Local Authority Social Workers Research Articles

‘Rocking the boat’ at the boundaries of social work practice

The response to the immigration crisis of 2015 raised issues about how social work as a profession in the UK was responding to what was unfolding in Calais, France. This article draws on evidence from a qualitative study conducted between 2018 and 2020 that analysed the narratives of 13 front-line local authority social workers’ experiences of volunteering with a charity. It was found that social workers were motivated to volunteer with the charity due to its commitment to social work’s core values of social justice and human rights through a radical social work approach and activism on issues affecting asylum seekers and refugees. This article highlights the opportunities for an alternative social work practice and recommends ways of embedding this in social work practice and education.

Introducing Routine Assessment of Adverse Childhood Experiences For Looked-After Children: The Use and Properties of the Trauma and Adverse Life Events (TALE) Screening Tool

The present study aims to illustrate the process of developing, implementing, and clinically validating a new assessment measure, the Trauma and Adverse Life Events (TALE) screening tool, to assess Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) among looked-after children. The TALE was developed by adapting existing ACEs measures to reflect the experiences of looked-after children. The TALE was completed by the local authority social worker for 218 children placed with Five Rivers Child Care (a UK fostering agency, residential, and educational care provider). Reliability was examined and exploratory factor analysis was conducted. Correlations between TALE scores, background variables, and psychosocial wellbeing using the carer-report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and Child Dissociative Checklist (CDC) were also explored. The TALE was found to have acceptable reliability (α = .71). A three-factor solution was found which explained 46.24% of the variance, with factors labelled ‘Direct Experience of Abuse’, ‘Witnessing Harm’, and ‘Household Dysfunction’. Exposure score was significantly associated with total difficulties score on the SDQ (rs = .24, p < .001) and Impact score was associated with the SDQ’s impact score (rs = .33, p < .001). Exposure and Impact scores were both positively correlated with CDC scores (rs = .16, p = .021 and rs = .22, p = .002). This paper presents evidence of the importance of screening looked-after children for ACEs and demonstrates that the TALE is a valid and reliable tool for this purpose. Adverse and traumatic experiences were highly prevalent in this population and appeared to be closely related with children’s psychosocial wellbeing. Results emphasise the importance of routine assessment of past experiences within trauma-informed psychological care and intervention planning for looked-after children.

Letting go of ‘the way things are done here’: from reflection to disruption in local authority social work

ABSTRACT In 2015, Brighton and Hove Children’s Services embarked on a reorganisation and a new Model of Practice to promote relation ship-based social work. New Lead Practitioner roles were created to work at the interface between front-line social workers and man agers to promote reflection and service development in a range of contexts. A reflective practice group led by an external consultant was established to support the development of the role. This paper will explore the experience of one Lead Practitioner of being part of the reflective practice group and how it enabled her to take up the new role and support change in the wider organisation. It will explore how the role of the facilitator, the techniques utilised and the members of the group created a disorientating, destabilising effect that created a context to dismantle preconceived assumptions of ‘the way things are done here’ and supported change in the wider organisational culture. The author provides examples of how she attempted to create this experience on the ‘outside’ to support a shift from bureaucratic, procedural-dominated practice, to new ways of doing things in front-line social work.

Reflecting on Early Help with Migrant Families: A View from Practice

This paper describes a practitioner reflection on early help for migrant families with no recourse to public funds. We used Maclean’s ‘weather model’ to examine the positives and challenges of the work. The reflection led to positive changes in programme delivery, but also highlighted tensions between following a structured practice manual and allowing practitioner autonomy, and the friction that ‘hostile environment’ restrictions caused between statutory and voluntary sectors, and between service users and local authority social workers. We suggest that the experience highlights the need for future service development which includes the voice of social workers.

Deconstructing Discourses in Assessments of Child Neglect

Abstract This article presents the findings of a qualitative study exploring how child neglect is ‘performed’ in social work practice. Informed by Foucauldian and feminist theoretical positions, semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten local authority social workers, eight Children’s Centre professionals in England and eight parents who had received professional intervention due to concerns about child neglect. In addition, ten case files were analysed where child neglect was a substantive concern. This article explores the discourses that were produced in social workers’ assessments of child neglect. In a neo-liberal context in which cuts are being made to childcare services, professionals were preoccupied with the identification and management of neglectful families by risk. Professional debates surrounding contested thresholds into services and categorisation of neglectful families are explored. Judgements of ‘good enough’ mothering as well as bureaucratic and managerial constraints to holistic, analytical and quality assessments are identified. The article also explores the bureaucratic performance of children’s assessed identities through which children become the objects of the assessment rather than active subjects. The article concludes with recommendations for practice and future research.

