Strengthening Of Local Institutions Research Articles

Local Institutional Strengthening in Sustainable Lake Fisheries Resources Management System (Case Study of Tempe Lake, Wajo Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia)

Local Institutional Strengthening in Sustainable Lake Fisheries Resources Management System (Case Study of Tempe Lake, Wajo Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia)

Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture: A Systematic Review of Impact Pathways to Nutrition Outcomes

ABSTRACTThe role of agriculture in reducing undernutrition is widely recognized, yet there is also consensus on the need to make the sector nutrition-sensitive. Evidence on the impact pathways from nutrition-sensitive agriculture (NSA) interventions, agricultural interventions with specific nutrition objectives, and actions detailing each temporal stage to reach nutrition outcomes is limited, however. We thus synthesized study results regarding impact of NSA interventions on nutrition outcomes relating to undernutrition, and constructed an impact pathway by mapping the evidence on each temporal stage from interventions to nutrition outcomes. We used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses to conduct and report our systematic review of studies on NSA interventions implemented in low- and lower-middle-income countries. Forty-three studies that met the inclusion criteria were extracted and synthesized across impact and pathways analyses. We carried out a thematic analysis of the effect of NSA interventions using evidence-based indicators and constructed the pathways by adopting a published framework on agriculture to nutrition pathways. Our findings reveal that NSA interventions can significantly improve dietary practices, and have the potential to enhance care practices and reduce occurrence of diseases, indicating their effectiveness in simultaneously addressing multiple determinants of undernutrition. However, NSA interventions have a lesser impact on nutritional status. NSA interventions lead to nutrition outcomes through 5 key pathways: food production, nutrition-related knowledge, agricultural income, women's empowerment, and strengthening of local institutions. We emphasize the need to carefully design, implement, and evaluate interventions with consideration for factors affecting impact pathways. Future research should focus on the effect of interventions combining multisector components, and pathways through non-food-production-related income, women's empowerment, strengthening of local institutions, food prices at intervention level, and expenditure on health care.

Principal agent in tree mortgage system on traditional agroforestry management in Moluccas Indonesia

The agroforestry system in land management has been carried out traditionally by societies in Moluccas. The practice is known as dusung, and includes the cultivation of nutmeg trees. Farmers face a number of problems, one of which is a system of debt bondage that inflicts financial loss upon the farmers. This study aims to explain the involvement of farmers with debt bondage system, namely the tree mortgage system (TMS). This research uses a case study approach, with the collection of interviews and participant conservation data. The data is analysed using principal agent theory. The results showed that nutmeg farmers (principal) have a risk when debt bondage (agent) denies an agreement/moral hazard or acts out an agreement. This occurs when agent exploits the access of information and nutmeg marketing prospects, which makes the position of farmers weak and disadvantaged. Improving contracts for TMS and local institutional strengthening is necessary, as it can improve the bargaining position of nutmeg farmers and encourage the preservation of forest resources through sustainable management of nutmeg dusung.

Common property resources in drylands of India

ABSTRACTCommon property resources are areas of land or water being used by a community or a group of communities. These have special significance to peoples and communities who depend on them for their livelihood. The commons in all arid districts of India include village pastures, community forests, wasteland, common threshing grounds, waste dumps, watershed drainage, village baoris1, talabs2, nadis3 and ponds, and tanks, rivers, rivulets, wetlands, riverbeds, community conserved areas, protected areas, Dhaam4 or Dhooni5, culturable wastelands, barren & un-culturable land, etc. The area under commons often ranged from 9 to 28% of total village area. Appropriation of the commons by the state for building essential infrastructure such as schools, clinics, veterinary hospitals, housing for government functionaries, SEZ and industrial corridors, etc. is a cause of serious concern. Presently the ownership rights over CPRs are not clear and there are many who claim ownership, some at State level but also like local bodies. The 12th plan of the Planning Commission of India recognized and highlighted the need for favourable land tenure arrangements, institutional design and programme architecture in order to achieve effective governance and management of the commons. The revitalization of CPRs is crucial for protecting livelihoods, as well as for biodiversity conservation and for the improvement in arid microclimatic conditions. Dialogue continues on the status of common property resources, the available legal framework and some policy related issues for its conservation through strengthening of local institutions and capacity building for stakeholders.

