Local Kaolin Research Articles

Extraction of Aluminum Oxide from Local Kaolin Clay Deposits in Ethiopia

The need for aluminum is growing worldwide, which has sparked interest in finding alternate ways to make alumina from materials other than bauxite, particularly clays. This article examines the use of sodium carbonate as a leaching agent in the lime sintering process to recover alumina from kaolin. Excavated from Tarmaber, Ethiopia, kaolin clay contains a content of 32.88%, which has a relatively good composition. Collecting and grounding raw kaolin to micrometer-level particle size is the first task. The recovery of kaolin alumina was studied at sintering temperatures of (T<sub>1</sub>=800°C, T<sub>2</sub>= 900°C & T<sub>3</sub>=1000°C) at different sintering times of (t<sub>1</sub>=1 hr, t<sub>2</sub>=2 hrs & t<sub>3</sub>=3 hrs). After the raw material was burned at the given temperatures and times, it was cooled for the night in the furnace and leached with different concentrations of sodium carbonate (M<sub>1</sub>=50 g/l, M<sub>2</sub>=60 g/l & M<sub>3</sub>=70 g/l). The response surface methodology (RSM) in combination with the central composite design was used to optimize the operating parameters. The optimization result shows that the optimal conditions were a calcination temperature of 953.84°C, a sintering time of 2.99 h, and a leaching agent concentration of 70 g/l. At this optimal condition, the yield of Alumina was 1.05 g of 20 g of Kaolin clay. The resulting Alumina was crystalline in structure (from XRD analysis), contains 89.05% Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (from silicate analysis) and a large broad band between 400-1000 cm<sup>-1</sup> is attributed to Al-O-Al stretching of Alumina (from FT-IR analysis). So, it is possible to conclude that alumina production from no bauxite ores is possible.

تحضير معقدات جديدة لمثيل ميثا اكريلت مع بولي فنيل الكحول ودراسة بعض التطبيقات البيئية .

A new copolymer from Methyl methacrylate and polyvinyl alcohol [methyl-5-hydroxy-2-methylhexanoate] and its complexes were synthesized for some metals (Cr+3, Mn+ 2, Fe+ 3, Co+ 2, Ni+ 2, Cu+ 2, Zn+ 2, Cd+ 2). This ligand and its metal complexes were characterized using (FTIR) spectral, UV-Vis spectroscopy, conductivity, magnetic moment, and Thermo Gravimetric analysis. The nanoparticles for two complexes were characterized using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and atomic force microscope. Zeolite 5A was prepared from local kaolin by hydrothermal preparation, then characterization, and used as a supporting material with prepared copolymer as a composite to remove several metals from polluted water taken from industrial water electric power stations in Dora and South of Baghdad. Trace concentrations of these metals were estimated before and after applying the prepared copolymer by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The removal using composite materials is significantly more effective, with the concentration recorded as very low and the concentrations of some metal ions like Fe+2, which completely disappeared from polluted water according to a polluted water analysis before and after using the produced compounds.

Absorbance Enhancement of a Treated Tanzanian kaolin for Removal of Synthetic Dyes from Water

The absorbance efficiency of local kaolin clay from Tanzania (Pugu kaolin) has been enhanced to improve its utilization in removal of textile dyes from water. The clay was acid-activated using H2SO4, after calcination at 750oC. Characterization by XRF, XRD, ATR-FTIR and Porosimeter showed kaolinite [Al2Si2O5(OH)4], silica (SiO2) and microcline [KAlSi3O8] as the main phases. Upon acid treatment, silica increased from 44.18% to 58.81% due to the appearance of tridymite, and alumina decreased from 26.70% to 12.74% due to disappearance of the kaolinite. Surface area increased from 15.36 to 149.61 m2 /g due to removal of acid-soluble impurities. The chemical composition showed decrease of Fe2O3 and increase of other major oxides. The impact of acid-activation on contact time, temperature, adsorbent dose, initial pH and absorbate concentration was investigated through batch adsorption technique using basic blue 9 (BB9) and direct red 28 (DR28) dyes. The results at optimal conditions of 3 hours contact time, 27oC temperature, 0.9 g adsorbent dose, initial pH of 11 and initial adsorbate concentration of 90 mg/L, showed that acid modification of the clay increased its capacity to adsorb BB9 from 96.82% to 99.91%, and DR28 from 86.33% to 95.04%. These findings established the influence of modifying the raw clay for its dye removal applications.

