Local Development Research Articles

The impact of supply chain finance on financial constraints of small and medium-sized enterprises and the moderating factors

ABSTRACT Supply chain finance (SCF) has gained significant popularity and has been extensively implemented in practical applications to facilitate cash flow by involving financial institutions. However, there are very few empirical studies on SCF. This study examines whether and how much SCF can alleviate financial constraints of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Furthermore, we examine the impact of information asymmetry, financial development depth, and economic policy uncertainty on the effectiveness of SCF. These three moderating factors correspond to the influence of firms, local financial development, and national government on SCF effectiveness, respectively. The empirical analysis shows that SCF can alleviate SMEs’ financial constraints significantly, and this effect is more pronounced for firms with higher information disclosure quality and located in financially developed areas. Our findings have important implications for firms and authorities, such as understanding the dynamics of SCF and developing appropriate measures and frameworks to promote the broad adoption and effective utilization of SCF.

MANDALA DA SUSTENTABILIDADE NO TURISMO

Contemporary times have been marked by the trivial and excessive use of the adjective “sustainable”, tourism has not been left out of this trend. The lauded “sustainable destination” title has become a central premise among territorial management groups. However, developing public policies to meet this status has evidenced reductionist and sometimes misguided treatments that fail to incorporate the true complexity of sustainability into tourism. The results are disconnected, one-off, ineffective actions based on guesswork or the interests of particular actors in the territory. This essay presents a simplified and didactic proposal for a territorial planning instrument (Sustainability Mandala in Tourism – TSM) to contribute to the attempt to seek sustainability in tourism development. The TSM comprises 21 indicators, defined from the analysis of international instruments and national strategies in force in tourism planning. The instrument covers the seven dimensions of sustainability (environmental, territorial, political, cultural, social, economic, and technological), and it has been developed to guide local and regional tourism management groups pragmatically. Keywords: Sustainability Indicators; Tourism; Public Policy; Mandala of Sustainability in Tourism; Local Development.

Evaluation of The Initial Growth of Umbuzeiro Rootstocks

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the growth of umbuzeiro rootstocks after the application of rock dust and biofertilizer. Theoretical Framewor: In this topic, the main concepts that underpin the research are presented. Techniques to improve the productivity of species native to the Brazilian Semiarid region stand out, providing a solid basis for understanding the context of the investigation. Method: Spondias tuberosa Arruda fruit seeds were germinated in a seedbed and 30 days after emergence, they were transplanted into polyethylene pots. The experiment was carried out in differentiated randomized blocks, with four levels of rock dust and the presence and absence of biofertilizer, distributed in 3 blocks, evaluating the variables of plant height (AP) and stem diameter (DC). Results and Discussion: The results revealed that for AP, treatments were significant for 30 and 60 days, while for DC they were significant for 30, 120 and 150 days. In the discussion section, these results are contextualized in light of the theoretical framework. Research Implications: Practical and theoretical implications are discussed, providing insights into how the results can be applied or practical influences in the field of plant physiology. These implications could encompass the use of rock dust and biofertilizer in agriculture. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature on a native fruit species with economic and environmental potential, which still has gaps in knowledge about its nutritional requirements. The relevance of this research is evidenced by the increase in productivity and local social and economic development.

Cultural Considerations in Intelligence Test Adaptations: a Critical Review of the WAIS-IV India and Its U.K. and U.S. Counterparts.

This study critically examined the adaptation and normative processes of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV)India. WAIS-IV U.K. Edition Administration and Scoring Manual, WAIS-IVIndia Administration and Scoring Manual, and WAIS-IV Administration and Scoring Manual and Technical and Interpretive Manuals were used to extract test development and adaptation process data. The analyses were descriptive and qualitative. A review of the manuals showed that the normative sample were fluent English speakers with high education levels, which is not representative of India's multilingual and educational diversity. The study identified minimal cultural and linguistic adaptations in subtests, which raised concern about potential biases in the test adaptation process across cultures. The lack of clarity in item selection, demographic data, sample selection, and psychometric properties raised questions about the test's reliability and validity. Issues related to education, age, gender, and regional distribution are discussed, emphasizing the test's limitations in capturing the diverse characteristics of the heterogeneous Indian population. WAIS-IV India may not adequately represent India's population. More careful consideration of socioecological and psychometric factors when adapting intelligence (IQ) tests and use of advanced data harmonization methods can provide robust cross-national statistical harmonization in the future along with more ecologically valid local test development efforts. This can allow consideration of social determinants of health and other factors that can inform a more nuanced approach to IQ test development in non-western contexts.

