Emission Load Research Articles

Novel emissions prevention process for regulating process emissions for better protection of the environment and public health

The present global industrial practice of regulating targeted pollutants in process emissions through treatment and releasing the non-targeted pollutants untreated into the atmosphere is not good for protection of the environment and public health. The aforesaid led this work to invent the “Novel Emissions Prevention Process for Regulating Process Emissions” to be applied alongside the treatment for better protection of the environment and public health. It hinges on the concept of maximum allowable pollution load and the novel concept of cooperative compliance to environmental regulations. It reduces the pollution load of process emissions at source. The research methods applied include, mathematical modeling, questionnaire survey, use of published experimental data and design. Results showed that pollution load is a measure of environmental damage caused by process emissions. Results revealed that pollution load should be regulated alongside treatment of process emissions. Results showed that a country can achieve up to greater than 99 % reduction in its original pollution load of process emissions upon adoption of the novel emissions prevention process. Results showed that, the novel emissions prevention process enables treated process emissions of higher quality than presently released by industry into the environment. Results revealed that industry can apply the novel emissions prevention process to determine the production rate of finished goods corresponding to the prevention pollution load of process emissions for better protection of the environment and public health. The novel emissions prevention process has global applicability. It can be applied in every country.

Computation of Particulate Emission Load from Vehicular Traffic on Road Network

The present study on traffic volume monitoring aims to compute total particulate emission load from urban road vehicular traffic and to find average emission factor. An industrial area Pandesara was selected as study area for its commercial and industrial activity, the contribution of public and private vehicle emissions in this area were high. Vehicle emissions include tailpipe emissions and road dust resuspensions. Tailpipe emission was the highest in off- road vehicles even their traffic volume was the least of all. Road dust resuspension due to vehicular speed was highest in 2 wheelers. Road dust resuspension concentrations due to silt fraction was found to be maximum in heavy motor vehicles. Total particulate matters concentrations emitted from vehicles and average emission factor were found to be 251616 gm/hr and 0.79 gm/Veh/Km respectively for entire Pandesara zone. Road dust resuspension plays a significant role in vehicular emission, still having less awareness among people worldwide. Keywords: Particulate Matter, Tailpipe Emission, Traffic Volume, Speed, Road Dust Resuspension, Turbulent Wake Height

Mapping PM2.5 Sources and Emission Management Options for Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan

Harsh winters, aging infrastructure, and the demand for modern amenities are major factors contributing to the deteriorating air quality in Bishkek. The city meets its winter heating energy needs through coal combustion at the central heating plant, heat-only boilers, and in situ heating equipment, while diesel and petrol fuel its transportation. Additional pollution sources include 30 km2 of industrial area, 16 large open combustion brick kilns, a vehicle fleet with an average age of more than 10 years, 7.5 km2 of quarries, and a landfill. The annual PM2.5 emission load for the airshed is approximately 5500 tons, resulting in an annual average concentration of 48 μg/m3. Wintertime daily averages range from 200 to 300 μg/m3. The meteorological and pollution modeling was conducted using a WRF–CAMx system to evaluate PM2.5 source contributions and to support scenario analysis. Proposed emissions management policies include shifting to clean fuels like gas and electricity for heating, restricting secondhand vehicle imports while promoting newer standard vehicles, enhancing public transport with newer buses, doubling waste collection efficiency, improving landfill management, encouraging greening, and maintaining road infrastructure to control dust emissions. Implementing these measures is expected to reduce PM2.5 levels by 50–70% in the mid- to long-term. A comprehensive plan for Bishkek should expand the ambient monitoring network with reference-grade and low-cost sensors to track air quality management progress and enhance public awareness.

