Parallel Load Research Articles

Implementation of 4-bit Universal Shift Register using Reversible Logic

The field of digital logic design is increasingly exploring reversible logic due to its potential in minimizing power dissipation, an essential criterion in low-power applications. This paper presents the design and implementation of a 4-bit universal shift register (USR) using reversible logic gates. The design leverages Fredkin gates, multiplexer (MUX), and D flip-flops to achieve functionality with minimal power consumption. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed design. Reversible logic is essential to low-power digital design and quantum computing because it makes it possible to reconstruct input signals from output signals, which reduces heat generation and information loss. The suggested shift register can be used for hold, parallel load, and left and right shift operations. To implement the functions of the shift register, we used a variety of reversible gates, including the Toffoli and Fredkin gates. When the architecture is contrasted with traditional non-reversible shift registers, it shows notable gains in reduced gate count and power efficiency

Two-level parallel load balancing strategy for accelerating DSMC simulations in near-continuum gases

The Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) algorithm is widely employed for simulating rarefied gas flows and is increasingly applied in near-continuum regimes for research and engineering purposes. However, its computational demands, notably load imbalance and extended simulation time, hinder widespread adoption. Addressing these challenges, this paper introduces the Two-Level parallel load balancing strategy. This novel approach combines thread-level and multi-process parallelism to enhance load balancing and reduce simulation time. Key features include a thread-level load-decoupling strategy implemented via OpenMP and a multi-process load balancing mechanism employing distributed memory via MPI. Building upon our previous [Formula: see text] [L. Li, W. Ren and B. Zhang, J. Aeronaut. Astronaut. Aviat. Ser. A 46, 88 (2014)] approach, the load balancing mechanism utilizes Stop At Risk (SAR) criteria for repartitioning with METIS. Additionally, a specialized data transmission mechanism utilizing MPI nonblocking communication minimizes global communication between processes. Validation and evaluation are performed using four hypersonic flow cases around a cylinder and sphere, demonstrating significant improvements. Notably, the proposed strategy achieves [Formula: see text] enhancement over the [Formula: see text] strategy under 512 CPU cores compared to 16 CPU cores, and reduces between-process communication time with [Formula: see text]. These advancements contribute to enhancing the effectiveness of the DSMC algorithm in near-continuum aerodynamic simulations.

Fillet weld strength analysis for cantilever loading: an investigation of single-sided fillet weld strength in bending applications

Theoretical calculations for assessing the strength of a welded connection in design rely on two parameters: the tensile strength of the weld filler metal and the effective area. It is important to note that the type of load applied can significantly affect the theoretical strength of the weld. According to the AWS Structural Welding Code D1.1, when the load is applied parallel to the weld in a welded member, a reduction of 70% is recommended. This remaining factor of 0.30 has been determined through well-accepted tests to provide factors of safety between 2.2 for shearing forces parallel to the longitudinal axis of the weld and 4.6 for forces normal to the axis under service loading. When a load is applied perpendicular to the weld in a welded member, the entire value of the tensile strength of the weld filler metal is used to calculate the strength. However, there are no similar considerations for a load applied in a bending configuration. While it is not recommended for structural design, fillet welded members can experience loading that causes material deflection, resulting in a bending scenario. This is particularly relevant in repairs. The configuration of a cantilevered beam creates a different loading scenario with additional stresses on the weld, which differ from those of a perpendicular or parallel load. This research experiment was conducted to initially understand and analyze the strength of a GMAW weld under cantilevered bending and to derive a mathematical equation that provides a factor of safety in the range of 2.2-4.6, similar to the previous findings.

Three Phase Two-Arm Hybrid Active Filter Using Two Feedforward Loops with Self Tuning Filter for Elimination of 5th and 7th Harmonic Frequency

A novel topology for three-phase three-wire hybrid power filter with two-arm is proposed, this hybrid filter configured by a classical active filter consisting of two-arm bridge using two power electronic switches for each arm and two DC capacitors located in the DC side of the power converter, this topology uses less number of power electronic switches that allow to reduce the manufacturing cost. The active filter connected in series with a passive filter. The nonlinear load is a diode rectifier feeding a (R, C) parallel load. The proposed method is based on self-tuning filter placed in both feedback and feedforward loops dedicated to eliminate the 5th and 7th harmonics frequency. The feedforward loop consists in two branches, one to remove the 5th harmonic and the other one to remove 7th harmonic frequency. The use of self-tuning filter simplifies the control scheme by reducing the number of extraction filters, used in classical feedback and feedforward loops. More, in this case, no phase locked loop is necessary for the feedforward loop. The effectiveness of this new proposed scheme has been verified by computer simulation.

