Local Economic Development Level Research Articles

Fiscal decentralisation and the attenuating effects of inter‐governmental transfers and economic development on corruption in China

AbstractThe consensus in the literature is that fiscal decentralisation is a means to reduce corruption. For China, the attenuating effects of fiscal decentralisation are often enhanced by other factors. This paper argues that prior findings serve to facilitate the design of anti‐corruption measures but they do not address why individuals may engage in corruption. This is especially as individual evidence suggests that engaging in corruption is against professional ethos in China. This paper suggests that intergovernmental transfers and the relative level of economic development of where a public servant is serving influence the decision of whether to engage in corruption. Specifically, intergovernmental transfers and a higher level of local economic development directly affect the resources that a local administration has. In turn, this affects the extent to which one may realise their motivations for a career in the public sector. Empirical estimates for 1998–2013 serve to support the hypothesis.Points for practitioners Fiscal decentralisation mitigates the prevalence of corruption in China in conjunction with other complimentary factors. But engaging in corruption is inconsistent with motivations for a public sector career which include engaging in work for society's greater benefit. Corruption may emerge because public servants feel that they may be unable to achieve their aims for joining the public sector because of local resource constraints. Empirical findings suggest that increased resources to local administrations from intergovernmental transfers and economic development may discourage public servants from deviating from their stated career motivations, that is, engaging in corruption.

Energy saving of rural buildings in Henan Province based on rural revitalization in China

Abstract Based on rural revitalization in China, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats model combined with the politics, economy, society and technology model (SWOT-PEST) has been used to comprehensively analyze the advantages, disadvantages, opportunities and threats to the development of rural energy-efficient buildings in Henan Province based on national policies, the local economic development level, the social situation and technology. The results showed that rural energy-efficient buildings have both advantages and disadvantages at the levels of policy, the economy, society and technology, and that overall, rural energy-efficient building development is at an optimum time. On this basis, we proposed energy-saving countermeasures to execute the primary responsibilities of local party committees and governments, enhance innovation in energy-saving technologies and improve the affordability of energy-efficient buildings. These are the three ways to encourage the effective establishment of rural energy-efficient buildings. This study provides references for promoting rural energy transformation and energy-saving policy reform in developing countries.

Research on the Integration and Development of Cultural Creative Industry and Rural Tourism Industry in the Information Age

Abstract This paper constructs the innovative development model of cultural and tourism integration based on the digital development process of cultural and creative industries and the rural tourism industry under the background of informationization. Then, it analyzes the comprehensive development level, coupled and coordinated development characteristics, and regional differences of cultural and creative industries and rural tourism industries in the whole country and 7 regions by using the coupled and coordinated degree model. Finally, the effectiveness of the digital development model of cultural and tourism integration is analyzed through the multiple linear regression model, and the moderating effect of the digital development model of cultural and tourism integration on the regional service capacity, infrastructure, and economic development is explored in depth. The results show that for every 1 percentage point increase in the level of digitalized development of cultural and tourism integration, the employment in the regional tertiary industry increases by 1.5%, the level of infrastructure development increases by 1.6%, and the level of local economic development grows by 1.2%. This study enriches and improves the content framework of the research on the high-quality development of rural tourism and provides new analytical ideas for the research on the high-quality development of rural tourism and cultural and creative industries.

What Are the Obstacles to Promoting Photovoltaic Green Roofs in Existing Buildings? The Integrated Fuzzy DEMATEL-ISM-ANP Method