Inverse modelling approach to assess air pollutant emission trends, and source contributions in highly polluted cities

Pollutant concentrations are regularly measured in many cities, but emission loads often remain unknown and are irregularly estimated. This paper presents a methodology to estimate total emissions in a highly polluted megacity using an inverse modeling approach. An inverted Fixed Box Model (FBM) has been used with pollutant concentrations and meteorological variables to estimate emissions of pollutants by discounting the meteorological variability from the measured concentrations. Model-predicted emissions are validated with existing inventories and then used to assess annual, monthly, and diurnal trends in emissions. The applicability of the model is demonstrated for Delhi. Trend analysis shows that pollutants are emitted in a unique pattern that also differs over time periods of consideration. Yearly trends in Delhi show that PM10, NOX, and SO2 emissions have increased by 33%, 4%, and 16%, respectively, during 2008–2018. However, due to controls, the emission intensities have been found to stabilize for PM10 and decrease for NOX and SO2 pollutants in Delhi. Monthly trends indicate that summer months have higher emission rates owing to intensive energy demands (in automobiles, power plants), dust storms, and increased re-suspension of dust due to higher wind speeds. However, due to dispersive meteorology, ambient concentrations are lower in summers. The inverse modeling shows that PM10 emissions are dominated by dust sources (73%), while PM2.5 has the largest contribution from transport sector emissions (34%). NOX and SO2 emissions in the city are contributed heavily by the transport (84%) and industrial (92%) sectors, respectively. The model helps in understanding temporal emission trends and source contributions, which can be useful to implement effective control measures and track the progress of control.

Zero Produced Water Discharge Innovation in Production Fluid Management for Sustainability and Financial Efficiency

This paper will present the sustainability initiatives of PHI Tanjung Field obtained from the evaluation of existing oil and gas production activities. Through the Plan-Do-Check Action (PDCA) approach, based on the results of life cycle assessment and focus group discussions from managers and engineers in Tanjung Field, the identification of priority problems is related to the management of production fluid generated from outside the existing production facility process. Through a fishbone diagram approach to find out the root of the problem followed by Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) including Pareto diagrams and risk map analysis to get priority risk problems in the form of production fluid processing methods. Furthermore, through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach, the alternative solution taken is to modify the production fluid processing with CSSR (Contain, Sediment, Separate, Recovery) innovation. The results of this CSSR innovation are no more produced water is discharged into the environment so that the Tanjung Field Manager’s policy of moving towards zero produced water discharge is achieved. With this innovation, the processing efficiency of the production fluid in 2nd year (prediction) after innovation is 97.5%, up from 66.6% in initial year before innovation. By optimizing the use of produced water, the need for clean water for the injection program can be minimized. The reduction of clean water usage from Initial year to 2nd year (prediction) is 83.1%. The efficiency ratio of this innovation is 11.10 > 1 indicates that the program generates more savings and revenue than its cost, making it a worthwhile investment. In energy reduction, the effectiveness of this innovation from Initial year to 2nd year (prediction) is reducing energy by 94.96%. In emission reduction, the reduction of CO2 emission load from Initial year to 2nd year (prediction) is 95%. This innovation contributes to the 6th Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs) “Clean Water and Sanitation,” the 7th SDGs “Clean and Affordable Energy,” the 12th SDGs “Responsible Consumption and Production,” 13th SDGs “Handling Climate Change,” and the 14th SDGs “Ocean Ecosystems.”

Integration and capacity optimization of molten-salt heat storage in coal-fired power plant with carbon capture system

Developing a new generation of economical, low-carbon, and flexible coal-fired power plants (CFPP) is crucial for achieving the low-carbon transformation of the energy industry. Deploying molten salt heat storage (MSHS) in the CFPP can effectively enhance its peak shaving capability and reduce the limitations of carbon capture on wide range operation of the plant. To this end, this paper proposes four integration schemes for MSHS into the power plant-carbon capture system. The thermal efficiencies, exergy efficiencies, and peak shaving capabilities of the entire plant under different integration schemes are evaluated and compared. The results indicate that the optimal integration scheme involves utilizing hot reheat steam to heat the cold molten salt and further provide heat for the carbon capture system during the heat charging process and utilizing hot molten salt to heat the outlet water of the feed water pump during the heat discharging process, which achieves the highest thermal efficiency of 38.00 % and exergy efficiency of 37.09 % across the entire cycle. A novel integrated design, scheduling, and control optimization (IDSCO) method is proposed to find the optimal capacity configuration of MSHS, in which the investment, maintenance, fuel, carbon emission, and long-timescale and short-timescale load tracking deviation penalty costs are fully considered. A design parameter-aware control system is developed based on a multi-parametric programming model predictive control approach to ensure a fair evaluation of closed-loop dynamic performance under different configuration capacities. The simulation results demonstrate that the deployment of MSHS can significantly enhance the flexibility of the power plant-carbon capture system and the proposed IDSCO approach can reduce 17.05 % of load tracking deviation penalty cost and 1.38 % of totalized cost compared to the conventional configuration approach. This paper effectively leverages the potential of MSHS in enhancing the operational flexibility of CFPP-PCC system, thereby providing useful guidance for future deployment of MSHS within CFPP-PCC system.

