Local Courts Research Articles

Lawyers Beyond Borders: Advancing International Human Rights Through Local Laws and Courts by Maria Armoudian (review)

Lawyers Beyond Borders: Advancing International Human Rights Through Local Laws and Courts by Maria Armoudian (review)

An Overlooked Jewish Community: The Jews of Rodoscuk in the 17th Century

This article addresses the intercommunal relations between the 17th century Jewish community of Rodoscuk and other social groups. It examines the community’s social structure, housing distribution and economic activities, placing particular emphasis on its interactions with Muslims in areas like trade, religious practices and social dynamics. By drawing on local court records, particularly the Qadi Registers, this article reveals how these interactions were shaped by the legal and social frameworks of their day, highlighting the complexities of coexistence in those contexts. In doing so, it evidences not only that Rodoscuk’s Jewish community took part in vibrant economic exchanges with its Muslim neighbors but also that it engaged with common social and religious contexts. Via a detailed analysis of these records, this study offers new insights into the nature of intercommunal relations in Rodoscuk. It challenges the often-assumed narrative of segregation and conflict in Ottoman society by testing existing claims in the literature through the case of the Jews of Rodoscuk. It concludes that Jews in this region in fact lived in relative harmony with Muslims and other groups in their vicinity.

Conflict Management and Resolution in Uganda: A case of Ntungamo District Local Government

The study focused on conflict management on resolution in Ntungamo District Local Government. Specifically to identify the influence of arbitration on resolution, to examine the influence of negotiation on resolution and to examine the influence of confrontation on resolution in Ntungamo District Local Government. The research used case study design. The study used purposive random sampling to select documents in the study that helped to gather detailed information on conflict resolution. The data study used secondary source of data collection with the sample size of 6 articles were considered. Data was analysed using content analysis for qualitative data. The study found out that local council courts were established to bring justice nearer to the people. The grading of the courts is based on the administrative units created by the local Government Act (Cap 243). Every village, parish, sub county and division/town councils is established as a local council court according to Local councils Courts Act. The law establishes local courts for the administration of Justice at local levels, defines their jurisdictional powers and procedures. The study also found out that LCs are viewed as popular organs created to counter and hold in check abuses of the civil servants and all other state functionaries. The study recommends that Ntungamo Local Government actors should be capacitated with the skills and knowledge to manage conflict is a proactive measure that will support their efforts to prevent and mitigate conflicts that may arise in these increasingly densely populated urban environments

Chiefs, Courts, and Upholding Property Rights: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Sierra Leone

Abstract Land disputes are unavoidable and costly to resolve in the formal courts in contexts with weak property rights and low state capacity. In order to relax the pressure on strained formal courts, many countries permit parallel informal dispute-resolution forums. This paper studies the extent to which one such forum—Chiefdom Land Committees (CLCs)—in Sierra Leone is able to resolve land disputes. This paper constructs a data set of ligated cases at local courts across the country and implements a difference-in-difference design to estimate the effect of the CLCs on land caseload in the formal courts. Contrary to the policy goals, this paper finds that on average, chiefdoms with CLCs have higher land caseload in the formal courts three years on. By adopting the CLCs, chiefdoms plausibly made land issues more salient, but, instead of providing final resolutions, CLCs are conduits for the formalization of land disputes.

The impact of the jurisprudential interpretation emanating from the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation and its application in local courts in Mexico

The jurisdictional decisión when resolving specific cases often exceed the content of the spirit of the law itself. of the law itself. Or, the scope that the legislator intended to give to the law may be limited. to give to it. The Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, by means of its interprets what should prevail, and such interpretation is mandatory for local courts. such interpretation is mandatory for local courts. This is the case with the judgment in Amparo en Revisión 2666/2020, which resolves the unconstitutionality of the unconstitutionality related to the payment of the reparation of damages resulting from a crime and that crime and which is a right of the victims in criminal proceedings. Now then, justifies its analysis, derived from the fact that this interpretation will be applied in matters resolved on criminal matters resolved in criminal matters in local Courts, since the National Code of Criminalthe National Code of Criminal Procedures is applicable in all the courts of the country.