Photovoltaic green roofs can contribute to energy conservation in buildings and the sustainable development of cities, but they have yet to be widely used due to many factors. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the factors limiting the promotion of photovoltaic green roofs and to clarify their interactions. Based on the existing literature and expert recommendations, this paper summarizes 20 factors affecting its promotion. Fuzzy DEMATEL was used to analyze the causal relationship and importance of the influencing factors. A hierarchical structure was established using the interpretative structural model (ISM) to visually represent the layered structure and pathways of the factors. The role and status of each influencing factor were determined using the cross-influence matrix analysis method (MICMAC). Finally, the analytic network process (ANP) was combined with the overall influence matrix to determine the overall weight of each factor. Combined with the DEMATEL-ISM-ANP method, nine key influencing factors, namely, the lack of incentive policies, imperfect technical specifications and evaluation standard system, local economic development level, residents’ cognition, residents’ willingness, enterprises’ technical problems, the lack of relevant talents, the lack of capital investment, and cooperation mode, were finally identified and analyzed, and suggestions and strategies for improvement were proposed.

Environmental Regulatory Policy and Economic Development in China: Purpose and Consequence

Based on the development history of environmental regulation in China and the corresponding economic situation, this paper discusses whether environmental regulation policies in northeast, southwest and central China are conducive to local economic development. The purpose of this paper is to derive appropriate environmental regulatory policies for regions with different economic conditions. The restoration of ecology and the goal of green production in Northeast China have prompted strict environmental protection policies. However, considering the relatively backward level of local economic development, environmental regulation policies should be relaxed appropriately to give way to economic development. However, Southwest China has a serious ecological destruction problem. The implementation of environmental policies can help Southwest China achieve technological innovation, scientific and technological development and economic growth. Therefore, relatively strict environmental regulation policies should be adopted. Central China has a relatively high level of economic development, but there are also problems such as low resource utilization rate. Therefore, strict environmental policies should be adopted accordingly to promote Central China to improve resource utilization rate, production efficiency and technological innovation, so as to promote economic growth.

Observed Equity and Driving Factors of Automated External Defibrillators: A Case Study Using WeChat Applet Data

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) causes a high mortality rate each year, which is a threat to human well-being and health. An automated external defibrillator (AED) is an effective device for heart attack-related diseases and is a panacea to save OHCA. Most relevant literature focuses on the spatial distribution, accessibility, and configuration optimization of AED devices, which all belong to the characteristics of the spatial distribution of AED devices. Still, there is a lack of discussion on related potential influencing factors. In addition, analysis of AED facilities involving multiple city comparisons is less considered. In this study, data on AED facilities in two major cities in China were obtained through the WeChat applet. Then, the AED equity at the city and block scales and its socioeconomic factors were analyzed using the Gini coefficient, Lorenz curve, and optimal parameters-based geo-graphical detector (OPGD) model. Results show that the number of AEDs in Shenzhen was about eight-times that of in Guangzhou. The distribution of AEDs in Shenzhen was more equitable with a global Gini of 0.347, higher than that in Guangzhou with a global Gini of 0.504. As for the determinants of AED equity, residential density was the most significant determinant in both Guangzhou and Shenzhen from the perspective of individual effects on AED equity. Differently, due to the aging population in Guangzhou, the proportion of the elderly in blocks was influential to local AED equity. The local economic development level was crucial to local AED equity in Shenzhen. The results of the interaction detector model illustrate that relatively equitable AED distributions were found in the high-density residential areas with a balance of employment and housing, high-aging residential areas, and high-mobility residential areas in Guangzhou. The area with a high level of local economic development, dense population, and large mobility was the area with a relatively equitable distribution of AEDs in Shenzhen. The results of this paper are conducive to understanding the equity of AEDs and its socio-economic determinants, providing scientific reference for the optimization and management of AEDs.

A new statistical approach for China road freight transport at a subnational level.

Currently, there is a large deviation between official road freight data and real road freight performance at a subnational level in China. In order to deal with this deviation, the new concept of local freight tonnage and ton-kilometers is presented in this paper based on the territoriality principle, where either the origin or the destination of goods transported is local. Also, the statistic procedures and estimation models of the local freight tonnage and ton-kilometers are proposed based on five accessible basic datasets. Finally, an empirical study in Sichuan province of China is conducted. The statistical results show that there is a large amount of local freight transported by local non-commercial trucks and non-local trucks, which is ignored in the existing road freight statistics. Especially, the higher the level of local economic development, the greater the deviation between the official road freight data and the real road freight performance at a subnational level.

