Local Departure Research Articles

Modification of Premises for the Black Hole Information Paradox Caused by Topological Constraints in the Event Horizon Vicinity

We demonstrate that at the rim of the photon sphere of a black hole, the quantum statistics transition takes place in any multi-particle system of indistinguishable particles, which passes through this rim to the inside. The related local departure from Pauli exclusion principle restriction causes a decay of the internal structure of collective fermionic systems, including the collapse of Fermi spheres in compressed matter. The Fermi sphere decay is associated with the emission of electromagnetic radiation, taking away the energy and entropy of the falling matter without unitarity violation. The spectrum and timing of the related e-m radiation agree with some observed short giant gamma-ray bursts and X-ray components of the luminosity of quasars and of short transients powered by black holes. The release of energy and entropy when passing the photon sphere rim of a black hole significantly modifies the premises of the information paradox at the falling of matter into a black hole.

Topology-induced quantum transition in multiparticle systems in vicinity of a black hole

The qualitative change of the type of particle trajectory homotopy in close vicinity of general-relativistic gravitational singularity affects quantum statistics in systems of identical indistinguishable particles at passing the photon sphere rim of a Schwarzschild black hole. This causes a local departure from the Pauli exclusion principle, which results in some high energy effects manifesting themselves when the matter is falling into a black hole. The release of the energy can take place at the rim of the photon sphere of a black hole due to the decay of Fermi spheres in highly compressed fermion systems entering this region. The effect is observable at activity of quasars or at collapses of neutron star mergers. The related supplementation to conventional models of the accretion disc luminosity by additional radiation from close vicinity of the event horizon of a massive black hole powering super-luminous quasar is proposed and compared with observations. The source of short-lasting gamma-ray bursts has been also identified at collapses of unstable neutron star mergers due to the decay of Fermi sphere of neutrons. The duration and spectrum of the related e-m radiation bursts estimated by the Fermi golden rule for the Fermi sphere decay agree with observations. The quantum statistics effect contributes also to the radiation of transients of micro-quasars and short lasting brightening episodes in closer active galactic nuclei. The proposed quantum effect changes the premises for the current discussion of the information paradox and hypothesis of the black hole firewall.

Experimental changes in food and ectoparasites affect dispersal timing in juvenile burrowing owls.

Natal dispersal is a key demographic trait that affects population dynamics, and intraspecific variation in dispersal affects gene flow among populations and source-sink dynamics. However, relatively little is known about the selective pressures and trade-offs that animals face when departing their natal area due to the logistical difficulties associated with monitoring animals during this critical life stage. We used a randomized block design to examine the selective pressure that influence dispersal timing in juvenile burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia) by experimentally altering both food and ectoparasites at 135 nests. We also examined the effects of local food abundance, ectoparasite loads, and parental departure on natal dispersal timing. Juvenile burrowing owls varied widely in natal dispersal timing, and phenotypic plasticity in dispersal timing was evident in juvenile owls' response to our experimental treatments, local conditions, and their parents' departure from the natal area. Moreover, juveniles responded differently than their parents to experimental manipulation of food and ectoparasite loads. Juveniles typically dispersed shortly after their parents departed the natal area, but delayed dispersing more than 2 weeks after parental departure if they did not receive experimental food supplements during a low-food year. In contrast, the experimental food supplements did not affect the migratory departure decisions of adult owls in either year. Juveniles at nests treated for ectoparasites initiated dispersal at a younger age (and prior to adults in the high-food year) compared to juveniles at control nests. In contrast, parents at nests treated for ectoparasites departed later than parents at control nests. Our results suggest that unfavorable conditions (low food or high ectoparasite loads) caused juveniles to delay dispersal, but prompted adults to depart sooner. Our results highlight the extent of intraspecific variation in natal dispersal timing, and demonstrate that ecological conditions affect dispersal decisions of parents and offspring differently, which can create important trade-offs that likely affect life history strategies and responses to climatic changes.