Combined economic emission load dispatch solution using Cuckoo Search Algorithm

The Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) has been selected to find the best optimum solution for Combined Economic and Emission Load Dispatch Network (CEELD) problems. The objective, in the (CEELD) Analysis, that operating a generator schedule is necessary with both minimum fuel costs and emission levels, together, while satisfying the load demand and operational limitations. In this paper, the objective of research is oriented to minimize the fuel cost and emission for generation sets. The numerical results captured from the suggested method are compared with other techniques such as the Gravitational Search Method, strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm and nondominated sorting genetic algorithm-II to illustrate the efficiency of suggested method.

Occurrence and emission characteristics of microplastics in agricultural surface runoff under different natural rainfall and short-term fertilizer application

Land-based microplastics (MPs) are considered the primary source of MPs in aquatic environments, with runoff being a major pathway for their transfer from soil to surface water. However, the transportation characteristics of MPs via agricultural surface runoff remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the occurrence and emission characteristics of MPs in agricultural surface runoff under various short-term fertilizer applications and natural rainfall events using laser direct infrared imaging analysis (LDIR). MPs from fertilizers and soils co-migrated with the agricultural runoff. The abundance and concentration of MPs in runoff were 145.90 ± 22.48–2043.38 ± 89.51 items·L−1 and 39.17 ± 21.94–523.04 ± 47.85 µg·L−1, respectively. Small and low-density MPs, such as polyethylene (PE), chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), and polyurethane (PU) in film/fragment form with 20–50 µm exhibited a higher mobility. No statistical differences were observed in the distribution of runoff MPs with the application of different fertilizers. There was a significant positive relationship between runoff MP abundance and rainfall intensity. The annual emission load in this study area was 116.73 g·hm−2, indicating that the transportation of MPs via agricultural surface runoff cannot be ignored. This study is conducive to understanding the migration behavior of MPs in soil-water environments in a better manner.

Modeling of material and energy inputs in the life cycle of a vehicle

The paper focuses on the analysis of the environmental impacts related to the production, operation, decommissioning of vehicles as well as servicing and repairs of cars in real conditions of their use. The authors’ presented mathematical model that was implemented in original numerical program EN-VEHICLE that enables the analysis of energy consumption and emission loads related to material inputs in the entire life cycle of a passenger car. It is a tool from the Life Cycle Assessment category that aims at the effective inclusion of environmental impacts in the decision-making process. The developed program allows for a quantitative interpretation of the calculation results in terms of the environmental safety in each of the phases and throughout the life cycle of the vehicle, taking into account the possibility of supplying the vehicle system with additional material streams derived from recycling and recovery, and introduced both during the construction phase and during the car operation phase. In the presented tool, linear algebra and matrix analysis were used in modeling the vehicle life cycle system. The results of the implementation of the mathematical model were presented in the form of a regression function that allows for approximation of selected empirical data. The regression analysis was used to verify the material characteristics. The tool can be used for a comprehensive comparative assessment of the environmental impact of a passenger car from different production periods. In addition, it can be used to forecast the environmental effects of changes in the material structure determining the production technology and, consequently, having a significant impact on the entire life cycle of the vehicle as well as energy and ecological parameters.