Study on the Temporal and Spatial Evolution Characteristics of Chinese Public's Cognition and Attitude to “Double Reduction” Policy Based on Big Data

The “double reduction” policy is a policy innovation of China's comprehensive education reform to build a high-quality education system. The public's cognition and attitude toward it are of great significance to its actual implementation. A total of 98396 texts related to “double reduction” collected from Sina-Weibo by web crawler technology are investigated to explore the public's cognition and attitude towards the “double reduction” policy as well as its spatio-temporal evolution characteristics. Guided by life cycle theory, the evolution of the public's attitude is studied by sentiment analysis based on the ERINE algorithm and DUTIR. Topics are selected with the adoption of TF-IDF and LDA models to perform spatio-temporal evolution of public cognition and analyze group differences. The results are as follows: the evolution of public concern about the “double reduction” policy is phased and the period of high incidence is closely related to time nodes such as policy release, the new school term, and holidays. There are temporal and spatial differences in the evolution of public attitudes between different stages and groups. Although the public holds a relatively negative attitude, with more information about the “double reduction” policy available, the public's attitude is gradually easing. Topics of public concern vary in different periods, and different groups show different emotional attitudes and have distinctive evolution characteristics of cognitive themes. Compared with other age groups, teenagers pay more attention to topics related to their studies and life. The government's official micro-blog not only shoulders the responsibility of publicizing relevant policies, but also pays close attention to the implementation of relevant policies around the country. The influential groups hold a relatively firm attitude and stable emotions and often can orient public opinions. The regional attention to the “double reduction” policy is positively correlated with the level of local economic development. The research results can help government departments learn about the public's cognition and attitude towards the “double reduction” policy to provide decision-making support, and serve as an important basis for solving existing contradictions and promoting the effective implementation of policies.

Financial self-sufficiency of Ukrainian territorial communities and local economic development: Modeling the causal relationship

The financial self-sufficiency of communities determines their ability to create additional jobs, attract investment resources, offer quality social services, and improve the population’s living standards and well-being. The study aims to identify the casual relationships between financial self-sufficiency and local economic development of Ukrainian territorial communities during economic instability. The paper used integrated assessment based on a spatial approach (identifying the level of local economic development), indicative method (calculating empirical values of financial self-sufficiency of communities), VEC model (analyzing the sensitivity of local economic development to changes in financial self-sufficiency), balanced multi-component regression method (modeling the relationship between local economic development and financial self-sufficiency). Data were gathered on all territorial communities of Ukraine in 2021. The results show that the highest level of local economic development was observed in Dnipropetrovsk oblast (empirical coefficient equal to 0.855), high levels in Kharkiv, Zaporizhzhia, Odesa, Kyiv, and Poltava oblasts (0.787; 0.687; 0.684; 0.663 each, respectively), and moderate levels in Zakarpattia (0.448) and Kirovohrad (0.433) oblasts. With increased financial self-sufficiency, local economic development can exceed 2%; a 1% increase in the decentralization of tax revenues and expenditures simultaneously leads to an increase in the attractiveness of the investment climate as an indicator of local economic development (2.3-6.6%). The study proves that the territorial communities of the regions characterized by a low level of local economic development demonstrated higher values of decentralization of interbudgetary revenues than those with higher values of local economic development.