The Role of Zinc- Zeolite in the Growth and Yield of (Zea Mays L.) in Two Calcareous Soils

A field experiment was conducted at the research station of the College of Agriculture - University of Anbar to study the effect of zinc-zeolite on some growth and yield characteristics of maize in two calcareous soils that differ in clay ratio. It was carried out according to the randomized complete block design following the nested design, with three replications which include: natural and synthetic zeolite prepared from local kaolin. Both the natural and synthetic zeolite were ground and sieved using a sieve with a diameter of 63 µm and then the natural and synthetic zeolite were saturated with zinc. Natural and synthetic zeolite zinc was added to the soil at three levels: 4, 8, and 12 kg Zn ha−1. The mineral source of zinc (ZnSO47H2O) and the organic source of zinc (Zn-DTPA) were used at the level of 8 Kg Zn ha−1 for each of them as a comparison treatment, as well as the comparison treatment without the addition of zinc. The number of treatments in each sector is 9 experimental units, and the total number of experimental units for each site is 27 experimental units. The results showed that natural and synthetic zeolite-zinc at the level of 12 kg Zn ha−1 was significantly superior in plant height and grain weight at a rate of 183.3 cm (150.0 g) and the concentration of nitrogen, potassium and zinc at a rate of 19.98, 2.96 and 45.50 g kg−1.

Mitigation of efflorescence, drying shrinkage and water demand of calcined clay-based geopolymers with biological waste ashes as activator and hardener

Uncertainties associated with durability and sustainability of geopolymer due to formation of efflorescence, shrinkage and activator cost are setbacks for its real-life applications. Therefore, the aim of this study was to produce geopolymers with improved durability and sustainability using local kaolin clay as precursor, cocoa-pods-ash (CPA) as alternative alkali hydroxide activator, periwinkle-shells-ash (PSA) as hardener and quarry-dust (QD) as filler. Local kaolin clay calcined at 700 °C (M7C), was replaced with some fractions of CPA and activated with only Na2SiO3 to produce binders (CPAG). The PSA was added to the best fit of M7C/CPA as fast-setting-agent, while QD was added to the best fit of M7C/CPA/PSA to produce mortars. 100% kaolin clay activated with 8MNaOH/Na2SiO3 was used as reference geopolymer. The geopolymers were cured at R.T for 7 and 28 days and characterised for physical, mechanical and durability properties. Clay, CPA, PSA, QD and geopolymers were characterised using XRF, ATR-FTIR and XRD. Reactivity was studied using isothermal conduction calorimetry. The ATR-FTIR and XRD results indicated transformation of kaolinite to metakaolinite in the clay, presence of K-C-O bond in CPA and O-C-O bond in PSA. Reference geopolymers set at 4 h while CPAG ranged from 14 to 19 h. With the addition of PSA, setting time reduced to values between 4 and 11 h. The compressive strength of reference geopolymer was 18.1 ± 0.3 MPa at 28 days, while CPAGs values ranged from 23.5 ± 0.3 to 35.6 ± 0.3 MPa. Best compressive strength was achieved with 2% PSA addition. No shrinkage in CPA-containing geopolymers while reference geopolymer had value of 0.03%. Efflorescence tendencies of the CPA-containing geopolymers reduced by 25–75% when compared with reference. Application of CPA as alternative activator improved the mechanical property, durability and sustainability of geopolymers.