The cosmic dipole in the Quaia sample of quasars: a Bayesian analysis

ABSTRACT We present a Bayesian analysis of the Quaia sample of 1.3 million quasars as a test of the cosmological principle. This principle postulates that the Universe is homogeneous and isotropic on sufficiently large scales, forming the basis of prevailing cosmological models. However, recent analyses of quasar samples have found a matter dipole inconsistent with the inferred kinematic dipole of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), representing a tension with the expectations of the cosmological principle. Here, we explore various hypotheses for the distribution of quasars in Quaia, finding that the sample is influenced by selection effects with significant contamination near the Galactic Plane. After excising these regions, we find significant evidence that the Quaia quasar dipole is consistent with the CMB dipole, both in terms of the expected amplitude and direction. This result is in conflict with recent analyses, lending support to the cosmological principle and the interpretation that the observed dipole is due to our local departure from the Hubble flow.

An [formula omitted] asymptotically nearly minimax goodness of fit test

In this paper an essentially optimal asymptotically minimax goodness of fit test is introduced, especially useful for signal detection. In contrast to the chi-square goodness of fit tests, which are designed to detect the presence of an accumulation of small departures/deviations from the null distribution, this test is designed and succeeds at detecting the presence of a significant, substantial, local departure from the null distribution and therefore it is more powerful than chi-square tests for real world signal detection.

Sea Surface Salinity Response to Tropical Cyclones Based on Satellite Observations

Multi-year records of satellite remote sensing of sea surface salinity (SSS) provide an opportunity to investigate the climatological characteristics of the SSS response to tropical cyclones (TCs). In this study, the influence of TC winds, rainfall and preexisting ocean stratification on SSS evolution is examined with multiple satellite-based and in-situ data. Global storm-centered composites indicate that TCs act to initially freshen the ocean surface (due to precipitation), and subsequently salinify the surface, largely through vertical ocean processes (mixing and upwelling), although regional hydrography can lead to local departure from this behavior. On average, on the day a TC passes, a strong SSS decrease is observed. The fresh anomaly is subsequently replaced by a net surface salinification, which persists for weeks. This salinification is larger on the right (left)-hand side of the storm motion in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere, consistent with the location of stronger turbulent mixing. The influence of TC intensity and translation speed on the ocean response is also examined. Despite having greater precipitation, stronger TCs tend to produce longer-lasting, stronger and deeper salinification especially on the right-hand side of the storm motion. Faster moving TCs are found to have slightly weaker freshening with larger area coverage during the passage, but comparable salinification after the passage. The ocean haline response in four basins with different climatological salinity stratification reveals a significant impact of vertical stratification on the salinity response during and after the passage of TCs.

Pinning Effect of Curie Temperature in the Sub-T <sub>g</sub> Relaxation of FeSiBPC Glasses

By combining Differential Scanning Calorimetry and in-situ high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction, the sub- T g relaxation of multicomponent FeSiBPC metallic glasses (MGs) has been systematically investigated. A two-stage relaxation behaviour in a series of Fe-based MGs has been observed, indicating the pinning effect of Curie temperature. The origin of this behavior resides in the local structure departure from short-range order to medium-range order upon annealing. Analysis of diffraction and thermophysical data shows that the structural ordering involved in the β relaxation is confined and, meanwhile, facilitated by the magnetic ordering. It is mainly the medium-range rearrangements of atoms that yield the influence on magnetic ordering. This work provides new insights into the interaction between structural arrangement during relaxation and intrinsic magnetic ordering and helps to understand the inner magnet-influenced β relaxation in MGs.

Stopover refuelling, movement and departure decisions in the white-throated sparrow: The influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors during spring migration.