Redundant Non-Serial Implicit Manipulator Kinematics and Dynamics

Abstract Redundant non-serial manipulators that include a spectrum of parallel and non-parallel heavy load bearing construction and material handling equipment are treated, using foundations of differential geometry. Kinematics of this category of manipulator are defined in manipulator configuration space by algebraic equations in input and output coordinates that cannot be explicitly solved for either as a function of the other. New sets called assembly components of manipulator configuration space are defined that partition the space into maximal, path-connected, disjoint, topological components. All configurations within an assembly component can be connected by one or more continuous paths within that component, but configurations in different assembly components cannot be connected by continuous paths. Forward and inverse kinematically singular configurations are characterized by criteria that partition each assembly component into path-connected, singularity-free assembly components in which equations of kinematics and dynamics are well behaved. It is shown that a generalized inverse velocity-based kinematic formulation that is problematic for serial manipulators is likewise plagued with problems for non-serial implicit manipulators that can be avoided using the methods presented. Singularity-free differentiable manipulator configuration space components are defined and parameterized by both input and operational coordinates, leading to well-posed ordinary differential equations of manipulator dynamics in both input and operational coordinates. Three typical applications and associated model problems are studied throughout the paper to illustrate the methods and results presented.

Parametric design and performance evaluation of gyroid triply periodic minimal surface preparation by LCD photopolymerization

In this paper, the Gyroid triply periodic minimal surface is prepared by liquid crystal display photopolymerization technology, and 10 models of the periodic parameter T in [1/5, 2] are designed. Using the method of finite element method and experimental verification, when T = 1/3, there are fewer stress concentration areas on the Gyroid surface, the number of grids is moderate, the compression crush rate is the smallest, and the porosity error is reasonable. Through the microscopic morphology, it is found that the surface, after printing, forms gear shape and resin residue so that the actual volume is larger than the theoretical volume, and the porosity is minor. Keeping periodic parameter T = 1/3 and porosity of 50%, four kinds of Gyroid surface structures were designed by changing the parameter surface offset, wall thickness, offset thickness, and gradient arrangement. The effects of different loading directions on its mechanical properties, deformation behavior, and energy absorption were discussed through compression experiments. The results show that the vertical load is applied to form a fault zone from the upper left angle to the lower right angle of 45°, and the parallel load is applied to create a fault zone from the upper right angle to the lower left grade of 45°. When the load is used in the vertical direction, the energy absorption and energy efficiency of the surface offset Gyroid surface are the largest. When the load is applied in the parallel order, the energy absorption curves of the four structures change similarly, and the deformation amplitude of the wall thickness Gyroid surface during the compression process is relatively stable. The energy efficiency of gradient arrangement Gyroid surface increases fastest in the compaction stage.

Anisotropic dynamic compression response of an ultra-high strength steel fabricated by laser hybrid additive manufacturing

Directed energy deposition (DED) is a technological innovation revolutionizing in-situ repair, hybrid manufacturing, and multi-material integration manufacturing, characterized by microstructural heterogeneity on a macro-scale. However, the overall performance of these DED-fabricated components under dynamic loading, particularly along different directions, remains uncharted. This work explores the anisotropic dynamic compression response of an ultra-high strength steel, namely 35CrMnSiA steel, fabricated using DED on a wrought substrate. The laser hybrid additive manufactured samples were subjected to split Hopkinson pressure bar testing along different directions. The results show the following: 1) hybrid manufactured 35CrMnSiA steel has an anisotropic dynamic compression response due to the mismatched properties of each subzone induced by microstructural heterogeneity, 2) low-strength DED part shows higher strain under compression along the build direction but behaves similarly to the wrought material when compressed along the transverse direction, 3) intergranular void/crack is the primary damage mechanism, cracks preferred formed in wrought substrate due to the martensite with poor plastic dissipation ability, 4) when the interface is subjected to parallel directional impact loads, the strain mismatch between the two side subzones leads to interface separation. This study provides comprehensive understanding of the dynamic behavior of DED-fabricated components with heterogenous microstructure, and new insight into demanding tailored strategies to ensure consistent and predictable behavior under various loading conditions.

