Local Government Securities Research Articles

Interaksionisme Simbolik Aparatus Dan Pekerja Seks Di Bali

This article explores a form of symbolic interaction between the formal security apparatus of the State and sex workers in Bali. The study uses qualitative research methods with data collection methods for interviews and observations. Through this type of research traced the efforts of sex workers to communicate in order to negotiate their interests with the power represented by the local government security apparatus (apparatus). Sanders' (2001) and O'Neill's (2001) study shows sex workers are resistant to control. But in this capacity, sex workers have a communication style to negotiate activities with local state officials. Theory used symbolic interactionism from Blumer. In the field data obtained there are two types of meaning in symbolic interactions. Sex worker as a party spreading disease and violation of morality. Even this is used as building the meaning of the moral image of regional leaders. In this symbolic interaction meaning, sex workers with bureaucratic state apparatus are very dependent on social structures in society which depend on social status, involvement in sex trade organizations, and laws or policies related to the regulation of CSWs. Bali as a world tourism destination prioritizes the basic value of the development of cultural tourism and has never once declared it as sex tourism. It's just ironic that Bali is often used as a transit point for the existence of the trafficking industry before they depart overseas. Bali is used as the main transit of commercial sex workers in the women's trafficking network. Although in the interactionism the symbolic meaning of the repression of the state apparatus is still considered to manifest a patriarchal value system that provides more legal sanctions to service providers in this case sex workers, especially women, than their users, namely men.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND ACCOUNTING REFORMS IN CHINA

1. IntroductionThe long-run advance of financial markets is contingent on the broad disposal of first-rate financial information. Separate investors hinge significantly on firms' administrative filings and deliberate disclosures to precisely evaluate their long-term risks, outcomes, and inherent values. Influential political forces, unsatisfactory investor protections, restricted capital market requirements, and the established series of business procedures and routines (Bratu, 2015) are important obstacles to transparency. Chinese listed companies confront challenging demands for prompt disclosure that indicate a trade-off between opportuneness and accuracy. If carried out successfully, corporate governance reforms may enhance the parameters of Chinese listed firms' financial reports and the whole information setting. (Piotroski, 2014)2. The Market Configuration of the Accounting Profession in ChinaNotwithstanding the embracing of first-rate criteria and governance guidelines, the disclosure routines of China's listed companies are still incomprehensible. Predominant determinants for vagueness affect China's capital markets and the financial reporting routines of listed companies. Financial reporting and disclosure routines have been ameliorated lately, this tendency being roughly in agreement with the steady establishment of first-rate criteria and directives and the rise in the complete intensity and scale of China's markets. The outcome of the unsatisfactory financial reporting setting is a stock market where firm-specific stock returns exhibit a significant degree of co-action with market returns. The reporting routines of China's listed companies indicate a trade-off of predominant determinants for and against unambiguousness and robust corporate governance routines. China's institutional setting is typified by determined political forces, an unsteady judicial system, and cultural and social patterns (Mircica, 2014) that highlight the perpetuation of social connections and compliance. These established forces influence and strengthen the prevalent features of China's business setting. (Piotroski, 2014) The setting up of a local government securities market would further and disclosure from adopting legal demands (Nica, Manole, and Potcovaru, 2016a, b) to meeting creditors' claims for assessment of creditworthiness. The appeal for more significant fiscal openness and the concrete requirement to evaluate fiscal risk caused by local borrowing have merged to increase cognizance of the significance of accounting. In China, the budget accounting is cash-oriented financial to supervise the implementation of the cash-oriented budget. By positioning the current system, unaltered, on an identical base with accrual-oriented financial in the same government system, two series of numbers would be generated, bringing about possible uncertainty and necessitating agreement. (Chan, 2015)The Big Four, a leading global entity of large companies, has monopolized, in China, the market for auditing services, whereas local firms have strived to diminish their supremacy. The Big Four, as component of a globalizing large-scale capital class, has achieved access to the intimidating dominance of the state and to the authority of global entities that have incorporated component of the command of the state. Local companies have engaged in a counter-hegemonic scheme of destabilizing the ideological ascendancy of the Big Four via the subversion and adjustment of institutional arrangements. The swift rise and redoubtable government backing of indigenous companies (Popescu, Comanescu, and Dinca (Nicola), 2016) increases the subsequent likelihood that the Big Four may not subjugate the Chinese profession as it has overshadowed nearly all markets in the world. Should local companies effectively oppose the domination of the Big Four, there might be repercussions for markets worldwide. …