Water Condenser Bed to Reduce Trichloroethylene Gas Emission and Air Quality

Purpose: The purpose of this research is how to reduce trichloroethylene emissions using a condenser and the efficiency of reducing trichloroethylene emissions before and after using a condenser. Theoretical Framework: Air quality is influenced by trichloroethylene emissions, condenser and efficiency, trichloroethylene emissions, and condenser. Method: The research carried out was quantitative descriptive research. Data Source: Literature Study; Field observation; Trichlorethylene gas recovery process in existing systems in the field such as dryer units, carbon bed units and added condenser units. Sampling method with Trichlorethylene, Gas Emission, Concentration Measurement. Results and Discussion: The efficiency value of reducing the trichloroethylene gas emission load before and after adding the condenser reached 68.16%. The emission load on the chimney before adding the condenser was an average of 223 kg/day and after adding the condenser an average of 71 kg/day. Research Implications: The efficiency of reducing the trichloroethylene gas emission load is influenced by several supporting factors, namely the temperature of the condenser cooling water and the surface area of the cooling water tube pipe. Originality/Value: The Electric Accumulator Component Industry with products in the form of sheet-shaped Electric Accumulator Separators made from polymer powder, silica powder, oil, and other supporting materials with the production capacity will affect the formation of the solution.

Spatio-temporal evolution mechanism and dynamic simulation of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of the Yangtze River economic Belt in China

Excess nitrogen and phosphorus inputs are the main causes of aquatic environmental deterioration. Accurately quantifying and dynamically assessing the regional nitrogen and phosphorus pollution emission (NPPE) loads and influencing factors is crucial for local authorities to implement and formulate refined pollution reduction management strategies. In this study, we constructed a methodological framework for evaluating the spatio-temporal evolution mechanism and dynamic simulation of NPPE. We investigated the spatio-temporal evolution mechanism and influencing factors of NPPE in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) of China through the pollution load accounting model, spatial correlation analysis model, geographical detector model, back propagation neural network model, and trend analysis model. The results show that the NPPE inputs in the YREB exhibit a general trend of first rising and then falling, with uneven development among various cities in each province. Nonpoint sources are the largest source of land-based NPPE. Overall, positive spatial clustering of NPPE is observed in the cities of the YREB, and there is a certain enhancement in clustering. The GDP of the primary industry and cultivated area are important human activity factors affecting the spatial distribution of NPPE, with economic factors exerting the greatest influence on the NPPE. In the future, the change in NPPE in the YREB at the provincial level is slight, while the nitrogen pollution emissions at the municipal level will develop towards a polarization trend. Most cities in the middle and lower reaches of the YREB in 2035 will exhibit medium to high emissions. This study provides a scientific basis for the control of regional NPPE, and it is necessary to strengthen cooperation and coordination among cities in the future, jointly improve the nitrogen and phosphorus pollution tracing and control management system, and achieve regional sustainable development.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Spectra by Improved Parallel Factor Analysis with Internal Standard Sample Embedding.

The strategy of parallel factor analysis, combined with the internal standard method, has been increasingly applied to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of three-dimensional fluorescence spectra of unknown mixed fluorophores. Nevertheless, the disparity in the number of fluorophores included in the internal standard sample set and the number included in test samples may impact the qualitative and quantitative outcomes of parallel factor analysis. In this work, we systematically established the framework of the parallel factor analysis with internal standard sample embedding (ISSE-PARAFAC) strategy. We applied this framework to six datasets representing two scenarios and a real dataset and conducted a detailed discussion on the effects of the disparity between the number of fluorophores in the internal standard sample set and the number in the test set on both qualitative and quantitative results. Additionally, we introduced an enhancement to PARAFAC by aggregating fluorophores with similar emission wavelengths, corresponding to the peaks of emission loadings (spectra) obtained from PARAFAC, as a single fluorophore. This aggregation aimed to mitigate the strong correlation between similar fluorophores. The results imply that the presence of irrelevant fluorophores in the internal standard sample set, whether increased or decreased, does not significantly affect the qualitative and quantitative analysis of target fluorophores in the test set. Moreover, we demonstrated that the improved parallel factor analysis with internal standard sample embedding not only fully decomposes the uncorrelated mixed fluorophores for qualitative analysis but also allows the established linear concentration model for fluorescent components to predict the corresponding fluorophore concentration of test samples, enabling quantitative analysis at the ppm level (mg/L).