Understanding and addressing the needs of refugee and asylum-seeking children and young people

Abstract Issue/problem Europe is home to an increasing number of refugee and asylum-seeking children at risk of health and wellbeing needs due to their life experiences. They are frequently marginalised, impoverished, and face barriers accessing the healthcare and support they need. Bevan, an English social enterprise providing health and wellbeing services to Inclusion Health populations, carried out a needs assessment of migrant children registered at one of its General Practices to determine challenges and opportunities to ensuring their right to health. The knowledge and learning generated is relevant across sectors; organisations and geographical boundaries. Description of the problem The assessment included a literature review, audit of child new patient health checks, service mapping, multi-agency stakeholder interviews and a consultation event with unaccompanied minors. Findings informed Bevan’s Migrant Children and Young People (CYP) Strategy, local service development and system-wide recommendations. Results Key areas of concern identified included mental health; safeguarding; development; nutrition; and inter agency working. Challenges to meeting needs were complex and included national policies, poor provider understanding of rights and entitlements, language and cultural barriers, health service waiting lists, housing and silo-working. Lessons Responding to findings Bevan invested in an in-house CYP mental health service and CYP social prescriber, opened a drop-in clinic and wellbeing service for unaccompanied minors, and initiated orientation and health information sessions for new arrivals with peer advocate support. Bevan now hosts a city-wide cross-sector Migrant CYP stakeholder group and collaborates with regional and national partners to develop resources to promote the health of migrant CYP. Key messages • The needs assessment enabled development of a responsive integrated service for migrant CYP that meets their health needs and addresses their social determinants of health. • The Migrant CYP stakeholder group has improved inter-agency working, helped identify service gaps, increased advocacy opportunities, and facilitated co-creation of solutions to meet population needs.

All that Glitters is Not Gold! Could M&As Post‐Bank Reforms be Just a Tool for Balance Sheet Embellishment?

AbstractThis study investigates whether the surge of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) that occurred in Italy after the enactment, in 2016, of a new reform of credit cooperative banks (CCBs) ultimately improved their performance. Worldwide, CCBs have proved to play a crucial role in spurring local economic development. With the adoption of a dataset composed of 594 Italian banks and 3933 bank‐year observations from 2008 to 2020, our results show a positive and significant impact of the 2016 reform on M&As among CCBs. However, contrary to the expectations of regulators, our results highlight a puzzling deterioration in bank stability of the CCBs involved in M&As, with no relevant improvement in capitalization and profitability, reinforcing the view that bigger is not always better, at least in the context of CCBs. Our evidence sheds light on the perils underlying a massive consolidation process of local banking industries, calling for a regulatory recalibration and further research investigating the impact of different growth models capable of preserving the diversity and unique characteristics of banks, rather than pursuing a ‘one‐size‐fits‐all’ model.

Fostering Multicultural Community Harmony to Enhance Peace and Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s)

Purpose: This service aims to foster harmony in a multicultural community in the city of Solo as a concrete step to increase peace and support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Theoretical Framework: This study uses a cultural integration thinking framework and a participatory approach to building social harmony. The focus is on developing an understanding and appreciation of cultural diversity, as well as increasing positive interactions between ethnicities and religions to create an inclusive environment. Methods: This service uses a participatory approach involving a variety of local stakeholders, including ethnic and religious communities, local governments, and community institutions. Activities include organizing intercultural dialogue workshops, cultural diversity training, and public campaigns to promote tolerance and peace. Results and Conclusion: The results of this service show an increased awareness of cultural diversity and appreciation for differences among the people of Solo. Inter-ethnic and religious interactions are increasing, creating a stronger foundation for social harmony. In conclusion, participatory and integrative approaches are effective in building harmony in multicultural societies to support peace and sustainable development. Implications: This service has a positive impact by increasing tolerance, reducing social conflicts, and strengthening social cohesion in the city of Solo. The impact is also seen in increasing community participation in local development activities and achieving related SDGs targets. Originality/value: Its uniqueness lies in its participatory approach that actively involves all relevant parties, as well as focusing on cultural integration as the main foundation for the development of sustainable social harmony in a multicultural environment such as the city of Solo.