사회안전망과 지역사회주민의 안전생활만족의 관계: 사회안전망 척도개발과 적용

본 연구의 목적은 사회안전망 측정도구를 개발하여 타당도와 신뢰도를 검증하고 이를 적용 하여 지역사회주민의 안전생활만족과의 관계를 규명하는데 있다. 이 연구는 2013년 서울시 시민들을 모집단으로 설정하여 집락무선표집법을 이용해 최종분석에 사용한 자료는 203명이다. 사회안전망 측정도구는 문헌고찰, 개념적 정의 및 설문지 초안 작성, 전문가 회의, 예비검사 및 본 조사, 설문지의 타당도 및 신뢰도 검증 등의 과정을 통하여 개발되었다. 이 연구에서는 설문지의 타당도를 검증하기 위해 전문가 회의를 하였으며, 탐색적 요인분석을 통해 범죄예방설계, 거리 CCTV시설, 지역자율방범활동, 지자체안전교육, 경찰치안서비스, 민간경비서비스 등의 6개 요인을 추출 하였다. 통계처리는 SPSSWIN 18.0 프로그램을 활용하여 빈도분석, 일원변량분석, 요인분석 및 신뢰도 분석, 상관분석, 다중회귀분석 등을 실시하였다. 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 사회안전망 척도의 타당도는 매우 높다. 즉, 사회안전망 구성 요인은 범죄예방설계, 거리 CCTV시설, 지역자율방범활동, 지자체안전교육, 경찰치안서비스, 민간경비서비스 등으로 탐색되었으며, 범죄예방설계 요인의 설명력이 가장 높다. 둘째, 사회안전망 척도의 신뢰도는 매우 높다. 즉, 사회안전망은 문항과 영역간, 문항과 전반적 사회안전망간의 상관정도가 매우 높으며, 내적일관성 신뢰도 Cronbach's <TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>값이 .865 이상이다. 셋째, 사회안전망은 지역사회주민의 안전생활만족에 영향을 미친다. 즉, 범죄예방설계, 경찰치안서비스가 체계적으로 구축 된다면 시민들의 사회불안감은 감소한다. The purpose of this study is to develop a relationship of measuring method for the social security network and verify its validity and reliability and apply it to investigate the due to security life satisfaction. This study is based by setting general residents of Seoul in 2013 and using the stratified cluster random sampling method to analyze a total amount of 203 examples. The measuring methods for the social security network was developed through document research, conceptual definition and drafting the survey, experts' conference, preliminary inspection and original examination, verification of the validity and reliability of the survey. An experts' conference took pace to verify the validity of the survey, and 6 factors were extracted through exploratory factor analysis crime prevention design, street CCTV facilities, volunteer neighborhood patrol, local government security education, police public peace service, private security service. The conclusion are the following. Collected data was analyzed based on the aim of this study using SPSSWIN 18.0, and practice frequency analysis, F test, factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis. First, the validity of the social security network measurement is very high. Thus, the factors constituting the social security network were found to be crime prevention design, street CCTV facilities, volunteer neighborhood patrol, local government security education, police public peace services, and private security services, and the crime prevention design factor was found to be most explanatory. Second, the reliability of the social security network measurement is very high. Thus, the correlation between the questions and the sector, the questions and the social security net was very high, and the internal consistency showed a Cronbach's<TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX> value of over 0.865. Third, the establishment of a social security network had the biggest effect on people in their forties. Thus, when the crime prevention design, street CCTV facilities, local government security education, police public peace services are systematically established, the social anxiety of citizens was reduced.

Government Debt Management and Bond Markets in Africa

This article presents highlights from the forthcoming OECD cross-country study Public Debt Management and Bond Markets in Africa. Debt managers from an increasing number of emerging market jurisdictions face challenges similar to those of their counterparts from advanced markets due to competitive pressures from global finance and the related need to implement OECD leading practices in this policy area. The article shows that OECD standards in public debt management and related market operations are, therefore, of great importance for public debt management and bond market development in Africa. Several African debt managers have introduced the leading debt management practices of OECD countries, use them for designing new debt strategies (including for managing contingent liabilities), and have made impressive progress in developing their local government securities markets. Many countries in the region are taking advantage of debt reduction initiatives. Avoiding falling back into positions of unsustainable debt is identified as a key challenge for many African governments. OECD financial policy makers are increasingly interested in developments in emerging markets, including those on the African continent. Moreover, emerging markets (including the latest emerging market region, Africa) are an increasingly important asset class for investors from the OECD area. Thus, the policy conclusions and priorities identified here are of interest to not only African countries but also the OECD area and other emerging market countries. Local bond markets in several African countries have gained in strength in terms of liquidity and maturity structure, making them more attractive for important categories of OECD investors and less vulnerable to exchange rate shocks.