Investigating the Energy-Saving Effectiveness of Envelope Retrofits and Photovoltaic Systems: A Case Study of a Hotel in Urumqi

Many of China’s older buildings, built in the 1970s and 1980s, faces several indoor temperature and heating energy consumption problems. Based on an investigation and analysis of an old hotel in Urumqi, this paper proposes a renovation plan to improve the indoor temperature and reduce the heating energy consumption, thereby introduce a sustainable development strategy for the winter. The effects of different renovation plans on the hotel were simulated using DesignBuilder and PVsyst software. The results show that improving the insulation performance of the building envelope, including reforming the roof, exterior wall, doors, and windows and adjusting the window-to-wall ratio, is the primary way to improve indoor temperature and reduce heating energy consumption in winter. If economic conditions allow, we can also install photovoltaic systems on the roof to save a significant amount of energy. This paper puts forth specific reconstruction plans for old buildings in cold regions as well as some possible reconstruction paths for other structures according to the local economic development level to provide a reference for future related studies.

Assessing the eco-efficiency of industrial parks recycling transformation: Evidence from data envelopment analysis (DEA) and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA)

Industrial parks are essential for promoting regional economic development, yet their linear growth model has become unsustainable. Hence, implementing the industrial park recycling transformation (IPRT) is necessary and urgent. However, the current literature on IPRT performance evaluation and improvement has not kept up with practical developments. This study aims to evaluate the eco-efficiency of IPRT and identify the variables and configurations that affect its enhancement. To achieve this, the authors employed super-efficiency data envelopment analysis and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis to analyze data collected from 21 IPRT demonstration pilot parks. Drawing on the Technology-Organization-Environment framework, this study identified three configurations with high eco-efficiency and two configurations with non-high eco-efficiency for IPRT. The findings indicate that eco-efficiency varies significantly among different parks and is the result of multiple factors and interactions, with environmental supervision playing a pivotal role. Additionally, the results suggest that the local economic development level and the technological capacity of parks are substitutable. Parks in regions with modest economies tend to focus on environment-technology-oriented transformations, while external factors drive IPRT of parks in areas with developed economies. These findings offer guidance for parks to adopt appropriate strategy profiles and provide policy options for governments.

Why don't more people engage in green practices in China? A policy-oriented approach to promoting green transformation in five consumption areas

Green consumption policies (GCP) are an essential measure to achieve carbon peak and neutrality targets and have attracted widespread attention in social media. However, few studies analyze public perceptions of GCP using social media data. Based on the Implementation Plan for Promoting Green Consumption, this study built a dataset of the Chinese public posts on Sina Weibo about GCP from five aspects: green food, green building, green transportation, green products, and green tourism. Firstly, we analyzed the participation level of users and the spatial differentiation of green consumption network attention. Secondly, the fine-tuning bidirectional encoder representation from transformers was used to classify the sentiment of comments. Finally, topic modeling was performed using a class-based TF-IDF procedure to mine barriers to GCP implementation from the negative comments. The results are as follows: (1) public concern about GCP is positively correlated with the level of local economic development; (2) policy makers do not adequately consider the continuity, universality, and timeliness of policies; (3) policy implementers' differences in understanding of policies and organizational inertia cause inadequate implementation; (4) public imbalance of income and expenditure and their level of trust in policies affect consumers' green consumption behavior. To further strengthen the GCP system, this study proposes the following policy recommendations: improve policy implementability, develop policy details according to local conditions, rationalize the use of institutional constraints and spiritual cultivation of the implementation system, play the role of role models, and reduce income disparity.

The effect of animal husbandry on economic growth: Evidence from 13 provinces of North China