Comparative of Green-Synthesis of Bimetallic Nanoparticles Iron/Nickel (Fe/Ni) and Supported on Zeolite 5A: Heterogeneous Fenton-like For Dye Removal From Aqueous Solutions

Green synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles of Fe/Ni (G-Fe/Ni-NPs) and zeolite-5A supported (G-Z-Fe/Ni-NPs) as heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation for the decolourisation of reactive red 120-dye (RR120) from the aqueous medium using green tea extract as a reducing agent. Zeolite-5A from local kaolin is prepared and characterised using the hydrothermal method and is used as a supporting material for Fe/Ni-NPs. (SEM), (EDX), (AFM), (XRD), (FT-IR), (BET). Its zeta potential were used to characterise G-Fe/Ni-NPs and G-Z-Fe/Ni-NPs. The decolourisation efficiency (Ed) of the RR120-dye using a heterogeneous Fenton-like for G-Fe/Ni-NPs and G-Z-Fe/Ni-NPs is 99.8% and 99.9%, respectively, under the optimum conditions: [H2O2] = 20 and 1 mmol/L, respectively, by G-Fe/Ni-NPs, NPs dosage = 0.1 g/L, [RR120-dye] = 25 mg/L and pH = 3. The results show that the reactivity of Fe/Ni-NPs was improved when zeolite-5A was used as support, showing fast removal. Three kinetic models (first-order, second-order, and Behnajady–Modirshahla–Ghanbary, BMG) were evaluated. The first-order, (econd-order and BMG models were found to be the best models representing the experimental kinetic data of RR120-dye in the state of G-Fe/Ni-NPs and G-Z-Fe/Ni-NPs, respectively. The study of the thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS°) for the removal of RR120-dye at 30°C, 40°C and 50°C indicates an appropriate, spontaneous, and endothermic reaction. The Ed using Fenton-like and adsorption processes are compared.

Fabrication and characterization of ceramic hollow shaped from the local kaolin intended for the filtration

ABSTRACT Ceramic membranes are one of the emerging separation technologies with extremely high separation factors. In this work, natural Kaolin clay collected from the western of Algeria was characterized in detail to see its feasibility in a ceramic membrane preparation. The ceramic membrane was prepared by solid-state reactive firing under the slip casting method. The aim is to favor the mullite phase, once the alumina is added a part will be dispersed in the mullite matrix to form a mullite-alumina composite. The mineralogical, morphological structure, particle size distribution, thermal stability, and chemical composition of prepared alumina oxide membrane were carried out using several techniques. They reveal the apparition of two main phases the mullite and the alumina. The kaolin provides the membrane with a well homogeneous morphology, good hydrophobicity, and thermal stability. The obtained membrane presented a mesoporous membrane character that can use successfully for ultrafiltration applications..

Synthesis of zeolite catalyst for palm oil cracking process by means of microwave induced local kaolin leaching

Kaolin mined in Belitung Indonesia mostly consists of SiO2 and Al2O3 and is better off calcined at a temperature of about 700 °C for at least 2 hours to be reactive. This research is conducted to observe the effect of implementing microwave irradiation in the leaching process as the most crucial step in the hydrothermal synthesis of a zeolite catalyst, using a leached metakaolin (LMK) as the source of SiO2. The irradiation of microwave certainly outperforms the conventional leaching process of Metakaolin, as expected in the hypothesis. The modification of the microwave oven with the addition of a hole on the top chamber and alteration of the waveguide is conducted to improve the focusing of electromagnetic radiation onto the extraction column. Installation of the faraday cage gives rise to better polarization, not to mention a safer procedure. The conventional leaching of 25 grams of Metakaolin undertaken in the previous year takes 45 minutes to complete, while microwave-assisted leaching takes only 30 minutes or 30% more efficiently. The acid solution used in leaching undergoes electromagnetic influence that increases the dipole and polar reactivity and raises the acidity of the raffinate or catalyst by more than 15%, which is necessary for the cracking process catalyst. The starting materials consist of silica, alumina, Na2O, distilled water with a quantity of silica in the seed smaller than silica in the LMK and the minute amount of impurities, mainly common dirt of soil. The power consumed by the magnetron to irradiate the microwave was set at 450, 600, and 800 W, respectively. The appearance and size characterization of the produced zeolite catalyst was conducted using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). Meanwhile, the acidity characterization as the highlighted focus is carried out by applying Hammett’s indicator titration of ammonium solution. A rise of acidity up to 25% or 0,71 (mmol NH3/gr) from 0.63 (mmol NH3/gr) in conventional method.