COMPARISON OF COMMERCIAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS IN JORDAN AND THE MIDDLE EAST

This article provides a comprehensive comparison of commercial dispute resolution mechanisms across Jordan, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Egypt. With the increasing globalization of business and the growth of foreign investments in the Middle East, an effective and efficient legal framework for dispute resolution is critical. The primary goal of this study is to provide a comprehensive comparative analysis of commercial dispute resolution mechanisms in Jordan and key Middle Eastern countries, with the aim of understanding their impact on the business climate and investor confidence in the region. The research employs a comparative analysis approach, drawing on a variety of sources including legal texts, case studies, and interviews with legal experts and business professionals from Jordan, Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Egypt. This comparative analysis examines the similarities and differences in the dispute resolution frameworks of these four countries, focusing on judicial processes, arbitration practices, and the adoption of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods. All four nations share a common legal heritage influenced by Islamic Sharia law and have adopted international standards such as the UNCITRAL Model Law to modernize their arbitration systems. Each country has established specialized commercial courts to expedite the resolution of business disputes and is a signatory to the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, facilitating cross-border enforcement of decisions. However, there are distinct differences shaped by local legal and economic policies. For instance, the UAE features a dual judicial system that includes Sharia-influenced local courts and common law-based courts in its free zones, which are absent in the other three countries. The study highlights the strengths and weaknesses of each jurisdiction's dispute resolution mechanism and discusses ongoing reforms aimed at enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of legal processes. This analysis not only aids in understanding each country's approach to dispute resolution but also serves as a guide for international businesses and investors considering operations in these regions.

Випадки порушення гарантій незалежності суддів з боку правоохоронних органів та фізичних осіб

The European Charter on the Statute for Judges establishes the “right to appeal” for every judge if he/she believes that there is a threat to his/her independence or the independence of the legal process, or if this independence is somehow violated, and in such a case, he/she can refer the matter to an independent body. This means that judges are not left defenseless in cases of encroachments on their independence. The right to appeal is a necessary guarantee, otherwise, it would remain merely a desire to establish principles aimed at protecting judges if they are not consistently supported by mechanisms that will ensure their effective implementation. The obligation to obtain a proposal or opinion from an independent body before a decision is made regarding the status of a particular judge does not necessarily extend to all possible situations in which his or her independence might be influenced. That is why it is extremely important to ensure that judges have the opportunity to turn to this body on their own initiative. In 2022, the High Council of Justice received 128 reports of interference in the professional activities of judges regarding the administration of justice, actions that violate the guarantees of judges’ independence, or undermine the authority of justice. In particular, 114 reports were received from judges of local courts, 7 from judges of appellate courts, 3 from judges of the Supreme Court and the High Anti-Corruption Court, and 1 report from the Territorial Department of the State Judicial Administration of Ukraine. The largest number of reports from judges about interference in the activity of judges regarding the administration of justice was received in February 2022 (34 reports), and the least in March 2022 (3 reports). Judges primarily associated the interference in their activities as judges in the administration of justice with the judicial cases they were handling. The most common reasons for reporting interference in the judges’ administration of justice in 2022 were extrajudicial appeals to law enforcement agencies with complaints about judges committing criminal offenses and initiating criminal proceedings against judges – 18 cases; unfounded recusals – 15 cases; improper conduct (baseless accusations against a judge, threats, instructions on procedural actions and making certain judicial decisions, threats of filing complaints about criminal offenses) – 15 cases, among others. It’s important to note that the High Council of Justice is aware of cases where “interference” was associated with the inactivity of law enforcement officials. The High Council of Justice believes that the inactivity of law enforcement representatives poses a direct threat to the independence of judges and the authority of justice. In light of this, the High Council of Justice submits appropriate proposals for the identification and accountability of such individuals in accordance with current legislation. Academic articles emphasize that “interference” can manifest as threats and as extrajudicial appeals by law enforcement officials. However, the High Council of Justice does not consider threats to file disciplinary complaints against a judge’s behavior as “interference”. The majority of the High Council of Justice’s decisions on taking measures to ensure the independence of judges and the authority of justice in 2020 were mainly related to: judges’ security; threats of physical harm; attacks on judges; violations of order in court sessions; blockages of courts. According to the High Council of Justice’s annual report for 2020 “On the State of Ensuring the Independence of Judges in Ukraine”, the highest number of reports from judges about interference in their activity in 2020 related to interference by citizens and their associations. The High Council of Justice considers this situation to be traditional, as confirmed by statistical data from previous years. It’s worth noting that when reviewing reports from judges about interference in their judicial activities, there are increasingly cases that are not directly related to interference in their activities. However, such reports from judges indicate that there is a significant undermining of the authority of justice. Given this, such reports from judges require the High Council of Justice to take appropriate responsive measures.