Differential migration timing between sex or age classes is an example of how migratory movement strategies can differ among subgroups within a population. However, in songbirds, evidence for intrinsic differences in en route migratory behaviour is often mixed, suggesting that the local environmental context may play a role in accentuating or diminishing patterns. We evaluated how multiple intrinsic and extrinsic variables influenced refuelling rates, local movement behaviour and departure decisions in the white-throated sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis during spring migration. This species exhibits a unique genetically based plumage dimorphism, providing a unique class of individual in which to evaluate patterns and processes of differential migration, in addition to sex, age and migration distance. At a migratory stopover site, plasma metabolite analysis was used to quantify individual variation in stopover refuelling rate. In after second year adults, automated and manual radio telemetry was used to quantify daily activity timing, daily movement distances, stopover duration and departure time. Arrival timing to the stopover site was determined using capture data. Non-breeding and previous breeding/natal latitude were determined using analysis of hydrogen isotopes in claws and feathers. Males arrived at the stopover site 11days on average before females, but no difference in migration timing was observed between plumage morph or age classes. After second year, adults with more southern previous breeding latitudes arrived at stopover earlier, whereas second year birds making their first return migration arrived at stopover in an inverse relationship to non-breeding latitude. Stopover refuelling rate did not differ between ages, sexes or plumage morphs, and daily departure probability of adults was higher under warmer temperatures and favourable tailwinds. White-striped morphs moved greater distances during stopover, initiated daily activity earlier in the morning and departed for migration earlier in the evening than tan-striped morphs. Our results show that while individual phenotype can influence some aspects of local stopover-scale movement behaviour, evidence for differential stopover behaviour was weak. Differential migration timing is unlikely to result from intrinsic differences in en route refuelling rate and departure decisions, especially because the latter is strongly influenced by meteorological conditions.

TESTING HETEROSCEDASTICITY FOR REGRESSION MODELS BASED ON PROJECTIONS

In this paper we propose a new test of heteroscedasticity for parametric regression models and partial linear regression models in high dimensional settings. When the dimension of covariates is large, existing tests of heteroscedasticity perform badly due to the \curse of dimensionality". To attack this problem, we construct a test of heteroscedasticity by using a projection-based empirical process. We study the asymptotic properties of the test statistic under the null hypothesis and alternative hypotheses. It is shown that the test can detect local alternatives departure from the null hypothesis at the fastest possible rate in hypothesis testing. As the limiting null distribution of the test statistic is not distribution free, we propose a residual-based bootstrap. The validity of the bootstrap approximations is investigated. We present some simulation results to show the finite sample performances of the test. Two real data analyses are conducted for illustration.

FUNCTIONING OF THE CAR PARKING PLACES NEAR HOUSES: FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM OF THE ROAD CITY NETWORK

Introduction. The load models of the road network make it possible to understand a lot of the transport, social, environmental, and other city problems. Creating transport models requires knowledge of the traffic flows’ formation and functioning. The paper formulates a goal and poses tasks for the research conducting of the adjoining territories of residential areas in Tula as one of the urban traffic flows’ sources and of the identifying patterns of the parking places near houses’ influence on the road network loading.Materials and methods. The basis of the research was the development in the field of predictive simulation of automobile transport systems. The authors used complex of computer-aided design “TransNet”, which allowed adjusting the initial data in the base model by the results of the parking places’ functioning.Discussion and conclusions. As a result, the improved transport model of Tula allows making the forecast for determining the main parameters of the transport system taking into account the dynamics of vehicles’ local area departure at different time intervals. Moreover, the proposed methodological tools and algorithm for solving the problem of the road network loading in a quasi-dynamic setting helps to solve existing transport problems and to improve the traffic organization.The authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Financial transparency: the authors have no financial interest in the presented materials or methods. There is no conflict of interest.

On the highly unsteady dynamics of multiple thermal buoyant jets in cross flows

Thermal plumes of small scale generated by spatially separated heat sources can form, like atoms in a chemical compound, complex structures of different kinds and with distinct behaviors. The situation becomes even more complex if plumes can interact with imposed vertical shear (a horizontal wind). In this analysis, a “minimal framework” based on the application of a filtering process to the governing balance equations for mass, momentum, and energy (falling under the general heading of “Large Eddy Simulation” approach) is used together with direct numerical simulation to inquiry about the relative importance of buoyancy and vertical shear effects in determining the patterning scenario when highly unsteady dynamics are established (turbulent flow). Emerging patterns range from the flow dominated by a static rising jet produced by the aggregation of plumes that are pushed by horizontal leftward and rightward winds toward the center of the physical domain to convective systems with disconnected thermal pillars of smaller scale, which travel in the same direction of the prevailing wind. The classical sheltering effect, which for flows that are steady “in mean” simply consists of an increased deflection of the leading buoyant jet with respect to the trailing ones, is taken over by a variety of new phenomena, including (but not limited to) fast plume removal-rebirth mechanisms (with local increase in the velocity frequency and shrinkage in the related amplitude), “bubble” formation-rupture, and local departure of the frequency spectrum from the Kolmogorov similarity law.