The preparation of Al2O3-Na2SO4 composites derived from local kaolin through an alkaline destruction combined with sulphatization method

Composites of Na2SO4 is promising for solid electrolyte application. In this initial study, composites of Al2O3/Na2SO4 were successfully synthesized from local kaolin through an alkaline destruction method combined with sulphatization. The composites were characterized including thermal behaviour, mineral phases, chemical composition, FT-IR spectra, and microstructures. The composites consist of a-Al2O3 and Na2SO4 phases after calcination at 1300 °C. This phenomenon is confirmed by the XRF and FT-IR result. The composite consists of Al2O3 and Na2SO4 as major components, accounting 41.98% and 47.09% of the total, respectively. Meanwhile, SiO2 is found as the impurity, accounting 2.86% of the total. The vibration modes of Al-O bonds are detected at 995.27 and 524.46 cm1, whereas the SO4 bands appear at 1111.00 and 617.22 cm1. Na2SO4 exhibits a rod-like particle that cover the alumina surface in the morphology.

Economic and Ultrafast Photocatalytic Degradation of Orange II Using Ceramic Powders

Different percentages of CuO and ZnO were added into a local kaolin ceramic-based powder (DD3) with and without ZrO2. The modified powders were first characterized, then, a test for the photocatalytic degradation of dyes with orange II (OII) was carried out. The DD3 powders that were obtained with the addition of ZrO2, ZnO, and CuO, were prepared by two different methods and have shown a large and very fast photocatalytic activity. Discoloration ratios of about 93.6% and 100% were reached after 15 min and 45 min, for CuO and ZnO respectively. Finally, an alternative photocatalysis mechanism, based purely on chemical reaction processes, is proposed. The photocatalysis results with modified powders are compared with the results obtained with thin films, made with the same materials.

Synthesis and Characterization of Co-Mo/γ-Alumina Catalyst from local Kaolin clay for Hydrodesulfurization of Iraqi Naphtha

This work deals with the hydrodesulfurization of three types of naphtha feedstocks; mixednaphtha (WN), heavy naphtha (HN) & light naphtha (LN) with a sulfur content of 1642.1,1334.9 & 709 ppm respectively, obtained from Missan refinery using prepared Co-Mo/γ-Al2O3catalyst. The Iraqi white kaolin was used as a starting material for the preparation of γ-Al2O3support, transferring kaolin to meta-kaolin was studied through calcination at differenttemperatures and durations, kaolin structure was investigated using X-Ray diffractiontechniques.High purity 94.83%. Crystalline γ-Al2O3 with a surface area of 129.91 m2/gm, pore volume0.9002 cm3/g was synthesized by extraction of Iraqi kaolin with H2SO4 at different acid to clayweight ratios, acid concentrations & leaching time. Ethanol was used as precipitating agent; theresultant gel was dried and calcined at 70OC, 10 hrs & 900 OC, 2 hrs respectively.The effects of different parameters on the average crystallinity and extraction % ofsynthesized γ-Al2O3 were studied like; acid: clay ratio, sulfuric acid concentration, leachingtime, leaching temperature & kaolin conversion to metakaolin. Characterization of prepared γ-Al2O3 & Co-Mo catalyst were achieved by X-ray diffraction, FTIR-spectra, texture properties& BET surface area, BJH N2 adsorption porosity, AFM, SEM, crush strength & XRF tests.
 Co-Mo/ γ-Al2O3 catalyst with final loading 5.702 wt% and 21.45 wt% of Co and Mo oxidesrespectively was prepared by impregnation methods.The activity of prepared Co-Mo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst after moulding to be tested forhydrodesulfurization (HDS) of naphtha feedstock W.N, H.N & L.N was performed using apilot hydrotreating unit at petroleum research & development centre, at different operatingconditions. Effects of temperature, LHSV, pressure, time & pore size distribution were studied,the best percentage of sulfur removal is increased with decreasing LHSV to 2 hr-1 as a generaltrend to be 89.71, 99.72, 99.20 % at 310oC for the whole naphtha, heavy naphtha and lightnaphtha feedstocks respectively, at 34 bar pressure and 200/200 cm3/cm3 H2/HC ratio.