Legal Protection of Auction Winners Against the Execution of Dependent Rights

According to Article 14 of the Law on Dependency Rights, dependency right enforcement can be executed through a parate of execution or a fiat execution by State courts. However, legal certainty is not absolute; if a debtor fails to repay the debt, the creditor's liability is settled by selling the secured object through a public auction. This study investigates the legal consequences of the auction process, particularly the transfer of auctioned property rights to the winner. Using empirical juris and analytical descriptive research, primary and secondary data were gathered through library research and qualitatively analyzed. Auction winners may request the local state court to vacate the object if possession is unattainable under the law. An auction letter, as an authentic act, protects auction winners against normative enforcement of dependency rights. Nonetheless, the law lacks explicit protection for third parties and auction winners regarding possession, resulting in legal uncertainty.

CESSION AND LEGAL EFFECTS ON THE DEBTOR'S SECURITY OBJECTS IN SETTLEMENT BAD CREDIT (Case study of Pekanbaru District Court Decision No. 129/Pdt.G/2016/PN.Pbr)

One way to resolve bad credit is carried out by banks by buying and selling receivables and transferring rights to them (cession). Based on District Court decision No.129/Pdt.G/2016/PN.Pbr, this is by means of a lawsuit by assignees who had purchased receivables from PT Bank Tabungan Negara (Persero) Tbk which had bad credit. Redirection receivables stated in 2 (two) Notarial Deeds, namely the Receivables Sale and Purchase Agreement and Transfer cessie. In announcing the verdict stated that the Pekanbaru District Court permitted the transfer of the Land Ownership Certificate which was used as collateral for the debtor above no assignees). The problem formulation is: 1. Can the sale and purchase of receivables and the transfer of rights to receivables (cessie) provide legal certainty for cessie buyers? 2. What are the legal consequences for the debtor's guarantee based on the decision of the Pekanbaru District Court Number 129/Pdt.G/2016/PN.Pbr? And study This aims to know and understand and provide answers to the problem formulation the. The type of research in this research is included in normative (doctrinal) legal research, namely research on legal aspects, legal principles, studying law which is conceptualized as norms or rules that apply in society and analyzing legal rules contained in legislation and also contained in unwritten legal norms that live and develop in society and the type of data used is secondary data sourced from materials law primer, material law secondary and materials law tertiary. From study This can be concluded that buying and selling receivables and transfer cession does not result in the end of the credit agreement made assignor with emergence This is a transfer and delivery of receivables from assignor to assignees and transfer of collateral emergence must be based on a decision through a lawsuit at the local District Court. And in this case there is no buying and selling of receivables and transfers cession is legal and does not violate the provisions of the legal terms of the agreement, in the consideration of the panel of judges that the collateral is owned emergence If the right of liability is not installed, then the item is guaranteed emergence can be used as debt repayment by changing the name to assignees, This also does not violate property stipulation what is meant by Article 1154 of the Civil Code.

Solution for Recording Interfaith Marriages Following Supreme Court Circular (SEMA) Number 2 of 2023 in Indonesia

This research aims to explore the solutions for recording marriages following the issuance of Supreme Court Circular (SEMA) Number 2 of 2023. According to the law, a marriage is valid if it meets the cumulative elements of Article 2, paragraphs (1) and (2), which require that it be in accordance with religious and belief systems and recorded according to regulations. Conversely, a marriage is invalid if it does not comply with religious and belief laws, resulting in the inability to register it. Before the issuance of the SEMA, interfaith marriages could be registered at the Civil Registry Office by submitting a registration application to the local District Court. However, after the issuance of this circular, such registration is no longer possible. The research method adopts a normative juridical approach, delving into literature data, particularly legislation. Despite the new regulations, interfaith marriage registrations can still occur, as judges may base their decisions on the Population Administration Law rather than the Marriage Law. Article 56, paragraph (1) of the Marriage Law essentially requires Indonesian citizens to comply with the marriage law, leaving no room for interfaith marriages. Therefore, to prevent registrations by judges at all court levels, it is necessary to reconstruct the Population Administration Law and require that one of the parties adheres to the religion and/or beliefs of their partner.

