic and synchronous-logical methods using Japanese primary sources with a survey translation, as well as scientific and abstract materials of Japanese, English and Russian medieval studies. Among the results achieved, a typology and hierarchy of sources of traditional law of the Shogun period are identified. The evolution of the system of law sources from the Kamakura shogunate to the Miromati dynasty is traced. One of the most striking monuments of Kamakur law is examined (the military-estate code Goseibai Sikimoku, 1232). Its sources, structure, technic mode and criminal provisions are studied. The analysis of the Bushido code showed that this quasi-legal regulator of the samurai behavior was an eclectic code of norms and rules for the bushi warriors with their ideals of loyalty and patriotism. The main transition to a new stage in the legal history of Japan after the Kammu сode, 1336 and during the period of Warring Provinces was established. It was distinguished by an increase in the number and significance of local law monuments - princely and clan codes, city statutes and charters of merchants' houses. From this list, the author singled out and compared in juridical techniques the ten large bunkokuho codes published by the largest princes- daimyo in order to systematize local laws and streamline the administrative-judicial system.

Charakter prawny i praktyka sporządzania lokalnych programów opieki nad zabytkami

Streszczenie Przedmiotem analiz w artykule stały się lokalne programy opieki nad zabytkami. Opracowywanie i przyjmowanie samorządowych, czyli wojewódzkich, powiatowych i gminnych programów opieki nad zabytkami należy do obowiązków jednostek samorządu terytorialnego, wynikających z ustawy z dnia 23 lipca 2003 r. o ochronie zabytków i opiece nad zabytkami. Jednakże pomimo obowiązywania tych samych ogólnych wymogów i warunków sporządzania programów opieki nad zabytkami programy jednostek samorządu lokalnego, czyli samorządu gminnego i powiatowego różnią się znacząco od programów o charakterze regionalnym, czyli przygotowywanych przez samorząd województwa. Z tego względu w artykule skoncentrowano się tylko na jednym z typów tych programów, tj. lokalnych programach opieki nad zabytkami. W analizie obowiązujących regulacji prawnych wykorzystano w niniejszym artykule orzecznictwo sądowe i administracyjne. Z kolei rozważania dotyczące praktyki sporządzania lokalnych programów opieki nad zabytkami oparto o przegląd obecnie obowiązujących takich programów, publikowanych w wojewódzkich dziennikach urzędowych, oraz o szczegółowe analizy wybranych ponad stu takich programów w gminach i powiatach o zróżnicowanej wielkości i warunkach rozwoju lokalnego. W artykule oceniono, że gminne i powiatowe programy opieki nad zabytkami stanowią przydatne dla lokalnych społeczności dokumenty, gdyż zawierają wielostronne analizy miejscowych uwarunkowań opieki nad zabytkami, a także ochrony zabytków i ochrony dziedzictwa kulturowego. Jednakże niejasności regulacji prawnych dotyczących lokalnych programów opieki nad zabytkami znacznie obniżają rangę uchwał rad gmin i rad powiatów w tym zakresie. W dodatku doświadczenia samorządu lokalnego z wieloletniej praktyki sporządzania tych programów od 2003 r. nie skutkują wyeliminowaniem występujących nieprawidłowości. W szczególności błędne założenia o możliwości oddziaływania na właścicieli zabytków pomimo braku upoważnień do podejmowania w tym trybie działań władczych wobec jednostek zewnętrznych nie są korygowane, a ponadto pojawiają się tendencje do nadmiernego, sprzecznego z prawem rozszerzania zakresu przedmiotowego tych programów.

A Complex Historical and Archaeological Study of the Rural Settlements of the XVII – Early XX Century in the Middle Tom' Region Basin

The present article introduces a new complex approach to the Russian rural settlements of the XVII – early XX centuries in the Middle Tom' Region basin. The approach unites historical, archaeological, and ethnographic researches for a detailed reconstruction of the process of Russian colonization in the region and its reflection in the local material culture. A thorough analysis of historical documentation made it possible to describe the development of the peasant population in the Middle Tom' Region valley. The four stages of this process are different in growth rates, as well as in the priority role of the southern and northern zones of the region. The XVII century saw the most active process of rural development in Sosnovsk area, while the settlements of Kuznetsk area appeared mostly in the first half of the XVIII century. The growth rate in the north and south areas began to level in the second half of the XVIII century – early XIX century. There were no changes in the total number of settlements registered after the middle of the XIX century. The paper also features a brief analysis of archaeological studies of the rural settlements in Western Siberia. The authors believe that the Middle Tom' Region basin still remain largely understudied. The paper contains a catalog of the local archaeological monuments of the Early Modern Period. The catalog is based on the coverage degree, historical identification, and their protection status. The research revealed a certain territorial disproportion in the number of registered archeological monuments. The authors propose some new directions for further studies of the history and culture of the Russian population in the Middle Tom' Region basin.