Optimal sizing of multi-energy microgrid with electric vehicle integration: Considering carbon emission and resilience load

To address the intermittency of renewable energy sources, global warming, and increasing load demands, this paper proposes the optimal sizing of a multi-energy microgrid (MEMG) consisting of electrical, thermal, cooling, and hydrogen networks. The system integrates multi-energy storage and EVs along with the resilience load to facilitate a robust operation scheme. The paper introduces an improved resilience backup mechanism for EVs using hybrid storage. Then, random samples for stochastic parameters are generated with Monte Carlo Simulations (MCS). To this end, a mixed-integer linear programming-based model is developed to minimize cost, emissions, and load shed. Then, a CPLEX solver is applied to solve it efficiently. The optimal MEMG with the hydrogen network reduces cost by 4% and emissions by 40%. The case study validates that hybrid storage (BES-HST-TST) can effectively reduce the electricity grid purchase to zero, making MEMG self-sufficient while yielding the least annual system cost (ASC) of 3855562$ and decreasing emissions to 8385 kg, resulting in economic savings, environmental sustainability, and increased utilization of renewables. Notably, V2G can save 0.7546% of MEMG extra cost incurred due to EVs integration and significantly reduces CO2 emissions by 4%. A novel finding is that the proposed hybrid storage backup mechanism can effectively minimize the extra cost of keeping the resilience load by retaining 31.46% of backup in hydrogen form. It mitigates risk associated with power outages while achieving the least ASC of 3858933$ and CO2 emissions of 8043 kg. These results can help realize a green, cost-effective, and efficient energy system.

CONJUGATE ANALYSIS OF HEALTH RISKS IN CHILDREN AND AIR QUALITY IN VLADIMIR REGION

The purpose of this study is to assess health risks in children and the impact of air pollution from industrial enterprises in the Vladimir region on children’s health.
 Materials and Methods. The author analyzed official statistical digests Public Health in the Vladimir Region for 2005–2019. Based on relative data on primary child morbidity according to International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10 version), the values for real (epidemiological) health risks were calculated for Vladimir administrative regions. Data on environmental conditions were obtained from the annual reports On Environmental Conditions and Public Health of the Vladimir Region for 2001–2019. The average long-term emission load coefficient was calculated, and priority air pollutants for the region were identified. To identify probable correlation between air quality and public morbidity, a correlation analysis was carried out to determine the Pearson correlation coefficients and Spearman rank correlation.
 Results. In the Vladimir region, children in most administrative territories have high morbidity risks according to classes of circulatory system diseases; blood, hematopoietic organs, certain disorders involving the immune mechanism (D50–D89) and nervous system diseases (G00–G99). Analysis results revealed administrative territories characterized by very high risk values and the largest number of disease classes. Priority air pollutants in the region are carbon oxide, nitrous oxide, sulphur oxide, methane, ammonia and inorganic dust containing 70–20 % of silicon dioxide. Correlation analysis identified a number of statistically significant correlations between priority pollutants and the morbidity risks in children according to various disease classes. The values of the potential hazard index can be used as variables when carrying out mathematical calculations in the population health - environment system.

Quantification and assessment of hazardous mercury emission from industrial process and other unattended sectors in India: A step towards mitigation

Hazardous pollutants like Mercury (Hg) have emerged as a pressing challenge in recent times where the expanding industrial sector is regarded as the major source in developing country India. In this study, we are trying to identify all possible industrial sectors at district level to quantify Hg emission load across India for the year 2019 using IPCC methodology where the country-specific technological emission factors are used. We have included 5 major sectors out of which emission from coal combustion in thermal power plants accounts for 186.5 t/yr of Hg emission followed by non-ferrous metal production (88.3 t/yr), captive power plants (65.5 t/yr) and fly ash generation from various manufacturing industries (45.9 t/yr). A total of 459.4 t/yr of Hg is released into the ecosystem in 2019 with an uncertainty of ± 48%. This study also estimated that about 233 million people living in and around 10 km periphery of major industrial zones with as many as 17 million people residing near the 10 major hotspots are susceptible to hazardous Hg emissions directly or indirectly. This information would be quite useful in formulating future Hg emission control strategies in India. Environmental ImplicationsPresent study is the first-of-its-kind quantification of Hg emission load from the Industrial process and many unattended sectors over India, which will not only give an insight into potential hotspots regions across the country but also assess the population exposed to it. It will provide aid in tracking the mercury burden to match the international conventions. The findings suggest that about 233 million people are likely to be exposed to hazardous Hg emissions. It will also enlighten the government, policymakers, stakeholders and people about their mercury footprint and envision protecting the biomes and formulating future control strategies in India.