Źródła do dziejów polskiej archiwistyki. Interwencja w sprawie skarbów z zamku Czocha zdeponowanych w Archiwum Miejskim w Jeleniej Górze (1948-1949)

In the years 1947-1949, in the warehouses of the Municipal Archives in Jelenia Góra, the local District Court deposited and sealed works of art from the Czocha Castle, confiscated from looters. This paralyzed some of the Archive’s work and also threatened the security of the archives locked together with the museum items. Efforts to recover these warehouses continued for over two years, supported by the State Archives in Wrocław. The documents presented in the article show the joint activities of the state and municipal archives undertaken to preserve the archival heritage of Lower Silesia and the methods of their mutual communication.

The Court as a Policy Information Discoverer: Evidence from China’s Emerging Industries

Abstract This paper delves into the pivotal role that courts play in shaping public policy, particularly in the context of burgeoning industries. It shifts the focus from Constitutional and Supreme Courts to the significant, yet often unnoticed, role of local courts. It proposes that these local courts are uniquely positioned to act as discoverers of vital information for public policy, especially critical in the fast-paced arena of emerging industries where policymakers often lack comprehensive information. This study highlights three key mechanisms used by courts to gather policy-relevant information: collection, scanning, and extraction. These methods help reduce political bias, explore policy boundaries, and propose feasible alternatives. The paper illustrates these processes through six cases from the emerging industry sectors in China, adjudicated by local courts. It emphasizes the necessity for policy practices to take into account the nuanced judicial judgments at the micro level.

Validity of Property Sale and Purchase Agreement between Residents in Taman Duren Sawit Housing with Developer PT Altan Karsaprisma as a Result of a Lawsuit by a Third Party

This research aims to examine the validity of land and building sales and purchase agreements between residents at the Taman Duren Sawit Housing Complex (buyers) and developers (sellers), due to a lawsuit by a third party. This research is normative juridical, which uses a statutory approach (statute approach) and a case approach. The results of this research indicate that the developer as the seller has violated the objective conditions for the validity of the agreement, especially the conditions of "a certain thing" and the conditions of "halal causes", by selling objects whose ownership is still in dispute and there is no transparency regarding the legal status of the land of the sale and purchase object, which is still in dispute. Therefore, the agreement made is considered null and void by law. The legal remedy that can be taken by the buyer is to file an unlawful act lawsuit with the local district court based on Article 1365 of the Civil Code. This research concludes that the land and building sale and purchase agreement entered into by the parties is null and void because it has violated the terms of "a certain thing" and the terms of "halal causes" while the legal remedy that can be taken by buyers in good faith are to file a lawsuit. unlawful acts to the local district court.

Experience of Individual Northern European Countries in Providing Protection of Justice (Criminological Aspect and Criminal Law Aspect)

The purpose of the article is to describes experience of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden in providing criminological protection of justice. . This article is the qualitative research with a historical and comparative approach. Thus, as of 01 January, 2023, employees of the Court Security Service in Ukraine ensured public order and security in 590 appellate and local courts and bodies of the justice system, which is more than 80% of their total number , and as of 01 January 2024 security was ensured in 639 (87 %) objects of the justice system. To a large extent, this is related to introduction of restrictions in Ukraine provided for by martial law as a result of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation.The results of the study concluded that the it has been established that today in some countries of Northern Europe, in contrast to Ukraine, permanent security checks for all visitors are implemented only in those courts where such checks are needed for security reasons, and implementation of such a criminological function is entrusted to security inspectors represented by police officers, court employees, as well as security companies. Based on the results of the research, promising directions for improving activities of the Court Security Service of Ukraine were determined, and expediency of strategic planning practice in the sphere of ensuring protection of justice in Ukraine was also emphasized.