Trafficked children: towards a social work human rights response

This article examines the response to the identification and support of unaccompanied children who have been trafficked into the UK. Locating the identification of victims of trafficking with the Home Office is problematic as their primary responsibility is not child protection. This approach is likely to prioritise immigration concerns that potentially exclude some children from the appropriate safeguarding support of local authority social work departments. In addition to the practice implications, the current responses are examined through a lens of neoliberalism, providing a unique critique of the present system. The article concludes by proposing an alternative model of identification and support that completely bypasses the Home Office. It proposes that identification of unaccompanied children who have been trafficked is located within a social work-led child protection framework. This would adhere to international obligations to child victims of human trafficking, and prioritise a human rights-based approach.

Statutory placement experiences of final year students on a BSc (Hons) social work program in England

ABSTRACT Local authority social work departments in England have been facing challenges from a number of different areas for several years. The onset of austerity in 2008 resulted in funding reductions and constraints, many authorities have been deemed to be ‘inadequate’ or ‘in need of improvement’ by Ofsted, their inspectorate, and working conditions for practitioners have been found to be poor. It is against this backdrop that social work students on qualifying programs undertake their final year statutory placement. This research investigates the experiences of final year social work students on a BSc (Hons) Social Work program in England. Focus groups and interviews were used to explore the experiences of 18 students placed within both Adults’ and Children’s Services in three local authorities. Data were analysed thematically and revealed commonalities and differences in experience. Differences between services were apparent with students from Children’s Services focusing upon local authority processes whilst Adults’ Services gave greater consideration to supervision and support. The areas of motivation and values, awareness of others, power and process also emerged as significant themes.

Current practice for social workers on planning contact for special guardianship children

PurposeAn integral feature of Special Guardianship Orders (SGO) is that the children should have some contact with their parents after the order is granted. Local authority social workers have a duty to plan and recommend levels and types of contact. But there is no policy guidance provided on how to undertake these duties, and little is known about the process that practitioners undertake. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the recommending of contact in special guardianship cases, and to provide data on what contact social workers are recommending the factors they take into consideration and the reasons for their decisions.Design/methodology/approachThe research involved a mixed-methods approach comprising of a questionnaire and focus groups. This part of the study comprised of an online questionnaire that was completed by 102 local authority social workers. Responses were downloaded into SPSS Statistics v22 for data analysis and a content analysis was conducted.FindingsQuantitative results from the questionnaire are reported in this paper. Respondents provided comprehensive details on what they include in their recommendations, including levels of contact frequency and specific directions. Practitioners rated the factors they considered in reaching their decisions, and gave their general views on special guardianship contact. Results indicated that practitioners are recommending less contact for fathers than for mothers, and may feel less positively about paternal contact. Bivariate analysis suggests that some older and more experienced social workers are recommending lower levels of contact.Research limitations/implicationsThe statistical significance of the results was limited by the relatively small sample size. It was therefore decided to limit bivariate analyses to consideration of just three independent variables: the social worker’s age and number of years in practice, and the age of the child at the time of their SGO, against dependent variables concerning the levels of contact that had been recommended for mothers and fathers and how positive these were considered to be. Because of the limited sample size, most of the results were above this level, and so were not statistically significant.Practical implicationsSpecial guardianship has been in place for 12 years now, but apart from Jim Wade’s 2014 study there has been no major research to guide and inform practice. Such major changes in child welfare require substantiating research, and this study is an attempt to begin filling that gap. The questionnaire part of this study has for the first time provided data on the views, motivations and practice of social workers across the country making recommendations on special guardianship contact.Social implicationsThe study provides a picture of the type of contact being recommended for birth parents. This information will be useful for practitioners, who might otherwise not know what their colleagues in other local authorities are recommending, and it is hoped that this will encourage further debate on the subject.Originality/valueSpecial guardianship has so far been poorly served by research. To the author’s knowledge, apart from Wade’s study there is very little research on the subject, and no significant research at all on special guardianship contact. This questionnaire, alongside the four focus groups that formed the second part of the study, provides the first picture of current practice across the country.