FAKTOR PENGHAMBAT PELAKSANAAN PROGRAM NASIONAL PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT PEMBANGUNAN INFRASTRUKTUR SOSIAL EKONOMI WILAYAH DI KABUPATEN TABALONG KALIMANTAN SELATAN

National program development of socio-economic infrastructure is a program that aims to accelerate the economic development of rural communities based on local resources, reduction of disparities between regions, reducing poverty, improving the management of local governments at the district, sub-district and village as well as the strengthening of local institutions at the village level. The purpose of this study are: (1) How is the effectiveness of implementation of PNPM-PISEW program in strategic area of Tabalong; (2) Finding the factors that supported and obstacles of the implementation of the PNPM-PISEW, and (3) Formulate an alternative model that can be applied to community empowerment in Tabalong.This research done by qualitative approach by using formative evaluation to measure the effectiveness of the implementation of PNPM-PISEW program. The data collected through interview and documentation. Data analysis by descriptive analysis.The results of research shown that PNPM-PISEW implementation is not optimum yet. So this policy outcome is moderate effectively. Some factors may be identified as supporting like as society obedience; local government support and public participatory, so the obstacle factors like as lack of sinergisity and lack of individual and social capacity of target group.The positive outcome of the PNPM-PISEW in Strategic Areas Tabalong are the increase of income, increase of employment opportunities, and increase the capacity of the local government.

Perception of climate change and farm level adaptation choices in central Kenya

Farmers are experiencing the need to adapt to climate change, and are developing different strategies. This article contributes to the understanding of farmers’ adaptation choices, their determinants and their implications, in relation to the household income. In 2014, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and 220 household surveys were carried out with farmers in coffee and food crop zones in Central Kenya. The Heckman model was used to evaluate the determinants of adaptation choices and their marginal effect. Farmers from the coffee zone or from the food crop zone perceive and adapt differently to climate change. Farmers who are aware of changes in climate are more willing to explore adaptation strategies. A positive relationship is found between adaptation to climate change and household income. The highest payoff/return is achieved if multiple adaptation choices are used rather than a single strategy. The choices of strategies are also determined by household characteristics, resource endowment, institutional variables, and climate information. The strong correlation between socio-institutional variables and adaptation capacity suggests the need for the establishment and strengthening of local institutions, such as micro-finance and extension.

Raising rice productivity and sustainability for smallholders of south Asia under changing climate

Climate change impacts on agriculture vary by region and predominately negativeon subtropics and tropics, especially where agriculture is currently marginal concerning high temperatureand moisture-deficit conditions. The mostvulnerable agricultural systems in semi-arid, and dry sub-humid regionsin the developing world, where high rainfall variability and recurrentdroughts and floods regularly disrupt food production, and poverty is pervasive, are profoundly influenced by these negative impacts. Adaptation to climate change requires both short-term and long-term strategies. In the short term, we must make use of the available technical knowhow to formulate and implement crop contingency plans to combat unusual weather conditions. In the long-term planning, however, strategic research on the development of flood, drought, and heat tolerant crop varieties, along with their conforming management is required. New Stress Tolerant Rice Varieties (STRVs) and their conforming management practices such as nursery management, establishment methods, adjusted cropping system, weed, irrigation and nutrient management can help farmers improve overall production, and better manage risks emanating from global warming. Enhancing the resilience to extreme climate events through conservation agricultural practices such as DSR, Zero tillage, un-puddled transplanting, aerobic rice cultivation help mitigating the adverse effect of climate by protecting soils and conserving water. AWD, a water-saving technology can help alleviate the global warming impact of paddy fields to one-third of the conventional water management practices. Supra-optimal temperature not only reduces the growth duration of the rice crop but also increase spikelet sterility, resulting in lower yields and lower-quality rice grain. Sowing time manipulation and selection of tolerant genotypes help mitigate the adverse effect of high temperature and rising CO2 level. Most of these technologies prove advantageous, but their usefulness and applicabilityare dependent on site and system characteristics. Besides technology, strengthening of local institutions and a suitable policy framework are required to adapt Indian agriculture to the current and future climate variability. Social protection measures aimed at enhancing the food security situation of marginal and smallholder households will improve their livelihood, being in a better position to innovate and adopt improved agricultural practices.

Agropastoral Mobility and Rangelands Multiple Uses in the Miombo Frontier Ecozone of Tabora Region, Western Tanzania.

This study aimed to examine the argument of environmental resource-use conflict as the primary cause of crop farmers and agropastoralists conflicts in Tabora Region, Tanzania. It explored the multiple interdependent phenomena that affect livelihoods relationships between crop farmers and agropastoralists and the nature of their continuing conflicts over the ecozonal resources. A primary dataset of the two groups' conflicts was used. An ex post facto and multistage sampling design was adopted. A total of 252 respondents were interviewed in three separate villages drawn from agroecological zones fringing the miombo woodland where such tensions are high. Data were analyzed using logistic regression. Results indicate that education (β = −1.215, .297; p = .050), household size (β = .958, 2.607; p = .017), herd size (β = 4.276, 7.197; p = 0.001), farm size (β = −1.734, .048; p = .176), the police (β = −.912, 4.582; p = .043), and village leaders (β = −.122, .885; p = .012) were the most potent predictors of causes of conflicts. The study found no support for demographic variables, like age, sex, marital status, income, duration of residence, and distance to resource base. The study recommends population growth control and strengthening of local institutions and recommends local communities to sustain management of natural resources base in the area.