Diversion into mental health treatment: a survey of magistrates and treatment plans

In NSW Local Courts, defendants with a mental health impairment or a cognitive impairment may be diverted into treatment. The current study aimed to understand the factors that influence courts when making diversion decisions. Our approach involved a survey of magistrates and an analysis of the treatment plans and reports provided to courts. The issues with the highest importance ratings were the quality and detail of the treatment plan, the seriousness or violence involved in the offence/s, the availability of treatment and the severity of impairment. Opinions among magistrates on the percentage of applications for diversion without merit varied, but the average was 44%. The analysis of treatment reports revealed that defendants were more likely to be diverted if the report had been written by the Statewide Community Court Liaison Service, or if the defendant was currently receiving treatment or had been diagnosed with schizophrenia or a cognitive impairment.

Communication activities as one of the areas of administrative and legal support for the institutional capacity of local courts

The article highlights the theoretical and applied aspects of communication in local courts as one of the important areas of administrative and legal support for their institutional capacity. The author emphasizes the relevance of this issue and the insufficient level of its research within the science of administrative law. The court’s communication activities are defined as a well-established process of information exchange aimed at achieving mutual understanding, agreement between the parties and changes in the consciousness and/or behavior of the recipient of information, which is manifested in raising awareness, level of trust, forming a certain image in the eyes of the audience, taking certain actions or refraining from them on the part of the recipient of information. The author emphasizes the need to develop a communication strategy for local courts. Strategic communication is defined as a systemic communication focused on establishing long-term relationships between courts and their external and internal audiences that help to achieve certain goals. The author analyzes the best practices of court communication and emphasizes the importance of their dissemination. It is noted that court communication should primarily be aimed at increasing the level of public confidence in the court. It is emphasized that the best practices of communication activities of local courts not only need to be disseminated, but also studied from the perspective of administrative law science, which will contribute to the development of a solid scientific basis for this area of activity.
 It was noted that the communication activity of the court is an important direction of judicial administration and administrative and legal support of the institutional capacity of both local courts and the judicial system in general. The conclusion is formulated that domestic courts of all levels carry out significant work both in terms of effective communication and the development of a communication strategy. Such perspective directions of the development of the court’s communication activities as the development of modern communication platforms between the court and the public, the development of communication in the environment of the judicial branch of government, etc. are indicated.

THE COURT OF ASTANA INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL CENTER AND PUBLIC-LEGAL REGULATION MATTERS

To attract foreign investors, around 50 agreements on the promotion and mutual protection of investments has been concluded by the Republic of Kazakhstan, where the parties undertake to create favorable conditions on their territory. By the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan of May 19, 2015, the «Astana» International Financial Center was established in the city of Astana, which has been operating since 2016. One of the main tasks of the «Astana» International Financial Center is to attract investment in the sphere of financial services of our country. In addition, with the involvement of excellent judges, and recognized lawyers the «Astana» International Financial Center Court and the International Arbitration Center were established. However, the «Astana» International Financial Center Court does not conduct administrative or criminal proceedings. At the same time, this court has exclusive competence to interpret the acts of the «Astana» International Financial Center. In this connection the question arises about the expediency of consideration of disputes with the state bodies within the framework of the Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan «Administrative Procedural Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan», where the sources of the law of the «Astana» International Financial Center include principles, norms, and precedents of the English law. Are local administrative courts sufficiently qualified to adjudicate disputes under the common law? This article will examine the structure of the «Astana» International Financial Center Court, its jurisdiction, and public-law relations under the current law of the «Astana» International Financial Center, the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

ProjectDRIVE: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial to improve driving practices of high-risk teen drivers with a traffic violation