Preparation Foam Brick from Iraqi Local Clay

In this study, foam bricks prepared by direct foaming method, using local kaolin clay as raw materials, which are available, local, cheap, environmentally - friendly materials and can be recycled. Foam bricks prepared by depend mechanism evolution of gas in situ using several of variables (ratio of clay mixture, ratio of foam solution, ratio of forming mixture and firing temperature) so that one of these variables is fixed randomly after preliminary test and another change in a gradual regular. Then select the optimum value to return randomly and thus after that select optimum values of these parameters for the production of foam bricks. The porosity, thermal conductivity, and compression strength were examined at (9050, 1050)°C. Porosity, thermal conductivity and compression strength have been investigated at (9050,1050)°C, SEM and XRD also carried out at specimen firing at 950°C. The results showed that the optimum foam bricks was obtained with the ratio of clay mixture mullite:kaolin (60:40), agent solution ratio agent:water (1.5:20 )and(2.5:20), respectively and forming mixture ratio clay mixture:agent solution (51.14:48.86) at firing temperature 950°C. The specimens prepared in this way have apparent porosity (as high as 0.46%), exhibiting considerable compressive strength (exceeding 5MPa) and low thermal conductivity (about 0.36 (W/m k).

Valorization of local kaolin in sustainable concrete and on the environment through their exploitation deposit

Valorization of local kaolin in sustainable concrete and on the environment through their exploitation deposit

Lime –Metakaolin Interaction

The standard mix ratio of lime: pozzolana specified by all standards is 1:2 by weight to produce lime pozzolan cement (LPC) with the minimum required strength of 4 MPa. This ratio may be affected by many factors such as the quality of lime and pozzolana, in adition to the quantity of amorphous silica in pozzolana. In this paper a local kaolin and lime were investigated for their chemical, physical, mineralogical, and thermal properties, using various techniques such as XRF, DTG/DSC, and XRD. The produced metakaolin (MK) and hydrated lime (CH) were first tested for their reactivity, then different ratios of 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 (lime: metakaolin) were tested to determine the optimum mix ratio of (LPC). The chemical, physical, and mineralogical analysis of samples showed their congruent with standard specifications adopted. The chemical analysis results showed that the local kaolin has composition with a SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3 content of 79.96%. The reactivity of MK toward CH is found to be within the limitation of standards. The mortar samples, made with a binder of ground MK and CH, developed a 28 days compressive strengths of 4.9, 14, and 16 MPa, for 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 (CH: MK ) respectively. These findings suggest that LPC can be produced with high compressive strength if an optimum lime to pozzolana ratio is achieved.

Fabrication of ceramic membrane from local raw materials for treatment different wastes

Ceramic membrane is a membrane with high chemical and physical stability. In addition, it is very stable chemically, thermally and mechanically and it has a very high selective process without phase transformation. In this work successful fabrication of ceramic membrane through dry compaction method at rather low temperature from, local and available materials such as; local kaolin, fly ash from palm oil mills, chipboard powder wastes, and sand was achieved. Materials used were classified into 4 different composites with different proportions since ratios of the materials significantly affect the membrane properties. All samples were fabricated using mould mainly prepared to make cylindrical shape and pressing machine at approximate pressure of 10kN. After fabrication, all samples were subjected to further processing to increase the membrane physical, chemical and thermal properties. Sintering was applied to achieve this goal. Gradual increase in temperature was applied during the sintering process till it reached 1000 °C for almost 16 hrs. After the samples get into the desired shape, they are tested for different contaminants. UV-spectrophotometer was used to evaluate the removal efficiency of dyes whereas conductivity meter for the removal of ions. Best results obtained for the treated samples for methylene blue, methylene red and sodium chloride ion, were 96, 76 and 44% respectively. Throughout this study, it can be concluded that ceramic membrane provides physical treatment which is much better than chemical treatment as it does not produce any by-product.