Analysis of the Sustainable Role of Higher Education in the Economy

Higher education injects impetus into the sustainable development of the economy by improving the structural and functional order of the education system. From the perspective of economics, the higher salary level of higher education graduates not only indicates the improvement of personal value, but also directly reflects the added value of education. The purpose of this paper is to explore the current state of higher education development in Asian countries and to provide an in-depth analysis of how it can promote economic growth through three main pathways. The value-added evaluation mechanism of higher education encompasses the entire educational process, and its core function is to diagnose, improve and monitor the quality of education to ensure that the ultimate goal of education is to achieve quality, equity and sustainable development. Therefore, the government should expand and deepen the scope and depth of the implementation of the higher education revitalization plan in an orderly manner, continuously improve the compatibility of the plan with the current situation of local development, and continuously improve the support system for the higher education revitalization plan to promote economic growth. This will help optimize the allocation of higher education resources, narrow the economic development gap, and achieve shared prosperity.

The Impact of Digitalization on Agricultural Green Development: Evidence from China’s Provinces

Agricultural green development is crucial for achieving the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, with the digital technology revolution acting as a catalyst for both China’s green agricultural transformation and global sustainable development efforts. This study utilizes panel data from 30 Chinese provinces (including autonomous regions and municipalities) from 2012 to 2022 to assess the digitalization level and agricultural green development through a combined entropy weight and TOPSIS method. It also investigates the spatial agglomeration of agricultural green development using Moran’s I index and empirically evaluates the impact of digitalization on agricultural green development through OLS and spatial Durbin models. The findings reveal that, while China’s agricultural green development has progressed slowly yet steadily during the study period, it demonstrates significant spatial agglomeration, driven primarily by agricultural production efficiency and resource recycling. Notably, a non-linear U-shaped relationship exists between digitalization and agricultural green development, suggesting that digitalization fosters agricultural green development only after surpassing a certain threshold. Additionally, digitalization has spatial spillover effects: advancements in neighboring provinces correlate with local agricultural green development in a U-shaped manner, with an initial “siphon effect” followed by a “trickle-down effect.” These insights inform policy recommendations aimed at optimizing the use of digital technology to facilitate green agricultural transformation, offering valuable guidance for policymakers.

Tscluster: A python package for the optimal temporal clustering framework

Temporal clustering extends the conventional task of data clustering by grouping time series data according to shared temporal trends across sociospatial units, with diverse applications in the social sciences, especially urban science. The two dominant methods are as follows: Time Series Clustering (TSC), with dynamic cluster centres but static labels for each entity, and Sequence Label Analysis (SLA), with static cluster centres but dynamic labels. To implement the universe of models spanning the design space between TSC and SLA, we present tscluster, an open-source Python framework. tscluster offers: (1) several innovative techniques, such as Bounded Dynamic Clustering (BDC), that are not available in existing libraries, allowing users to set an upper bound on the number of label changes and identify the most dynamically evolving time series; (2) a user-friendly interface for applying and comparing these methods; (3) globally optimal solutions for the clustering objective by employing a mixed-integer linear programming formulation, enhancing the reproducibility and robustness of the results in contrast to existing methods based on initialization-sensitive local optimization; and (4) a suite of visualization tools for interpretability and comparison of clustering results. We present our framework using a case study of neighbourhood change in Toronto, comparing two methods available in tscluster. Supplemental materials provide an additional case study of local business development in Chicago and a detailed mathematical exposition of our framework. tscluster can be installed via PyPI (pypi.org/project/tscluster), and the source code is accessible on Github (github.com/tscluster-project/tscluster). Documentation is available online at the tscluster website (tscluster.readthedocs.io).