BackgroundTeen drivers with a traffic violation are at increased risk for crashes and crash-related injuries; however, most parent-focused interventions target teen drivers with supervised learner’s permits. Very few interventions are implemented at the probationary driver's license stage or target high-risk teen drivers, such as those with traffic violations. This paper describes the protocol of ProjectDRIVE, A Randomized Controlled Trial to Improve Driving Practices of High-Risk Teen Drivers with a Traffic Violation, which targets improving parent-teen communication about safe driving practices to reduce unsafe driving behaviors and traffic violation recidivism of teen drivers cited for traffic violation.MethodsTeen drivers (ages 16 or 17) cited for a moving violation and the parent/legal guardian most involved with the teen’s driving are recruited from juvenile traffic courts following their required court hearing. After completing informed consent/assent, enrolled dyads are randomized into one of three groups using stratified block randomization: control, device feedback only, or device feedback plus parent communication training. Participating dyads are followed for 6 months with 3 months of active intervention. Using in-vehicle device and smartphone application technology, the study provides real-time and cumulative driving feedback to intervention teens and collects continually recorded, objectively measured driving outcome data throughout the teen’s study participation. Primary outcomes include rates of risky driving events and unsafe driving behaviors per 1000 miles driven. Secondary outcomes include traffic violation recidivism up to 12 months following study completion and frequency and quality of parent-teen communication about safe driving practices.DiscussionThrough partnership with the local juvenile traffic courts, this study integrates recruitment and randomization into existing court practices. Successfully completing this study will significantly impact juvenile traffic court’s practices and policies by informing judges’ decisions regarding the driving safety programs they refer to teens to prevent motor vehicle crashes and crash-related injuries and deaths.Trial registration The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT04317664) on March 19, 2020, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04317664 and updated on April 27, 2021. This protocol was developed per the SPIRIT (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials) Checklist.

Implementation of Policy Regulation of The Head of The National Land Agency Number 5 of 2012 Concerning Technical Instructions For The Implementation of Land Procurement

That this research aims to analyze more deeply the implementation of the policy of the Head of the National Land Agency Regulation Number 5 of 2012 concerning Technical Instructions for Implementing Land Acquisition Case study of Land Acquisition for the Construction of the Pekanbaru-Bangkinang Toll Road, Riau Province. The research method in this legal research uses qualitative methods. The problem formulation used in this research is how to implement the policy of Regulation of the Head of the National Land Agency Number 5 of 2012 concerning Technical Instructions for Implementing Land Acquisition and what factors hinder the implementation of the policy of Regulation of the Head of the National Land Agency Number 5 of 2012 concerning Technical Instructions for Implementing Land Acquisition. That the results of this research found that the implementation of land acquisition for the construction of the Pekanbaru-Bangkinang toll road in Riau province was not optimal, that there were obstacles in the implementation of land acquisition for the construction of the toll road in the form of land disputes, the location being included in a forest area, and resistance from residents to the development. the toll road. The conclusion of this research is that it is best to review the regulations of the Head of the National Land Agency Number 5 of 2012 concerning Technical Instructions for the Implementation of Land Acquisition which function as a fulfillment of solving public problems in the land sector and filling legal gaps if necessary and that regarding the obstacles that In the field, assistance should be provided with related officials such as the prosecutor's office and police as well as the local district court to provide a sense of security and comfort for the committee and other stakeholders involved in the land acquisition process for the public interest.

ANALISIS PENYELESAIAN PERSELISIHAN PEMUTUSAN HUBUNGAN KERJA PADA PENGADILAN NEGERI JAKARTA PUSAT (PUTUSAN NOMOR 67/PDT.SUS PHI/2020/PN.JKT.PST

When handling disputes between workers and employers in industrial relations, action is required in accordance with applicable labor law. The initial step that must be taken is to carry out bipartite negotiations between the two parties to find a solution to the dispute. If bipartite negotiations are unsuccessful, the next step is to file for mediation and sue the Industrial Relations Court. The problems that arise between the Plaintiff and the Defendant relate to the mechanism for resolving disputes in termination of employment (PHK) in industrial relations, as well as whether the procedures carried out are in accordance with the statutory regulations explained in decision Number 67/Pdt.Sus-PHI/2020/ PN. JKT. PST. From this decision, it is not considered that any negotiations took place, which is the debate in this case. To answer this problem, normative juridical research was carried out with a descriptive analytical approach. This research refers to primary and secondary data which was analyzed qualitatively, and conclusions were drawn using deductive methods. The process of resolving this industrial relations case involves mediation with a mediator from the East Jakarta Social and Employment Service, as well as filing a lawsuit with the Industrial Relations Court at the local District Court. However, statutory regulations are not in accordance with the steps taken in this case, because bipartite negotiations are thought to have never occurred.