Through the lens of infant observation: some reflections on teaching infant observation and its applications to professionals working with infants

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the teaching of infant observation to social workers. A brief literature review of publications about the relevance and application of infant observations to social work tasks is given. The relevance and application of infant observation to two specific social work tasks is considered: supervision of contact between Looked After infants and their birth parents; and assessment of parenting capacity where infants have been removed at birth and a decision has to be made about whether to return the infant to the birth parents or seek permanence (usually in the form of adoption). The innovation of running two short life infant observation groups for social workers undertaking each of these two professional tasks respectively is described. Anonymised infant observation extracts from a local authority social work Parenting Capacity Assessment Team are used to illustrate the learning process of the team in the course of undertaking infant observation training. The use and relevance of infant observation is explored with respect to four inter-related core professional tasks: observation; recording; analysis and comment; reporting. Finally, the specificity and uniqueness of psychoanalytic infant observation is discussed in relation to the added value it brings to professional practice.

‘Working’ the international child protection case: a snapshot of local authorities’ experiences within an evolving legal context

ABSTRACTChild protection proceedings often concern children with international connections. In recent years, the courts of England and Wales have handed down a number of significant judgments examining the application of international legal instruments (in particular Brussels IIa) to care proceedings. This article considers the impact of court judgments on the practical ‘working’ by Local Authorities of international child protection cases. A case study was conducted, oriented by socio-legal theory, consisting of a small number of qualitative interviews with Local Authority lawyers and social workers. The article concludes that some judgments have acted as a catalyst to change working practices for Local Authorities. However, international child protection cases present a variety of challenges for Local Authorities, and judgments provide an imperfect site for the provision of procedural and substantive guidance in this complex area. Further, there was often a tension between the need to conscientiously adhere to such guidance, and the welfare needs of the children with whom the Local Authority was concerned.

Seeking Solitude and Distance from Others: Children’s Social Workers’ Agile Working Practices and Experiences beyond the Office

Agile working (flexibility around practitioners’ roles and the location and time of work) is increasingly common across local authority social work in the UK but there is little evidence about the practices it entails, with the small amount of existing research concerned largely with its impact on office environments. This article presents findings from a qualitative exploratory study of eleven social workers’ practices and experiences when engaged in agile working away from office spaces. Data were generated through practitioner diaries, photographs elicited from practitioners and semi-structured interviews, and were analysed using a grounded theory approach. The study found practitioners engaged in agile working in a wide range of domestic, leisure and formal work environments across the public–private continuum. This gave them superficial control over how they worked, in particular the freedom to work in solitude and establish distance between themselves and perceived demands from service users and other practitioners. However, agile working also involved a wider range of material practices and affective experiences for practitioners. These changes provoke questions about data security, increased visibility and unanticipated encounters in public spaces, and the shifting relationship between information-management work and elements of practice involving face-to-face interaction with others.

Mental Capacity Act (2005) assessments: Why everyone needs to know about the frontal lobe paradox

Patients with frontal lobe damage can perform well in interview and test settings, despite marked impairments in everyday life. This is known as the ‘frontal lobe paradox’. Failing to take account of this when conducting Mental Capacity Act assessments can result in disastrous consequences for patients. We suggest that neuropsychologists work collaboratively with local authority social workers and care managers, who often have the final say in such assessments, to raise awareness of this issue.

What Does Supervision Help With? A Survey of 315 Social Workers in the UK

What does social work supervision help with? There are many different models of supervision and an increasing amount of research. Much of this is concerned with the content of supervision and how supervisors (and supervisees) should behave — and these are important concerns. But even more important is the question of who or what supervision helps with. Supervision is widely considered to have many different functions but in the context of UK local authority social work, must ultimately prove itself as a method for helping people who use services. This article reports on a survey of 315 social workers from UK local authorities. Most reported that supervision helps primarily with management oversight and accountability. However, the small number of practitioners who received regular group supervision and those who received supervision more frequently said it helped with a much broader range of things.