The Imara project - the local departure control system for airports

The paper deals with the issue of Local Departure Control System (further only DCS) and its application in the airport environment. The authors submit their own DCS system solution supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contract no. VEGA-15-0527. The aim of the project was to design and then implement a solution that would meet the highest criteria of reliability, safety, and usability of the proposed solution in the field of its deployment. The primary target groups are local carriers, airlines, and airports operating in Slovakia with a special focus on regional low-cost companies and charter companies. Within the implementation of the project, algorithms of provided functions and activities of individual software modules were designed. Subsequently, the DCS hardware elements were optimally dimensioned, programmed, tested and tuned for the correct application code for the DCS system modules, as well as for CKI, Gate and PNL terminals.

Long-term species richness-abundance dynamics in relation to species departures and arrivals in wintering urban bird assemblages

Abstract Temporal dynamics of local assemblages depend on the species richness and the total abundance of individuals as well as local departure and arrival rates of species. We used urban bird survey data collected from the same 31 study plots and methods during three winters (1991–1992; 1999–2000 and 2009–2010) to analyze the temporal relationship between bird species richness and total number of individuals (abundance). We also evaluated local departures and arrivals of species in each assemblage. In total, 13,812 individuals of 35 species were detected. The temporal variation in bird species richness followed the variation in the total number of individuals. The numbers of local departure and arrival events were similar. Also, the mean number of individuals of the recently arrived species (8.6) was almost the same as the mean number of individuals of the departed species (8.2). Risk of species departure was inversely related to number of individuals. Local species richness increased by one species when the total abundance of individuals increased by around 125 individuals and vice versa. Our results highlight the important role of local population departures and arrivals in determining the local species richness-abundance dynamics in human-dominated landscapes. Local species richness patterns depend on the total number of individuals as well as both the departure-arrival dynamics of individual species as well as the dynamics of all the species together. Our results support the more individuals hypothesis, which suggests that individual-rich assemblages have more species.

Paleogeographic differences in temperature, water depth and conodont biofacies during the Late Devonian

The Famennian (Late Devonian) started after and ended with two of the seven largest crises of the Phanerozoic, the Kellwasser and Hangenberg events, respectively. In between, global environmental trends have been identified, involving cooling and eustatic regression. Tropical and subtropical marine faunas were largely cosmopolitan. Overall, this suggests that the Famennian was marked by long-term environmental changes occurring in a relatively homogeneous manner despite being punctuated by several short-term events of limited faunal impact. How these trends were modulated according to geographic location is investigated in this study by comparing two continuous outcrops in the Montagne Noire (Col des Tribes section, France) and in Saxo-Thuringia (Buschteich section, Germany). Both were located in the subtropical area during this period and belonged to two former microcontinents bracketed between the closing Rheic Ocean and Gondwana. Sedimentary facies, oxygen isotopes, and the generic conodont composition (biofacies) were studied in a high resolution and in the same rock samples. Sedimentary facies provided an estimate of water depth and oxygen isotopes were used as paleotemperature proxy. Conodont biofacies were analyzed using a principal component analysis, allowing the expression of the variations in the two outcrops on the same axes, and a quantitative comparison with the other proxies. Sea-level and temperature variations were different between the two areas. Saxo-Thuringia displayed stable deep and warm conditions throughout. In contrast, the environment of the Montagne Noire was shallower and cooler during the Late and latest Famennian compared to the Early and Middle Famennian, congruent with the global change evidenced elsewhere. The location of Saxo-Thuringia, close to the first point of closure of the Rheic Ocean, might have favored active tectonics, causing a local departure from the eustatic trend. The stable temperatures at BU during the Late and latest Famennian may be due to the position of Saxo-Thuringia in the remnant Rheic Ocean, limiting water mass exchange with open seas, and favoring the persistence of warm conditions.Offshore taxa persisted later at high abundance in the Saxo-Thuringian record. The two conodont biofacies records were otherwise very comparable. This suggests that other factors mitigated the water depth forcing on these conodont assemblages.