Promoting animal husbandry industry is important to help strengthen the agricultural sector. This study starts from both socio-economic and natural factors perspectives. Based on an exploratory spatial analysis, spatial econometric model, and geographically weighted regression (GWR) model, selecting the 13 Provinces of North China as the study area, this study analyzes the spatio-temporal differences and the driving factors. This study found: 1) Between 2006 and 2017, the spatial and temporal differences of GDP in the 13 provinces were statistically significant, with increased total production values and a slowed growth of the industry. In addition, the study area showed an east-west dichotomy in husbandry industry. 2) GDP had shown obvious spatial agglomeration, of which areas with the high production value were in east of Beijing, and areas with low production value were in western Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and Gansu. 3) Population, animal husbandry output values, numbers of large livestock, and cultivated areas had greatly influenced the GDP of 13 provinces in north China. 4) The three influencing factors on GDP in the 13 provinces were found to be population, animal husbandry output values, and the sizes of cultivated areas. We should synthesize these influencing factors, supplemented with public policy concessions and compensatory measures to develop policies for improving the level of local economic development. Based on this, this study aims to provide a reference for decision making to promote the coordinated development of livestock husbandry and economic growth in China, and even provide a scientific reference for the management of similar pastoral areas in the world.

PROBLEMS OF LENDING TO MICRO-ENTERPRISES IN UKRAINE UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF MARTIAL LAW

Introduction. As a result of the full-scale war with the Russian Federation, micro-enterprises in Ukraine have been negatively affected by factors related to the hostilities, which have led to a deterioration in their financial and economic condition and an increase in credit risks, which limited access to bank lending for micro-businesses. Given the prolongation of the war and the gradual decline in the purchasing power of the population, micro-enterprises will need state credit support to preserve their businesses and create conditions for their development during the post-war reconstruction period. Therefore, in the theory and practice of bank lending to micro-enterprises, the issue of finding effective mechanisms for credit support for micro-businesses under martial law is becoming relevant. The purpose of the article is to investigate the problems of micro-business lending under martial law in Ukraine and to develop scientifically based proposals for improving the policy of bank lending to small enterprises. Results. The article analyzes current trends in bank lending to micro-enterprises in Ukraine under martial law. The author substantiates three groups of key problems that negatively affected the dynamics and timing of bank lending to micro-businesses, namely: ineffective monetary policy of the National Bank of Ukraine in the context of combating supply-side inflation; increased credit risks due to hostilities and deteriorating macroeconomic conditions; and gaps in the State program ‘Affordable Loans 5-7-9 %. Based on the assessment of the identified problems of bank lending to micro-enterprises in Ukraine, the paper substantiates measures to intensify it under martial law and given the need to develop the processing industry, production infrastructure, and support for family farming as a type of micro-business. Conclusions. The article proposes to solve the existing problems of micro-enterprise lending by revising the NBU's interest rate policy in the context of combating non-monetary inflation by monetary methods, which requires a reduction in interest rates, primarily on deposit certificates, to release funds for targeted lending to micro-businesses. The areas of micro-business lending under the existing state program ‘Affordable Loans 5-7-9’ also need to be expanded by targeting funds for the development of the processing industry, micro-business production infrastructure, and family farming, which will ultimately increase the level of local economic development, increase the number of jobs and ensure the well-being of the Ukrainian population.

The modern economy of Russia’s Baltic regions in the municipal context

This article analyses the differentiation of municipalities at the municipal and urban district levels in the Kaliningrad and Leningrad regions based on their economic development and the response of their economies to the crises of 2020 and 2022. Emphasis is placed on the possibilities of conducting such assessments by merging Rosstat statistics with publicly available accounting and tax reporting data from the Federal Tax Service. The contribution also assesses the role of small businesses in municipal economies and their effect on employment, income levels of the population, and business activities. It is shown that over the ten years from 2012 to 2021, municipalities in the Kaliningrad region became more homogeneous in terms of the level of taxable income for individuals and individual entrepreneurs. In contrast, in the Leningrad Region, the level of differentiation remained unchanged, albeit with diverse income trends across municipalities. The study highlights municipalities’ specialization as a factor influencing changes in local companies’ revenue, particularly in 2022. The research illustrates that small businesses have a significantly smaller impact on the official income of the population compared to their role in employment. Furthermore, there are no discernible patterns in how municipalities differentiate based on the contribution of small businesses, as this can vary depending on the local economic development level and the ratio of urban to rural population. In particular, the decline of small businesses is noticeable in regions with high incomes and abundant employment opportunities at large organizations. This trend is also observed in economically challenged peripheral areas characterized by low demand for the products and services provided by small businesses.