Road through a broken place: the BRI in post-coup Myanmar

In the wake of the 2021 coup, Myanmar experienced a renewed civil war that has fragmented the country along a myriad of old and new conflict lines. Despite the high-intensity violence across many regions of the country, China is still pursuing an ambitious connectivity project under its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): The China-Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC) is meant to connect Myanmar to the Chinese market and boost Myanmar’s industrial development. However, the challenging post-coup environment has required significant changes in China’s approach to local infrastructure development and empowered a new set of subnational actors on both sides of the border. This article analyzes how CMEC has fared since the coup, and how the fragmentation of Myanmar has gone hand in hand with that of Chinese agency in the country. Contrary to prevailing descriptions of the BRI as a coherent, strategic, and top-down project, we argue that the case of Myanmar exposes the degree to which it is shaped by local interests and circumstances, and the limits of centralized BRI implementation. Finally, it is likely that adjustments in Chinese policy triggered by the situation in Myanmar will have more long-term consequences for the future of the BRI, specifically a more direct involvement in local security efforts and greater engagement with local authorities beyond the central government.

Spatial optimization strategies for China’s hydrogen infrastructure industry chain

Promoting the development of China’s hydrogen energy industry is crucial for achieving green energy transition. However, existing research lacks systematic studies on the spatial layout of the hydrogen industry chain. This study constructed a comprehensive theoretical framework encompassing hardware infrastructure, software systems, and soft power. Using multi-source heterogeneous data, GIS analysis, and NVivo text coding methods, the current regional layout and challenges of China’s hydrogen infrastructure industry chain were systematically evaluated. The findings determined that economically developed eastern regions lead in infrastructure and soft power, while central and western regions leverage their resource and manufacturing advantages. Major challenges include regional imbalances in hardware infrastructure, uneven distribution of soft power, and misalignment between software systems and actual needs. Analysis of the “14th Five-Year Plan” of various regions elucidated deep insights into the diversity of local hydrogen energy development strategies, identifying five types of hydrogen cities: resource-advantaged, market-oriented, regionally collaborative, innovation-driven, and policy-supported. Accordingly, strategies to enhance industry chain synergy, clarify city roles, and optimize regional ecosystems were proposed. It is recommended to integrate hydrogen infrastructure with urban planning and incorporate environmental impact assessments into spatial optimization decisions. This study provides a systematic analytical framework and progressive policy recommendations for the efficient and green layout of China’s hydrogen infrastructure, offering important implications for the sustainable development of the hydrogen industry and other rapidly developing economies.

The International and the Local Worker: Understanding Multi-layered Processes of Racialisation in International Development Organisations

AbstractThis article seeks to examine how institutional hierarchies relate to processes of racialisation in development organisations that are multiracial. Complementing and building on existing literature focussed on race and development it shows how processes of racialisation help to produce and legitimate distinctions between local and international development professionals. It argues these divides cannot always be neatly mapped onto phenotype but are related to processes of racialisation tied to knowledge and class and this, in turn, helps to produce inequalities—power imbalances, pay differences and differential access to organisational benefits—between development workers. Therefore, while forms of racism and their material impacts shape the experiences of international staff of colour, there is another layer of racialisation at play that cannot be explained through existing racial categories but that draws on colonial ideas of epistemic superiority to create specific forms of racialisation within development organisations.

Community Engagement in Local Governance

Community engagement in local governance is crucial for effective and inclusive decision-making. Lack of Awareness and Information has been found that limited knowledge can have its community members may not fully understand the governance processes or their rights and responsibilities. Information gaps have been found that the insufficient information about local issues and decision-making processes can hinder meaningful participation. Low Participation Rates have been found that apathy and disinterest is that some community members may be disengaged due to a lack of trust in the system or a perception that their participation will not make a difference. Barriers to access has been found that the physical, economic, or social barriers may prevent certain groups from participating, such as the elderly, disabled, or economically disadvantaged. During the initial phase (2008-2013) of the Local Governance and Community Development Program (LGCDP) in Nepal, social mobilization emerged as one of its most effective components. Approximately 1 million citizens actively influenced local government decisions, leading many local bodies to develop annual plans that more accurately addressed the needs of citizens, particularly marginalized and disadvantaged groups. However, there remain several lessons to be learned in addressing the challenges of implementation. It is crucial to harmonize local social mobilization efforts and enhance the quality and support of social mobilization initiatives across Nepal. Addressing the challenges of community engagement in local governance involves a multifaceted approach that includes enhancing communication, building capacity, fostering inclusivity, and ensuring accountability. Public education campaigns have been found to Conduct outreach programs to educate community members about their rights, governance processes, and how they can participate. Workshops and training have been identified to offer workshops and training sessions to increase understanding of local governance and decision-making procedures. Diverse engagement channels have to utilize multiple platforms for engagement, including town hall meetings, online forums, surveys, and community events, to reach a broader audience. Inclusive scheduling has to schedule meetings and events at times that are convenient for different community groups, including evenings and weekends.