Foreign Investment in the U.S. Economy before 1914

The United States was the world's largest debtor nation in 1914. From independence to the mid-1870s, American federal, state, and local government securities had represented the greatest single attraction for foreign investors, yet by 1914 foreign investment in sovereign debt was small. By the mid-1870s, the private sector had become the major recipient of foreign investment, with huge sums going into financing the vast national railroad system. Then, large American industrial, public utility, and retail corporations looked to foreign as well as domestic sources of finance. Because Americans could obtain funds from abroad, American growth was never retarded by the absence of capital. Especially in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, foreign direct investment—carrying with it technology, know-how, and management—went into U.S. agriculture, manufacturing, and services. Foreign capital played a substantial and beneficial role in U.S. economic development from independence to 1914.

Federal Debt Management, 1953-58

T HIS paper examines the effects of debt management on aggregate expenditure during I9 53-58. The Treasury in this period lengthened the debt in recession and allowed it to shorten somewhat in prosperity (Table i), the opposite of the anti-cyclical policy advocated by some economists. Treasury policy was defended on the grounds that it did not unduly intensify recessions and that offerings of longterm securities in prosperity provided undesirable competition with new issues of private, state, and local government securities and increased interest costs.1 Debt management for purposes of this paper

Outlook for State and Local Government Securities

Outlook for State and Local Government Securities

Postwar Market for State and Local Government Securities.

Postwar Market for State and Local Government Securities.

Postwar Market for State and Local Government Securities. Roland I. Robinson

<i>Postwar Market for State and Local Government Securities</i>. Roland I. Robinson

Postwar Market for State and Local Government Securities.

Postwar Market for State and Local Government Securities.

Postwar Market for State and Local Government Securities

Postwar Market for State and Local Government Securities

R.I. Robinson, Postwar Market for State and Local Government Securities. Studies in Capital Formation and Financing, n° 5. A Study by the National Bureau of Economic Research. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1960, XXIV p. 227 p., $ 5.00.

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Southern vs. Non-Southern Underwriting of Municipals

Almost every program for southern economic development stresses the importance of readily available investment funds. Beyond recognizing that the resources of southern financial institutions are not adequate to meet the needs of a rapidly expanding economy, however, we know comparatively little about how the financing takes place.l As most students of southern economic problems have discovered, there is a lack of aggregate data that show the sources and uses of funds within the area and the relationships with other parts of the United States. We do not know, except in general terms, where the funds that financed the recent period of economic development came from and to whom they went. How do southern corporations secure equity and debt financing? What do southern investors do with their own funds? What is the proportion of investment needs provided out of southern savings? Our inability to answer these and other important questions makes many of us hope that someday, somehow, an all-embracing study will be made that will give us the answers neatly, in figures that can be added up and balanced. Pending the time when we will have these neat aggregate totals telling us the complete story on the sources and uses of funds within the South, the best we can do is to try to understand a little more about financing southern economic development by studying the way in which certain of the South's financial institutions work. The underwriting of state and local government securities, commonly called municipals, provides such an opportunity. Published data on individual security issues give us information about the underwriting practices of southern investment dealers during a period when the South's financial resources were expanding. Although the published data do not tell us the ultimate source of the funds provided the southern municipal borrowers, the pattern of underwriting that emerges from this study provides the basis for hazarding some generalizations about these sources.

Discriminations in Federal Taxation of State and Local Government Securities

The battle over the tax-exempt security between the federal and the state and local governments has entered a new phase. Not content with merely taxing the income of new federal securities issued after March 1, 1941, the President, in his budget message to Congress of January 6, 1942, recommended legislation which would tax future state and local government securities, and the Secretary of the Treasury, in a speech in Cleveland on January 24, 1942, declared that it was high time to tax the income of outstanding issues as well. Up to this point, it had been the policy of the Administration to request only that the income tax be applied to future state and local government obligations.