История изучения скальных церквей области Тэмбен региона Тыграй, Эфиопия

The article is devoted to the history of the study of rock-hewn churches of the Temben district in the Tigray region in northern Ethiopia. The text provides an overview of the relatively small number of publications on this topic. Particular attention has been paid to the approaches of various authors to the classification and dating of the monuments. Mainly, local monuments are little-known, despite their preliminary lists compiled at the turn of 1960s —1970s. The historical interest in the rock-hewn churches of Tigray and especially of the Temben region is currently increasing and the comprehensive study of these churches is yet to be made.

Гуманітарна науково-дослідна робота студентів педагогічного закладу вищої освіти

Relevance of the research topic. The transformations of the third millennium, both in the life of the world community and in Ukraine, necessitated the solution of new problems. This intensified the development of scientific work aimed at ensuring the economic growth of the country, environmental and social protection of different segments of the population. The changes did not bypass the higher education system, which led to the emergence and development of new approaches in clarifying the specifics of students' research work during their studies in the university. Scientific and technological progress has contributed to the growing importance of training young, promising scientific staff. Against this background, the educational process of preparing a future teacher - as the fairway of social development - must also include a research component. Purpose and methods of research. The purpose of the article is to prove the importance of social science research work of students of pedagogical institutions of higher education, to outline examples of such activities in Lutsk Pedagogical College. Research methods: studing of educational, methodological and scientific literature on the problem; analysis of reports on work with gifted students of teachers of the Department of Social Disciplines of Lutsk Pedagogical College; observation of the nature and thematic orientation of scientific achievements of members of the student scientific society. Performance and key findings. The value of the research element in the educational process of pedagogical university is revealed in the article. It is found that qualitative training of specialists should be carried out in the context of the implementation of programs that cover the humanities, fundamental and specialty links, and also necessarily implement the research component. It is stated that one of the research centers for students of Lutsk Pedagogical College is a scientific society engaged in the development of humanitarian character. It has been observed that in the last years the directions of search work of the educational recipients - members of the society - are reduced to the following: past and present of an ancestry; the heroics of the participants of the Dignity Revolution, the anti-terrorist operation and the operation of the Joint Forces in Eastern Ukraine; saving local monuments; gender equality; global problems of society.

Искусство Ахеменидского Кипра. Об особенностях памятников персидского круга и их значении для классической кипрской культуры

This article discusses the impact of the Achaemenid official style on the local architecture and applied arts of Cyprus during the archaic and classical periods (6th–4th centuries B.C.). Among the Persian possessions in the Aegean, Cyprus occupies a special place because of its significance as one of the main sources of the Persian military fleet. Having an important strategic position for the Achaemenids, Cyprus retained relative autonomy within the Empire. Moreover, Cyprus remained almost untouched by the processes of “Iranisation” — the integration of local elites into the official Achaemenid culture. In this regard, the rare finds of the monuments of Persianizing art in Cyprus are of particular importance for studying the interaction of the local artistic tradition with Achaemenid official art. А few works of architecture and prestigious art (toreutics and jewelry) of the Persian circle from Cyprus make it possible to touch upon this issue. In addition, the Cypriot monuments reflect another important artistic phenomenon — namely, the “Greco-Persian” style that came to the island from Anatolian satrapies. Generally, the Persianizing art from Cyprus provides an opportunity to explore the boundaries of Persian influences on local monuments, as well as the processes of synthesis of these two cultures.

“Un-Southern”: Buffalo Bill, the Texas State Centennial, and Texas’s Western Turn