Preparation, microstructure studies and mechanical properties of glazes ceramic sanitary ware based on kaolin

In this paper, the use of local kaolin coming from Djebel Debbagh (denoted DD1) in the composition of ceramic glazes for sanitary ware was examined. Because of its natural abundance, low price and good characteristics, this kaolin represents an interesting economic alternative to other mineral clays. The chemical composition showed that this kaolin contains 38.49 wt.% Al2O3 and 44.85 wt.% SiO2. Two glazes based on kaolin DD1 denoted as GaDD1 and GbDD1 were prepared with conventional ceramic processing techniques at temperature 1250 oC. As a reference, another glaze (Gref) based on kaolin Remblend was also prepared in the same conditions. The samples were characterized with X-ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscope. The results revealed that zircon and quartz are the crystalline phases present in these glazes. In the sample GaDD1, it was found that the degree of whiteness is very high and reaches 93.30 %. However, the water absorption coefficient is low which is about 0.19 ? 0.04 %. In addition, the flexural strength and the Vickers microhardness are respectively, about 56.07 ? 5.61 MPa and 7952.80 ? 101.76 MPa. These properties are compatible with those of the glaze reference Gref and commercial sanitary ware glazes, indicating the potential use of kaolin DD1 in the production of glazed ceramic for sanitary ware applications.

Potential of alternative waste materials: rice husk ash and waste glass cullet with boric acid addition for low-fired unglazed tiles

This study aimed to investigate the potential of utilizing waste materials by adding boric acid (H3BO3) for producing low-fired unglazed tiles under low temperatures. Eighteen formulations containing rice husk ash (RHA), green glass cullet (GGC), and local kaolin clay (LKC) were constructed and divided into three groups with different RHA contents of 0, 10, and 20 wt%. Boric acid was also added with three amounts of 0, 2, and 3 wt% in mixtures. Specimens of these mixtures were produced by uniaxial pressing at 10 MPa and then fired at 900 o С for 1 h. The results showed that the formula of group B contained 10 wt% RHA, 60 wt% GGC, and 30 wt% LKC with the addition of 2 wt% boric acid. Moreover, the formula of group C contained 20 wt% RHA, 50 wt% GGC, and 30 wt% LKC by adding 3 wt% boric acid. Both formulas can achieve the ISO 13006 standard of ceramic tiles in terms of modulus of rupture and water absorption. Characterization of these formulas was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the CIELAB colorimetric coordinates. SEM results confirmed that the glassy-phase and needle-like wollastonite crystals contributed to the development of the strength and dense microstructure of fired specimens. For XRD patterns, crystalline phases, e.g., nepheline, wollastonite-1A, and calcium silicate can improve the mechanical properties of ceramic bodies. It was concluded that reutilizing RHA and GGC wastes by adding boric acid is feasible to produce eco-friendly unglazed tiles at low sintering temperature.

Synthesis and characterization of Ethiopian kaolin for the removal of basic yellow (BY 28) dye from aqueous solution as a potential adsorbent