Bubble departure characteristics in a horizontal tube bundle under cross flow conditions

The visualization experiments for measuring departure diameter and frequency of vapor bubbles in the saturated nucleate boiling of distilled water have been carried out at atmospheric pressure. The experiments were carried out for an isolated single cylindrical tube and that for a tube bundle under pool and cross flow boiling conditions. The test setup was a stainless steel cuboidal tank of dimensions 400 mm × 200 mm × 180 mm provided with a 5 × 3 staggered tube bundle with an equilateral triangular pitch of 1.95. The departure diameter and frequency were measured using a high-speed camera to understand the parametric behavior of the bubble departure characteristics in a tube bundle under pool and cross flow condition. The range of operating conditions was: (1) heat flux q″=8−28kW/m2, (2) wall superheat ΔTsat=7−22K, (3) inlet mass fluxG=120−303.5kg/m2s. The departure diameter and frequency were found to increase with an increase in the heat flux, but decrease with an increase in the mass flow rate. The local departure diameter and frequency were observed to increase as the neighboring tubes in the bundle were successively heated. Empirical correlations have been developed for departure diameter and frequency for saturated nucleate boiling under cross flow conditions incorporating the effect of the tube bundle. The correlations were found to predict experimental data within acceptable limit.

New estimators of distribution functions

ABSTRACTThis article considers the estimation of a distribution function FX(x) based on a random sample X1, X2, …, Xn when the sample is suspected to come from a close-by distribution F0(x). The new estimators, namely the preliminary test (PTE) and Stein-type estimator (SE) are defined and compared with the “empirical distribution function” (edf) under local departure. In this case, we show that Stein-type estimators are superior to edf and PTE is superior to edf when it is close to F0(x). As a by-product similar estimators are proposed for population quantiles.

Paired carbonate and organic carbon isotope variations of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation from an upper slope section at Siduping, South China

Intensive carbon isotope analyses from the Doushantuo Formation (ca. 635–551 Ma) in South China reveal decoupled carbonate and organic carbon isotopes (δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg) that have been interpreted as recording a large dissolved organic carbon (DOC) reservoir in the Ediacaran ocean or chemoautotrophic-methanotrophic recycling/modification of organic matter in a redox-stratified ocean. Existing paired δ13Ccarb–δ13Corg data, however, are mostly from sections of an intrashelf lagoon near the Yangtze Gorges area where basin restriction may have resulted in local isotope departure from the open ocean. To better understand the spatial and temporal variations of the Ediacaran δ13C excursions, we have conducted high-resolution, paired δ13Ccarb–δ13Corg analyses of the Doushantuo Formation from an upper-slope section at Siduping, Hunan Province, South China. The data reveal three negative δ13Ccarb excursions at the basal, middle, and upper Doushantuo Formation. Two prominent negative δ13Corg anomalies are also observed in black shales and shaly dolostones at the base and top of the Doushantuo Formation. For the majority of the Doushantuo Formation, however, δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg values are decoupled, similar to those observed in the Yangtze Gorges area. Both δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg show large (up to 10‰) variations among shallow- and deep-water sections that are consistent with a large carbon isotope gradient in a stratified Ediacaran ocean. The large δ13Ccarb gradient between shallow- and deep-water sections implies the availability of sulfate in deep-water environments where the addition of authigenic carbonate films/cements into surface-ocean-derived carbonate particles in anoxic water column or pore-water led to more negative δ13Ccarb values. Significant spatial δ13Corg variations suggest that the decoupled δ13Ccarb–δ13Corg may not have been resulted from direct buffering of a large DOC reservoir but from recycling of organic matter by chemoautotrophs and methanotrophs. Compilation of available paired δ13Ccarb–δ13Corg data from the Yangtze platform reveals alternating intervals of coupled and decoupled δ13Ccarb–δ13Corg values up to the early Cambrian (≤520 Ma). Intervals with coupled δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg coincide with evidence for ocean oxygenation events. This phenomenon may be explained by episodic growth and oxidation of a moderate DOC reservoir 6–12 times of the modern ocean. The upper Doushantuo δ13Ccarb anomaly temporally crosses a major stratigraphic unconformity, indicating that part of the upper Doushantuo-Shuram δ13Ccarb excursion was formed during sea-level regression. Large spatial and temporal variations of the upper Doushantuo δ13Ccarb excursion may record a mixed signature of open-ocean seawater overprinted by facies-dependent isotope variation, stratigraphic truncation and authigenic/diagenetic modification along the unconformity. The real primary δ13Ccarb excursion may be shorter-lived than previously thought.