Identification of Territorial Spatial Pattern Conflicts in Aksu River Basin, China, from 1990 to 2020

The change in land use leads to territorial spatial conflict. Territorial spatial conflicts mainly show that the boundaries of agricultural space, urban space, and ecological space overlap each other and interfere with each other’s functions, which will have a negative impact on regional high-quality development. The Aksu River, the most principal source of the Tarim River, the largest instream river in China, is a key area for maintaining ecological security in Northwestern China. It is highly significant to identify the spatial conflict characteristics of land use in this region to promote the sustainable use of regional land resources, optimization of spatial patterns, and the balance between economic construction and ecological environmental protection in mountainous areas. This paper takes the Aksu River Basin as the research area. Using Arcgis 10.8 software, Yaahp software, and SPSSAU software, it builds a land use spatial conflict measurement model based on a quantitative analysis of land use changes from 1990 to 2020 and explores the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of land use conflicts in the Aksu River Basin. The results show that: (1) From 1990 to 2020, the spatial conflict pattern of the study area was dominated by ecological spatial conflicts. The spatial conflict area shows dynamic changes, but the overall trend is decreasing. (2) The spatial conflict pattern of territorial space in the Aksu River Basin has basically formed, and the three types of spatial conflicts are closely related to the level of local economic development. (3) Ecological spatial conflicts are mainly distributed in high-altitude mountains, river valleys, and oasis-to-desert transition areas. Urban spatial conflicts are mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Aksu River plain oasis. Agricultural spatial conflicts are scattered but large in scale, with small differences in the proportion of conflict distribution among the counties.

Assessment of Urban Green Development Efficiency Based on Three-Stage DEA: A Case Study from China’s Yangtze River Delta

With the march of global urbanization, there are looming problems including environmental degradation and remediation all over the world. In this case, urban green development is the key to overcoming climate crisis, biodiversity loss and pollution. In this paper, a three-stage DEA model was employed to study the urban green development efficiency (GDE), with cities in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) as the object. In the study, the regional economic foundation, urbanization level, industrial structure and government planning were used as external environmental variables, and the impact of objective external environmental factors was tested empirically, thereby eliminating the adverse environmental impact and statistical noise to obtain more truthful GDE. According to the results, first, the influence of external environmental factors and stochastic disturbance on GDE was effectively removed by virtue of the three-stage DEA model, and the GDE of the YRD was measured in a true and objective manner. The GDE of the YRD in Stage III was notably higher than that in Stage I since the GDE in Stage I was underestimated under the influence of objective environmental variables. Second, the GDE level showed heterogeneity in different cities, which behaved better in coastal and southeastern regions than in central, western and northern regions. Third, regarding the impact of external environmental variables, the GDE was enhanced by increasing the proportion of the tertiary industry and the green area of built districts but weakened when the area of built districts (ABD) reflecting urban construction was expanded. The index gross regional product (GRP) reflects local economic development level, the impact of which on GDE was not determined in this paper. As a consequence, in the process of urban development, it is suggested to focus on the innovation and application of green technology, upgrade the industrial structure, cultivate green talents, and formulate reasonable green transformation policies.

Study on the Applicability and Modification of the Design Hourly Volume on Rural Expressways Considering Holiday Traffic Polarization.