In the present research, the kaolin adsorbents (beneficiated, raw powder, and calcined) were prepared from Ethiopian natural kaolin through mechanical, wet, and thermal processes. The geochemical and surface properties of kaolin adsorbent were characterized using FTIR, SEM/EDS, XRD, and XRF. In the batch experiment, basic operation parameters (initial dye concentrations, pH, temperature, contact time, and adsorbent dosage) were examined. Percentage removal efficiency basic yellow 28 (BY28) dye were recorded as 94.79%, 92.08%, and 87.08% onto beneficiated, raw, and calcined kaolin absorbents, respectively at an initial dye concentration of 20 mg/L, solution pH of 9, the temperature of 30 °C°C, and contact time of 60 min and adsorbent dosage of 1g/100L. The molar ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 was recorded as 2.911 Percent mass composition of Ethiopian kaolin which is higher than the expected pure kaolinite standard which allows us to classify the kaolin clay as a siliceous one. The calculated values of ΔG0 for beneficiated adsorbent are -1.243, 1.576, and 4.396 kJ/mol at 303.15, 323.15, and 343.15 K, respectively for 20 mg/L of dye concentration and solution pH of 9, suggests that the thermodynamic behavior at lowest temperature is more feasible and spontaneous as compared with the higher temperature one. A similar fashion was calculated for raw and calcined adsorbents. The negative values of ΔHo and ΔS° suggest that the adsorption phenomenon is exothermic and the adsorbate molecules are organized on the solid phase in a more disordered fashion than the liquid phase. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models have been used to describe the kinetics in the adsorption processes. The Pseudo-second-order model has been fitted for the BY 28 dye adsorption in the studied concentration range. The adsorption of BY 28 dye for raw and calcined adsorbents follows the Langmuir isotherm and the Freundlich isotherm fitted for the beneficiated adsorbent. The amount of BY28 dye taken up by beneficiated, raw, and calcined kaolin adsorbents was found as 1.896, 1.842, and 1.742 mg/g, respectively at a contact time of 1.0 h, the adsorbent dosage of 1.0 g, initial dye concentration = 20 mg/L and solution pH = 9 at 30 °C. The results found that these raw and prepared local kaolin adsorbents have a capacity as low-cost alternatives for the removal of dyes in industrial wastewater.

Preparation foam brick from Iraqi local clay

Background: In this present study for preparing foam brick by utilization of local kaolin clay and foaming agent for building and, thermal insulation and construction applications. Methods: This paper deals with the development of foam bricks by independent several of variables are (clay mixture ratio, foam solution ratio, forming mixture ratio and firing temperature), so it has been fixing one of this variable randomly and change another gradually regular and then optimum value to return randomly and thus after that select optimum values of these parameter to produce foam bricks this variables are clay mixture ratio (Mullit:Kaolin ratio is 20:80,40:60 and 60:40 weight ratio), Agent solution ratio (foam agent:water ratio is 0.5:20 ,1:20,1.5:20, 2.5:20,3.5:20 and 4.5:20 weight ratio) and forming mixture ratio (clay mixture:foam solution ratio is 45.5:54.5, 48.87:51.13, 51.14:48.86, 53.51:46.49 and 55.6:44.4 weight ratio). Results: Porosity, thermal conductivity and compression strength has been investigated at (9050,1050)ºC, SEM and XRD also carried out at specimen firing at 950ºC .the results show that optimum foam bricks obtained with 60:40 weight ratio of mullite:kaolin, 1.5:20 and 2.5:20 weight ratio of agent : water respectively and forming mixture ratio was (51.14:48.86 )at 950ºC. Conclusion: The specimens prepared in this way have apparent porosity (as high as 0.46%), exhibiting considerable compressive strength (exceeding 5MPa) and low thermal conductivity (about 0.36 (W/m k)).

Evaluation of TiO2/ LTA Zeolite Incorporated Composite for Mutual Removal of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants: Simulation Study for Prediction of Removal Beyond Equilibrium

In this paper, incorporation of titanium nanoparticles into LTA zeolite (Linde Type A Zeolite) was synthesized by in-situ incorporation of titanium precursors within hydrothermal synthesis of LTA zeolite from local kaolin. More than one evidence for the presence of nano TiO2 including XRD, IR, DR, and SEM techniques. Mutual removal /photodecomposition of heavy metal/organic dye including methylene blue combined with as set of Co2+, Cu2+, Ni2+and Pb2+ ions was the main aim of this study. A four dimensional simulation program were written to predict for the first time both dye and ions with the fourth dimension of time. This program for the first time , is capable of prediction of the removal beyond the equilibrium state. The program was verified and percentage of error did not exceeds 3% with high accuracy. This study will open a new sight the use the modified zeolite as an effective photocatalyst in addition to its high performance of removal of heavy metals. New definitions of some new terminologies was impeded in the literature for the first time such as; Amount selectivity, Partial capacity, Time selectivity, Normalized selectivity, Remained capacity and Loop selectivity