Family experiences of children’s social care involvement following a social work change programme

Social work change programmes rooted in a particular practice theory and design are increasingly a fixture of UK local authority social work and the focus of a small but developing body of research. However, in this research to date, there has been a lack of engagement with the perspectives of families. In this article, we detail findings from 23 family interviews undertaken as part of an independent evaluation of a social work change programme in a single local authority. These findings afford insight into the positive influence change programmes can have on engaging families and re-routing practitioners to work in a relationship-based way. They also illustrate the limitations for reshaping practice in the context of rising levels of need, a paucity of supportive provision, and administrative burdens remaining the same as before the introduction of a change programme. As part of the article, we offer some brief reflections on the recruitment of families for evaluative study to assist other researchers and local authority professionals who may be involved in comparable evaluations in future.

Application of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Added Value Score in evaluating the effectiveness of Functional Family Therapy within local authority social work services.

As 'Blueprints' evidence-based programmes, such as Functional Family Therapy (FFT), originating from the United States, are increasingly implemented in Social Work services, the importance of assessing their effectiveness in a UK context is crucial. To do this, it is not always practical for services to commission randomised control trials or quasi-experimental control trials. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) Added Value Score has been shown to have utility in the evaluation of intervention programmes by controlling for regression to the mean, attenuation and the shifting nature of most childhood psychopathology. The SDQ Added Value Score was used to assess the effectiveness of FFT in two local authorities in Scotland. One hundred and sixty-four families who had finished FFT completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the Outcome Questionnaire and the Client Outcome Measure at pre- and postintervention. Both parents' and adolescents' average psychosocial distress scores significantly decreased on all measures after FFT and many of the scores postintervention fell to a range equivalent with the general population. Furthermore, calculation of the SDQ Added Value Score indicated that adolescents' mean total difficulties scores were lower following FFT than what would have been expected had this intervention not been received, producing an effect size that compares favourably to other interventions. Functional Family Therapy has been identified as an effective intervention for improving the psychosocial functioning of high-risk adolescents and their families.

Putting people at the centre: facilitating Making Safeguarding Personal approaches in the context of the Care Act 2014

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss the pilot Making Safeguarding Personal (MSP) project that ran in three London boroughs in England in 2014-2015. The project aimed to help local authority social work practitioners better engage with adults at risk at the beginning, middle and end of safeguarding work and to develop a more outcomes focused approach to safeguarding. Design/methodology/approach – Three adult social care teams volunteered to take part in the MSP pilot for four months, November 2014-February 2015. They were closely supported through telephone conferencing, bespoke training and individual mentoring. Evaluative data were collected from the participating teams about their work and the MSP change processes to assist in further implementation. Findings – The findings suggested that staff felt that the open discussions with adults at risk that were encouraged by the MSP initiative enabled safeguarding to be more effective and provided a better basis of support for adults at risk. The support from the project team was appreciated. Staff reported their own increased confidence as a result of involving adults at risk in decisions about their situations and risks of harm. They also reported their increased awareness of cross-cutting subjects related to adult safeguarding, such as domestic abuse and working with coercive and controlling behaviours. Permission to exercise greater professional discretion to make responses more considered, rather than the need to adhere to time-limited imperatives, was received positively. Staff felt that this enhanced discussions about resolution and recovery with adults at risk although it required greater expertise, more extensive managerial support, and more time. These were available in the pilot. Research limitations/implications – The MSP pilot was confined to three teams and took place over four months. The numerical data reported in this paper are provided for illustrative purposes and are not statistically significant. As with other evaluations of implementation, the data provided need to be set in the local contexts of population profiles, care settings and the reporting source. The pilot also took place during the early implementation of the Care Act 2014 which affected the context of practice and training. The views of adults at risk were not collected. There is a risk of bias in that participants may have wished to convey positive views of MSP to their colleagues. Practical implications – The paper indicates a need for the roll out of MSP philosophy and MSP approaches to be communicated with other agencies supporting adults at risk and for project support of some form to continue. It will be important to see if the overall enthusiasm, support and motivation reported by the pilot teams when taking a MSP approach in practice extend beyond a pilot period during which the staff received substantial support from a dedicated Professional Standards Safeguarding Team. Many of those staff participating in the pilot perceived the MSP approach as a return to core social work principles and welcomed putting these into practice. Originality/value – The paper provides details of one pilot in which the feasibility of the MSP approach was tested by supporting three frontline teams working in different contexts. The pilot suggests that the level and type of support offered to the pilot teams were effective in a variety of practice settings. It draws attention to the need for the MSP concept and approach to be shared with other agencies and for implementation support to continue beyond initial pilot period.