Visual Analytics for Exploring Local Impact of Air Traffic

AbstractThe environmental and noise impact of airports often causes extensive political discussion which in some cases even lead to transnational tensions. Analyzing local approach and departure patterns around an airport is difficult since it depends on a variety of complex variables like weather, local and general regulations and many more. Yet, understanding these movements and the expected amount of flights during arrival and departure is of great interest to both casual and expert users, as planes have a higher impact on the areas beneath during these phases. We present a Visual Analytics framework that enables users to develop an understanding of local flight behavior through visual exploration of historical data and interactive manipulation of prediction models with direct feedback, as well as a classification quality visualization using a random noise metaphor. We showcase our approach using real world data from the Zurich International Airport region, where aircraft noise has led to an ongoing conflict between Germany and Switzerland. The use cases, findings and expert feedback demonstrate how our approach helps in understanding the situation and to substantiate the otherwise often subjective discourse on the topic.

Effects of long-term variability on projections of twenty-first century dynamic sea level

Sea-level rise1 is one of the most pressing aspects of anthropogenic global warming with far-reaching consequences for coastal societies. However, sea-level rise did2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and will strongly vary from coast to coast8, 9, 10. Here we investigate the long-term internal variability effects on centennial projections of dynamic sea level (DSL), the local departure from the globally averaged sea level. A large ensemble of global warming integrations has been conducted with a climate model, where each realization was forced by identical CO2 increase but started from different atmospheric and oceanic initial conditions. In large parts of the mid- and high latitudes, the ensemble spread of the projected centennial DSL trends is of the same order of magnitude as the globally averaged steric sea-level rise, suggesting that internal variability cannot be ignored when assessing twenty-first-century DSL trends. The ensemble spread is considerably reduced in the mid- to high latitudes when only the atmospheric initial conditions differ while keeping the oceanic initial state identical; indicating that centennial DSL projections are strongly dependent on ocean initial conditions.

Textures and melt-crystal-gas interactions in granites

Felsic intrusions present ubiquitous structures. They result from the differential interactions between the magma components (crystal, melt, gas phase) while it flows or when the flow is perturbed by a new magma injection. The most obvious structure consists in fabrics caused by the interactions of rotating grains in a flowing viscous melt. New magma inputs through dikes affect the buk massif flow, considered as global within each mineral facies. A review of the deformation and flow types developing in a magma chamber identifis the patterns that could be expected. It determines their controlling parameters and summarizes the tools for their quantification. Similarly, a brief review of the rheology of a complex multi-phase magma identifies and suggests interactions between the different components. The specific responses each component presents lead to instability development. In particular, the change in vorticity orientation, associated with the switch between monoclinic to triclinic flow is a cause of many instabilities. Those are preferentially local. Illustrations include fabric development, shear zones and flow banding. They depend of the underlying rheology of interacting magmas. Dikes, enclaves, schlieren and ladder dikes result from the interactions between the magma components and changing boundary conditions. Orbicules, pegmatites, unidirectional solidification textures and miarolitic cavities result from the interaction of the melt with a gaseous phase. The illustrations examine what is relevant to the bulk flow, local structures or boundary conditions. In each case a field observation illustrates the instability. The discussion reformulates instability observations, suggesting new trails for ther description and interpretation in terms of local departure to a bulk flow. A brief look at larger structures and at their evolution tries to relate these instabilities on a broader scale. The helical structures of the Říčany pluton, Czech Republic and by the multiple granitic intrusions of Dolbel, Niger illustrate such events.