Establishing criteria for advancing circular economy practices in the beer industry: A case study in South Vietnam

AbstractThis study involves an extensive examination of the brewing industry, specifically focusing on Company A in South Vietnam alongside five other Vietnamese beer companies (B, C, D, E, and F). By employing a multifaceted approach that integrates Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), evaluations of emission loads, and the establishment of criteria for a circular economy model, the study aims to investigate environmental impact, waste generation, energy consumption and potential circular solutions within these breweries. The findings from the survey indicate similarities in the fundamental production processes among the surveyed factories. However, differences were noted in technological advancement and the utilization of raw materials. Challenges in acquiring data, driven by industry competitiveness, highlighted discrepancies in technology investments and the implementation of circular solutions across the breweries. Assessment of emission loads, wastewater and exhaust gas data demonstrated Company A's compliance with environmental standards. Nonetheless, comparative analysis revealed that the water and energy consumption of Company A were 1.5–2.5 times greater, with carbon emissions of 2000–6000 kgCO2eq/m3 product, compared to other breweries. The comprehensive LCA uncovered higher water and energy footprints in Company A, emphasizing potential areas for significant improvements in water usage efficiency and energy conservation. Through the creation of a preliminary set of criteria, subsequent screening, and expert consultation utilizing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a set of 21 criteria was established. This system supports the assessment of current brewery statuses and identifies potential pathways for improvement towards a circular economy model. Recommendations include the adoption of industry‐agriculture models, waste recycling, energy efficiency initiatives and the integration of renewable energy for sustainable development in beer production.

A harmonized Danube basin-wide multi-compartment concentration database to support inventories of micropollutant emissions to surface waters

BackgroundThe European Water Framework Directive foresees the establishment of emission inventories for micropollutants (MP) to facilitate an evidence-based development of mitigation measures. Regionalized pathway analysis constitutes a moderately data-intensive approach to quantify the contribution of different pathways to the total pollution of surface waters. So far, only few European member states have created an inventory that includes diffuse pathways. The fundamental basis to enable it is an accessible, well-structured and harmonized database with data on the concentration of MPs in multiple compartments, such as soils, groundwater, atmospheric deposition and urban systems. Combined with the water and suspended substance balance in river basins, such data enables the estimation of emission loads via specific pathways. In the Danube River Basin, but in general in Europe, a public data management platform with such scope and criteria is still lacking.ResultsWe collected and harmonized MP measurements across multiple compartments and countries together with key metadata, harmonized and combined them into a new database. The resulting tool, available for download, facilitates the assessment of current data availability, in terms of quantity and quality. For example, while the majority of available data stems from groundwater and surface water, other highly relevant compartments are scarcely represented. By examining differences in MP concentration level across compartments, the database can lead to understand the relevance of specific emission pathways and thus to prioritize data-retrieval and calculation efforts in modelling applications. Selected examples show how to exploit the metadata associated to the measurements to extrapolate the results to regions not covered by specific monitoring programmes. For example, PFAS concentrations in treated wastewater show significant dependence on the design capacity of the treatment plant.ConclusionsThis study showcases how such database can support the setup of emission inventories, guide data providers and national authorities in prioritizing the allocation of resources for new surveys and in optimizing their national data collection and management systems. The process tested showed a great need for enhanced data literacy across countries and institutions to increase data availability and quality to secure the exploitation of the full information potential generated via monitoring programmes.