What happens in child and family social work supervision?

AbstractSupervision is fundamental to the social work profession. However, increasing concern has been expressed over the managerial capture of local authority social work and the use of supervision as a way of enabling management oversight (or surveillance) of practice. Despite the importance of supervision, we have little evidence about what happens when managers and child and family social workers meet to discuss casework and less about how supervision influences practice. In this study, 34 supervision case discussions were recorded. Detailed descriptions are given of what happens in supervision. Overall, case discussions operated primarily as a mechanism for management oversight and provided limited opportunity for reflection, emotional support or critical thinking. With reference to organizational context, it is suggested that these deficits result from a system that focuses too much on ‘what and when’ things happen and not enough on ‘how and why’.

Reflections from Practice: Supervision, Knowledge and the Elusive Quality of Credibility

This paper offers a reflection on the practice concerns brought into supervision and case discussion by local authority social workers and social work managers in the early twenty-first century in England. An emergent theme is ‘credibility’, which presents itself in questions such as: How trustworthy is my thinking, how does it stand up to scrutiny, and how can I justify the actions that I take or don’t take? We suggest that to be credible is to manage and account for both the creativity and the constraint of working with uncertainty and that these tensions produce system-wide dynamics which can be surfaced and worked through in supervision. Bringing experience and examples from our supervisory practices, we consider the nature of uncertainty to explore how knowledge is generated in relation to social work with children and families where neglect is prevalent. In the light of diminishing availability of resources, we explore the challenge of bringing a robust and creative approach to this work. We suggest that social work supervision requires surfacing and exploring anxieties for both supervisor and supervisee in the context of what meanings they have for the work under discussion. This then has the potential to generate resources for an imaginative and constructive practice.

‘It's what gets through people's radars isn't it’: relationships in social work practice and knowledge exchange

This article draws on findings from a knowledge exchange (KE) project, which involved academics working with local authority social workers around a theme of engaging with involuntary clients. The user engagement agenda is actively promoted in social work but is not straightforward, reflecting a mish-mash of client rights and managerial and consumerist agendas. Engaging with involuntary clients, in particular, those whose involvement with social work is mandated by law, rarely fits into policy agendas and requires a range of conditions and practitioner skills for it to happen effectively. A parallel aim of our project was to explore what was seen to be effective in the KE and knowledge mobilisation (KM) processes when local authorities and university academics work together. Like client engagement, KE is also seen as ‘a good thing’ but in reality it is similarly problematic. In this article, we trace the growth of both client engagement and KE agendas, particularly in relation to social work. We describe our project and discuss its findings. A number of parallel processes might be identified in ‘what works’ with hard to reach social work clients and ‘what works’ in KE/KM. Neither are linear or necessarily rational processes. What does seem to hold both together, however, is the nature of relationships built up between, in the first instance, social workers and those they work with and, in the second, between academics and local authority practitioners. These findings suggest that personal qualities that might be associated with the concept of emotional intelligence play an important part in enabling both social work practice and KE/KM to happen effectively.

Learning to lead

This article discusses the impact of a leadership development programme that attempted to develop leaders and leadership amongst actual and prospective managers within a large local authority social work service. It concentrates on empirical findings that illustrate the forms of change that took place at the level of the individual and those that extended beyond leader development and into leadership behaviours that involved collective and collaborative action. It sets the discussion in the context of previous studies into leadership development activities before briefly discussing the methods of evaluating training and education activities. The evaluation aimed to assess the impact the programme had on individual leadership practice, the participants’ teams and on the provision of services through attempting to evidence observable performance outcomes. The findings suggest that there were elements of the programme that had sustainable impact at the level of the individual and in wider operational terms within the service.