The design hourly volume (DHV) of traffic based on the 30th highest hourly volume (30 HV) of the year has been widely applied in expressway design in various countries to balance the benefit and economy of expressway engineering. However, this design method has barely changed since it was first adopted in China, which may be contrary to the rapidly changing traffic macroenvironment. In this study, annual hourly traffic volume (HV) data pertaining to expressways in East China, Southwest China and Northwest China were collected. Based on the descending order of the obtained HV and HV factor data, the distribution patterns of the traffic demand throughout the year and peak hours were analyzed. The distribution characteristics of the HV, typicality of 30 HV and applicability of the DHV factor were investigated. It was found that severe polarization occurred in the HV distribution in China. The actual 30 HV factor is more than 0.5 times the recommended value in the specification. Continued use of the current DHV would result in more than 200 h of inefficient travel time, 5.7 times more than expected, with the DHV factor is currently no longer applicable in China. Furthermore, the annual 30 HV value loses its typical status. Depending on the level of local economic development, using 10 HV factor or 80 HV factor as the new DHV factor can better alleviate the congestion problem. This study determines the reasons for the widespread congestion issues in China from the perspective of expressway design, which is beneficial to adjust the basis of expressway design in China.

Spatiotemporal Evolution of Specialized Villages in the Yellow River Basin and Its Influencing Factors

We collected information on 35,353 specialized villages (SVs) from the nine provinces in the Yellow River Basin from 2008 to 2014. Using the nearest neighbor index (NNI), exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA), kernel density estimation (KDE), and the geography detector (geodetector) method, we demonstrated the spatiotemporal evolution of these 35,353 SVs and analyzed the influencing factors that triggered change. We arrived at the following conclusion: (1) In the upstream area of the Yellow River Basin, these SVs were fewer in number and more dispersed, and the distribution of these SVs presented in a zonal region. The distribution of SVs in the middle and lower reaches was dense and blocky. The average observation distance of the SVs in the Yellow River Basin decreased from 3.17 km in 2008 to 2.74 km in 2014, and Moran’s I in the county level increased from 0.2640 in 2008 to 0.3449 in 2014, with the degree of concentration increasing. (2) These SV agglomerations in the Yellow River Basin were located in the Guanzhong region in the middle reaches and in the north Shandong province in the downstream region. The agglomeration degree in Guanzhong region was the highest, and the change from 2008 to 2014 grew increasingly stronger. The hotspot concentrated areas were distributed primarily in the downstream region of Shandong Province, the middle reaches of the Weihe Plain, and the Longdong Loess Plateau. The cold-spot concentrated areas were distributed mainly along the borders of Qinghai and Gansu, Inner Mongolia, and Shanxi province. (3) The natural environmental factors always had a great impact on the distribution of SVs, but this influence had decreased. In contrast, the local economic development level also played a very important role in the formation and development of SVs, and the influence of market conditions and technical conditions was gradually strengthening. The driving factors for the agglomeration of SVs in different regions were different and the differences were gradually increasing. The development model of SV was still an effective model to promote China’s Rural Revitalization. In the future, the research on the formation mechanism of SV agglomeration should be strengthened. According to the fact of regional development, the spatial interface theory provides a new path and thought to better study the internal mechanism of SV agglomeration.

The nexus between misallocation of land resources and green technological innovation: a novel investigation of Chinese cities

As an important production factor, land resources significantly impact green technology innovation. However, the misallocation of land resources caused by the government's second-hand land supply strategy has become increasingly prominent, which will adversely affect green technology innovation by affecting the allocation of innovative elements. Based on the research data of 252 cities in China from 2008 to 2017, this paper uses panel space measurement estimation and panel threshold estimation empirical methods to test the theoretical hypothesis of the impact of misallocation of land resources on green technology innovation. The study finds that local or neighboring land resources' misallocation has a hindering effect on local green technology innovation. Furthermore, the misallocation of land resources has a threshold effect on the impact of green technology innovation. The relatively high level of local economic development and environmental regulation reduces the restraining effect of the misallocation of land resources on green technology innovation, and vice versa. Therefore, local governments should optimize the allocation of innovative elements, accelerate the construction of an efficient and market-oriented green technology innovation system, reduce the excessive intervention in land resources, and enhance the vitality of innovation entities to improve the level of green technology innovation.