Analysis of the Impact of Agricultural Production Type and Traffic on Nitrogen Oxide Emissions

The protection of air from pollution is one of the basic principles of sustainable development, and this article analyzes the joint impact of various types of agricultural production and traffic on nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. The goal of this research is the development of a new methodology for assessing the combined impact of different types of agricultural production, traffic load, and traffic flow structure on the emission of nitrogen oxides. For the analysis of the joint impact of traffic and agricultural production, a new impact assessment methodology was developed, which is based on two selected impact prediction models. The following two models were used to predict the impact: the BioGrace model and the microsimulation model VISSIM. The developed methodology was applied to a case study in real field conditions. The results showed that the difference in the emission of NOx gases, depending on the type of agricultural production, indicates a reduction in NOx emissions in the walnut–winter-wheat system by 30%, compared to the production of winter wheat in an open field. The statistical analysis showed that there is no statistically significant difference between NOx emissions for different vehicle arrival scenarios for the same traffic load. The results of the joint impact show that the lowest NOx emission was found in walnut orchards and counted traffic. In this example, the difference between the one-hour emission load of three different agricultural types of production and traffic is not large; however, in the cumulative load, it can lead to significant differences. Emphasizing the importance of adopting new agricultural practices and the impact of traffic and the share of freight and heavy goods vehicles in agricultural production, we position them as a proactive and sustainable response to the critical ecological and agricultural challenges highlighted in European and Croatian policy.

Efforts to Reduce Carbon Emissions from TPS3R and Rumah Kompos Facilities: Case Study in Surabaya

A majority of the solid waste produced in Surabaya is handled by the Surabaya Environmental Agency (Dinas Lingkungan Hidup, DLH). This process includes sorting, and colleting waste from local sources, transporting waste to and treating waste in local facilities, as well as final processing of waste done in landfills. Each of these processes will produce its own amount and type of GHG emissions. This study focuses on the emission coming from local facilities used to treat waste, namely TPS3R and Rumah Kompos. These facilities receive waste from local communities and produce compost and recyclable materials, creating GHG emissions in the process. This research estimates how much GHGs are emitted from these facilities from its compost production and energy consumption using available tools, and then compare its emission to the amount of waste that it processes. This comparison will show how much GHG each facility emits for every ton of solid waste handled (Facility Emission Factor, EF) which equates to its waste handling performance. Results show that the lowest EF achievable by TPS3R and Rumah Kompos facilities in Surabaya is 0.210- and 1.988-ton CO2eq/ton waste, respectively. This performance level is used as a baseline for increasing the amount of waste treated in these facilities with no additional emission load. When this estimation is applied, the total waste treated in Surabaya could increase by 11%, treating an additional 691 tons of waste per year and reducing waste going to landfills, which in turn reduces overall emissions of the waste sector.

Perhitungan Beban Emisi Particulate Matter berdasarkan Data CEMS dari PLTU Batu Bara Milik PT PLN (Persero)

In the Coal-Fired Power Plant (CFPP) operation, various pollutants will be generated, including Particulate Matter (PM), which can be monitored with the Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS). The parameters monitored include PM concentration, volumetric flow rate, % O2, and the operation hours and/or CEMS monitoring hours. Emission load calculation by utilizing CEMS data is a Tier 3 calculation method that uses real operation data from a CFPP unit. Information related to PM emission load from CFPP can be considered for corporate decision making in developing emission control strategies. This research utilizes secondary data from January 2021 to July 2023 period, from 52 PT PLN (Persero)’s CFPP units with various boiler, installed capacity, and types of Air Pollution Control Devices specifications. The largest average/month emission load value is 139,632 kg PM/month for CFPP unit that uses PC boiler, have a capacity of > 600 MW, and use low NOx burners and ESP as its APCD; while the smallest average/month emission load value is 525 kg PM/month for CFPP unit that uses PC boiler, have a capacity of 101-300 MW, and use ESP as its APCD. If the average emission load/month from January 2021 to July 2023 is compared with the maximum emission load/month with a PM quality standard of 100 mg/Nm3, all CFPP units do not exceed it and are generally ready to face the tightening of PM quality standard up to 75 mg/Nm3.