PENYELESAIAN DAN PENANGGULANGAN KORBAN KEKERASAN DALAM RUMAH TANGGA MELALUI LEMBAGA ADAT NAGARI DI SUMATERA BARAT

The high rate of domestic violence is influenced by the lack of institutions in completing and anticipating it, besides the tendency of indigenious culture which consider it as a common problem. Nevertheless, in West Sumatra, the strengthening of local institutions has been one of the assets that can prevent the occurrence of these domestic violences. This study found that the existence of economic institutions, the strengthening of women’s institutions and women's economic empowerment in the village can reduce the occurrence of such violence. This research was conducted in some progressing-villages in West Sumatra: Simarasok Baso in Agam regency and Rao-Rao Sungai Tarab in Tanah Datar regency. Keywords: Domestic violence and Institutional indigenous villages Copyright © 2014 by Kafa`ah All right reserved DOI : 10.15548/jk.v4i1.87

Integrating Genetic Resource Conservation and Sustainable Development into Strategies to Increase the Robustness of Seed Systems

Food security is again at the top of the global agenda. A second green revolution adapting the strategies of the previous revolution to current circumstances and contexts has been proposed. This article introduces a framework for analyzing seed supply strategies by considering principles of agrobiodiversity conservation, formal and informal seed systems, market and service orientation, and the strengthening of local institutions. This framework is used to analyze strategies for supporting small-scale farmers' seed supply. We develop pathways for enhancing seed security while strengthening seed system robustness. By presenting a coherent and non-conflicting framework, we reconcile the seemingly contradictory forces of increasing food production and conserving agro-biodiversity.

DINAMIKA OTONOMI DAERAH DALAM PENGEMBANGAN METODE PARTISIPASI PUBLIK PEMBENTUKAN PERATURAN PERUNDANG-UNDANGAN (2)

This article is taken from the research to study local democracy dynamic in regional autonomy transition, especially after the enactment of Law No. 32 of 2004 concerning on Regional Government and Law No 10 of 2004 concerning on Legislation Making. These laws have influenced the process of public policy making at field. This research analyse the implementation the word ’berhak’ (right to) as stipulated under article 53 of Law No. 10 of 2004. From this point of view, this continues by mapping the development strategy in making legislation at regional level, mainly by searching to what extend public participation processes would contribute at that level. In local political context, the research aims to study how political participation at local level fully involves citizen to take decision, especially connected to: First, economic democracy which is a participatory magement all citizen in productive assets and collective property rights. Second, politic pluralism democracy which is an understanding and sensitivity over pluralistic and locality aspects of the needs and aspirations any citizen in public policy making. The research method uses a non-doctrinal legal research, especially by emplying sociology of law and political economy of law. The result is written in descriptive-analytic model. The research only limits on the development of public participatory method, so then it would have critical points in reforming law and institution, especially to guarantee public participation rights. The recommendations are: First, the needs of key action and more participative for reforming all policies at regional level, by emphasizing through (1) state institution reconstruction which more guarantees citizen political participation; (2) the shifting from ‘top-down’ to ‘bottom up’ processes; (3) the empowerment of people (capacity building) and local institutional strengthening. Second, strengthening legal framework for public participation, either at legislation or regulation levels. The public participation initiative through regional regulation or to improve parliament mechanism order are important to develop public participation methods in local regulation making. Furthermore, The research needs to be followed up by studying deeply about how the legal framework to secure better should be formulated, especialy in responding public participation, either better procedural control or substantial control from public. This research contributes partly in providing possible models and [legal] formulations which are more responsive to the people needs and justice, also to strengthen democratization processes in local governance system.Keywords : Public Participations, Local Autonomy, Local Regulations

The Indian Experience of Conflict Resolution in Mizoram

The case of Mizoram in India provides informative lessons for conflict resolution. Factors such as addressing the root causes of the conflict, de-escalation in violence, empathizing with the conflicting actor, surrender policy for insurgents, indigenous mediators, absence of peace-spoilers, strengthening of local institutions, formation of a pan-Mizo identity and limited ‘use of force’ policy all played a role in establishing peace in Mizoram. This article posits that the Mizo peace process can act as a guide, if not model, for peaceful resolution of ongoing conflicts in India and the world.

Community-based Ecotourism: A New Proposition for Sustainable Development and Environmental Conservation in Malaysia

Community-based ecotourism is one of the most dynamic sectors of Malaysian tourism industry. The destination involved remote traditional communities where national parks, game reserves and other protected areas served as the background setting for such activities. Its principle is focused upon the benefits of tourism attained by local population and the environment while minimizing negative impacts. By empowering the locals with own governance and management partnerships within the area, community based ecotourism may reduce economic leakages, minimize negative impacts and concentrate the benefits locally. This study will discussed the key management issues of community-based tourism: government supports, sustainable use of local resources, participation of stakeholders, fair benefits sharing, strengthening of local institutions, linkages with regional and national levels and training. African and Asian experiences in these areas are highlighted.