“Un-Southern”: Buffalo Bill, the Texas State Centennial, and Texas’s Western Turn Jacob W. Olmstead (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution Photograph of Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney with her sculpture of William F. Cody, The Scout. Photograph taken in 1924. Courtesy Buffalo Bill Center of the West, Cody, Wyoming, USA: P. 69.0517. [End Page 370] In the early months of 1936, Texans began preparations for the celebration of the Texas Centennial. Many communities sponsored local monuments, fairs, pageants, and rodeos. With a mandate and funding from the Texas state legislature, the state also planned to host a World’s Fair-type exposition to promote the history and progress of the Lone Star State. After a rigorous competition, the state’s Centennial Commission selected Dallas to host the main exposition. The palatial fairgrounds, dubbed the “Magic City,” featured voluminous pavilions in the Art Deco architectural style of the 1930s, broad walks and midways, and monumental works of art highlighting salient themes and individuals in Texas history.1 Three months before the gates opened in Dallas, a controversy erupted and cast a long shadow over much of the year’s festivities. On February 22, 1936, Centennial officials announced that a bronze replica of Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney’s The Scout, a sculpture of Colonel William F. Cody, also known as Buffalo Bill, would greet visitors at the entrance of the new Hall of Fine Arts on the Centennial grounds.2 The life-size statue depicts a mounted Cody with a rifle in one hand and pulling the reins tight as he [End Page 371] inspects the ground for Indian tracks.3 Several Dallas-based Confederate commemorative groups, believing that Buffalo Bill served during the Civil War as a Union spy, swiftly denounced the decision. Such sectional outcries stood in stark contrast to the progressive and exceptional state that Texas Centennial planners hoped to introduce to Americans during the celebration.4 Indeed, most Texans no longer collectively identified themselves as primarily southern. In the aftermath of the Civil War and Reconstruction, Texans had become more aware of the value of their state’s exceptional past. The legacy of throwing off the rule of an oppressive dictator and the heroes of the Alamo was much more palatable and useful by the early twentieth century than the defeatism of the Lost Cause ideology championed in the South. The embrace of the revolutionary past signified Texans’ growing identification with the history and symbols of the American West rather than those of the South.5 This reorientation eventually exhibited itself in the consumption of western art, architecture, music, and film.6 Not surprisingly, themes and images promoted by the state during the Centennial also skewed western.7 A stylized cowboy, complete with six-shooter, chaps, spurs, and waving a ten-gallon hat, became the principal icon for the celebration.8 To be sure, many Texans had not fully let go of their southern roots—a point illustrated by the objections to the Buffalo Bill sculpture. Though not as prominent, the Confederate flag and statues to the Confederacy’s leaders were exhibited during the Centennial year around the state and on the Centennial grounds.9 But like the physical landscape of the Magic City, the cognitive landscape of most Texans now made more room for Stephen F. Austin, Jim Bowie, cattle drives and cowboys, and Spanish missions. By the 1930s the “conscious and unconscious distancing of a people from the South of defeat and poor expectations” could not be turned back.10 [End Page 372] Identification with the South stood in sharp contrast to the western symbols and ideals many Texans were now embracing. These symbols and ideals were not only emblematic of the West, but the United States in general. Simply put, Texans had become western and quintessentially American, while southerners remained sectional and un-American.11 Historians have well documented the reshaping of Texas’s civic memory and identity from southern to western and the role the Texas Centennial played in that process.12 These, as well as other memory studies, have also demonstrated the power of celebrations and monuments to shape public memory.13 Still, the row over the prominent placement...

Relics of place: stone fragments of the Holy Sepulchre in eleventh-century France

ABSTRACTThis article considers stone pieces from the Holy Sepulchre brought to France in the eleventh century. Recent years have seen a growing awareness of architectural replications of the Holy Sepulchre built throughout the Latin West. Less attention has been devoted to its unmediated translation, namely, transporting its matter. Many French pilgrims who set out for Jerusalem before Urban preached crusade to the East in 1095 returned with stone fragments of the Holy Tomb to commemorate their visit and to consecrate architectural copies. Like the bodily remains of saints, these stone fragments acted as parts signifying the whole: they represented their place of origin and lent authenticity to local monuments. They could also act in unusual ways, attracting cults and prompting narratives, visual representations and staging in the church that announced their significance.

Historic City Centers After Destructive Seismic Events, The Case of Finale Emilia During the 2012 Emilia-Romagna Earthquake: Advanced Numerical Modelling on Four Case Studies

Introduction:The recent wave of seismic shocks in Central Italy (2016) had once more disastrous consequences for the local monuments, which consisted of old masonry churches and towers. The permanent, seismic-induced damage to cultural heritage has become a serious issue that can no longer be downsized, and questions have been raised about how to satisfactorily assess the vulnerability of such heritage in advance. This paper deals with the investigations into the actual condition of a historic city center partially destroyed by the seismic sequence occurred in May 2012 in Emilia-Romagna. Namely, the case of Finale Emilia – a small to medium-sized village located at the very center of the stricken area – is considered.Methods:Three important heritage masterpieces were numerically analyzed using Finite Element meshes to deepen the knowledge of their seismic vulnerability and try to avoid similar disasters in the future. The first structure is a masonry castle known as “Castello delle Rocche”, which underwent severe damages during the seismic sequence. The second and third examples deal with the structural analysis of two towers, both collapsed due to the quakes: the Fortified Tower of the castle and the Clock Tower of the village. The last analysis is devoted to study the seismic behavior of a medium-sized masonry church (Santa Maria del Rosario), heavily damaged by the seismic sequence and whose bell tower collapsed due to the formation of a hinge at mid-height.Results and Conclusion:Numerical models were created for all the buildings involved, and a variety of advanced analyses were carried out, including nonlinear static and dynamic ones, to have a deep insight into their expected vulnerability, also finding reasonable correspondence between the numerical results and the actual state of damage observed during the surveys made in the aftermath of the seismic events.