A methodology for prioritizing sustainable development goals targets at the local level: The case of Barcelona City Council

AbstractThe implementation of the 2030 Agenda relies heavily on the active involvement of local governments. The concept of “Localization”—the process of adapting and customizing the SDGs and translating them into local development plans and strategies—has gained prominence as governments address emerging challenges, necessitating innovative approaches. Practical insights from local governments are essential for guiding others in this process. A key debate focuses on “prioritization,” emphasizing the need to focus on a specific set of SDG targets based on available resources, the local government's experience with sustainable policies or the normative framework in which it operates. Prioritization is crucial to prevent fragmentation of efforts that could hinder the local government's contribution to the 2030 Agenda. This paper aims to introduce a methodology for prioritizing SDG targets within local governments. Using a multicriteria analysis tool, the paper shows the process undertaken by the Barcelona City Council to cluster the SDG targets around four priority groups based on four criteria: (i) distance to the goal, (ii) strategic coverage, (iii) normative competence, and (iv) budgetary effort. The prioritization approach contributes to a better monitoring and evaluation process to assess progress towards the SDGs and enhance collaborative efforts across municipal policy and management levels. The findings provide valuable insights and serve as a reference for other local governments aiming at contributing to the 2030 Agenda. The approach is adaptable and can be applied to different subnational governments by tailoring to their specific scope and requirements of the context of application.

ICTS as Tools for Local Development: Santa Elena Province; A View from the SDGs

Introduction: Currently, there are social problems that affect humanity, one of them is the gap between knowledge of ICTs and their application in social networks for access to information in a timely manner in order to contribute to personal and professional development and contribution to the development of the community. The State provides opportunities based on programs, projects and strategies to direct aid and educate the population in the digital age. Objective: The research objective is to determine the way in which ICTs are used as tools for local - community development through the qualitative-quantitative approach to strengthen the development of the Amantes de Sumpa neighborhood in the Province of Santa Elena. Method: The methodological process applied in this topic is descriptive and deductive, as well as the types of documentaries, field; as well as the population that will be stratified in the neighborhood, which was investigated through the survey and the interview with the neighborhood leader. The reliability of the Likert-type instrument was also carried out by calculating Cronbach's Alpha, which was 0.833. Results and conclusions: The people participating in the research stated that it is important to develop care agreements, promote technological services, since access will allow improving the productive activities of entrepreneurs in the Amantes de Sumpa neighborhood, and promote an electronic commerce system that can be installed from public or community institutions in such a way that this serves for the permanent dissemination of the economic activities carried out by the neighborhood sector.

Agricultural cooperatives as a means of promoting local economic development in a township in South Africa

ABSTRACT Cooperatives have long been recognized as a collaborative effort by a group of individuals to address their social and economic needs. In South Africa, cooperatives have been adopted to address the triple challenge of poverty, inequality, and unemployment. Drawing on 15 face-to-face interviews with members of agricultural cooperatives in a township in South Africa, this study interrogates the extent to which agricultural cooperative can enhance local economic development and sustain livelihoods. Agricultural cooperatives have been widely supported and promoted as a vehicle for smallholder farmers to directly participate in the mainstream economy of South Africa. The interviews suggest that some cooperatives were found to efficiently sustain livelihoods, and create limited job opportunities in the community. However, challenges like lack of resources, inadequate training, unregulated management, as well as other underlying internal and external shocks are hindering the contribution of the cooperatives to the local economy.

Exploring the Nexus between Endogenous Development and Local Economic Development: The Experience of Tamale Metropolis in Ghana

This paper explores the relationship between Endogenous Development (ED) and Local Economic Development (LED) in the Tamale Metropolis, Ghana. ED emphasises locally driven initiatives that leverage indigenous knowledge, resources, and cultural practices, while LED focuses on promoting economic growth and sustainability through local-level collaboration. The study examines how ED practices, such as community- based agricultural activities and cooperatives, contribute to local economic growth, job creation, and social cohesion in Tamale. It also identifies key challenges, including weak governance frameworks, socio-cultural barriers, and limited access to finance, which hinder the effective integration of ED into broader LED strategies. Despite these obstacles, opportunities exist to strengthen the synergy between ED and LED through enhanced community participation, capacity building, and public- private partnerships. This paper argues that aligning ED with LED offers a sustainable development model that can address both economic and social challenges in the region. Recommendations for policymakers include improving local governance structures, fostering inclusive development policies, and creating supportive environments for community-driven initiatives. The findings highlight the need for context-sensitive development strategies that empower local communities to take ownership of their development pathways while contributing to sustainable economic growth.

The benefits of the dairy value chain to inclusive sustainable development in European highlands: a systems thinking approach

This research investigates the benefits of the dairy value chain beyond food provision, and its contribution to inclusive sustainable development (ISDH) in European highlands. Transdisciplinary teams interviewed and analysed 11 cases related to the dairy value chain sourced from three highland regions in Europe: Alps (Austria, France, Italy), Massif Central (France), Pyrenees (Spain). Actors interviewed were farmers, cooperatives, retailers and associations. A systems thinking approach was applied to develop a conceptual map (Causal Loop Diagram, CLD) describing the contribution of the dairy value chain to ISDH, through the interpretation of the viewpoints of interviewed actors. For each case, the factors contributing to ISDH were identified, then clustered within related topics. Topics from all the cases were used to develop a CLD, and subsystems and leverage points identified. Six interconnected subsystems were identified: local resources, environment, dairy production, collaboration, supply chain and socio-economic. Four leverage points were also identified: public subsidies, feed autonomy, certification of product, and added value. In conclusion, the dairy value chain provides the following benefits aligned with the dimensions of ISDH: landscape maintenance and ecosystem services, quality of dairy products and added value, inclusive governance for actors, reduction of environmental impact, and local development. This model delivers a decision-making tool for the actors involved in the dairy value chain, to prioritise strategic interventions.

Tourist Satisfaction in Kerala Agritourism: Insights from Domestic and International Visitors

Purpose: Tourism has been an essential component of human civilization since the beginning, evolving through various forms, phases, and practices over the centuries. Agritourism is a type of tourism that uses agricultural life as a tourist attraction. It is either agricultural tourism or agricultural marketing. It has the potential to generate additional income and employment for farmers. Agriculture has been a cornerstone of life in Kerala since ancient times, and even in today’s digital era, traditional farming methods remain prevalent among the farming community. It can help to boost local economic development and also helps to preserve biodiversity. Furthermore, rural communities must recognize the value of agricultural biodiversity and the need to protect it. It is important to measure the quality of services offered at the agritourism centre to ensure the operational effectiveness of centres as well as the tourist satisfaction [1]. The study was conducted to assess the level of satisfaction of foreign and domestic tourists in the agritourism destinations. Methodology: Primary survey was conducted among 150 domestic tourists and 150 foreign tourists who visited agritourism centres in Kerala using pre-tested structured questionnaire. Results: The findings indicated low satisfaction with accessibility, disability-friendly environment, telecommunication facilities and medical facilities available at the agritourism center. The low satisfaction level indicates that these elements are not functioning efficiently in agritourism destinations. As mentioned in the earlier discussions, accessibility is vital for the success of agritourism destinations. Most of the tourists were hesitant to revisit the centers because of inadequate accessibility. More than just a practical concern, it is crucial for boosting economic development, enhancing visitor satisfaction, and promoting sustainable agritourism practices. Likewise network connectivity challenges in agritourism centers located in hill areas pose significant obstacles to effective operation and visitor satisfaction. These issues affect communication, emergency response, and financial viability of centres as well as tourists. Medical facilities are essential to agritourism destinations, crucial for safeguarding the well-being of visitors. The agritourism centers are located in remote areas, making it challenging to access hospitals in emergency situations. So having adequate medical services in tourism centers are essential for protecting the health and well-being of tourists. Conclusion: The study assessed the level of satisfaction of foreign and domestic tourists in the agritourism destinations. Visitor satisfaction is critical to the success of agritourism destinations, as it influences visitor loyalty, the destination's reputation, operational improvements, and financial gains. By focusing on providing superior experiences and actively seeking feedback, agritourism operators can enhance their offerings, establish a positive reputation, and foster long-term growth.