Performance and CO2 emission of a single cylinder compression ignition engine powered by Khaya senegalensis non-edible seeds fuel blends

This work aimed at investigating blends of Khaya senegalensis biodiesel in a compression ignition engine, attempting to improve engine performance and reduce CO2 emission compared with conventional diesel. Analysis of System (ANSYS) was used to predict in-cylinder behavior of the fuel. ANSYS SpaceClaim generated the geometric model on which 5° sector and mesh refinement was on ANSYS Internal Combustion Engine Modeler (ICEM). Computational domain of interest lies within the compression and expansion strokes. Experimental validation followed: 5% biodiesel, 95% diesel (B5); 15% biodiesel, 85% diesel (B15); 25% biodiesel, 75% diesel (B25); pure diesel (D100); pure biodiesel (B100) in volume proportions. B15 has the highest brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of 4 bar as load increases. An experimental and numerical comparison reveals pressure declination against speed increment. Ignition temperature fluctuated between 799.76 and 806.256 K for D100 and 760.73–790.62 K for B100 within 1800–2800 rpm speed limit prediction. Power and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) had parallel load increment with all blends. CO2 emission on increasing load conditions were 47.01%, 8.07%, 21.72% and 6.06% for B5, B15, B25, and B100 respectively lower than D100. Pressure and temperature contours gave proper combustion predicted behaviors. All blends possess replaceable performance potential for D100 however, B5 offers better reliable potentials.

Parallel power load abnormalities detection using fast density peak clustering with a hybrid canopy-K-means algorithm

Parallel power loads anomalies are processed by a fast-density peak clustering technique that capitalizes on the hybrid strengths of Canopy and K-means algorithms all within Apache Mahout’s distributed machine-learning environment. The study taps into Apache Hadoop’s robust tools for data storage and processing, including HDFS and MapReduce, to effectively manage and analyze big data challenges. The preprocessing phase utilizes Canopy clustering to expedite the initial partitioning of data points, which are subsequently refined by K-means to enhance clustering performance. Experimental results confirm that incorporating the Canopy as an initial step markedly reduces the computational effort to process the vast quantity of parallel power load abnormalities. The Canopy clustering approach, enabled by distributed machine learning through Apache Mahout, is utilized as a preprocessing step within the K-means clustering technique. The hybrid algorithm was implemented to minimise the length of time needed to address the massive scale of the detected parallel power load abnormalities. Data vectors are generated based on the time needed, sequential and parallel candidate feature data are obtained, and the data rate is combined. After classifying the time set using the canopy with the K-means algorithm and the vector representation weighted by factors, the clustering impact is assessed using purity, precision, recall, and F value. The results showed that using canopy as a preprocessing step cut the time it proceeds to deal with the significant number of power load abnormalities found in parallel using a fast density peak dataset and the time it proceeds for the k-means algorithm to run. Additionally, tests demonstrate that combining canopy and the K-means algorithm to analyze data performs consistently and dependably on the Hadoop platform and has a clustering result that offers a scalable and effective solution for power system monitoring.

Shunt Current Analysis of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery System with Multi-Stack Connections

Vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) systems with multiple stacks due to long lifetime, low self-discharge, and flexible design, are commonly used in large-scale electrical energy storage applications In a VRFB system, pumps deliver positive and negative electrolytes to each stack through a piping system including channels and manifolds. However, the electrolyte flowing between cells through channels and manifolds and the electrolyte flowing between stacks through pipes are electrically conductive. Shunt currents are generated due to the voltage difference between the cells and between the stacks, which reduce the energy efficiency of the battery system. In particular, under different load connections, the shunt currents of a multi-stack VRFB system have different distributions and cause different impairments to the system efficiency. Therefore, it is important to predict the shunt currents of the multi-stack system under different load connections before the actual construction of the system. In this paper, a multi-stack VRFB system with 120 cells was explored by circuit-based modeling to evaluate the shunt currents according to the stack configuration such as serial, parallel, and mixed connections.Then, the Coulomb efficiencies (CEs) were investigated with operating currents at 36 and 54A. The results show that shunt currents are generally more significant at the center cell of a stack than at other cells under these stack configurations and exhibit a positive correlation with the battery state of charge (SOC), i.e., larger shunt currents increase with SOC. In addition, the CEs of the system are higher at 54A compared to those at 36A due to smaller shunt current losses regardless of the stack configurations. Furthermore, regardless of the operating current levels, the multi-stack system connected by parallel loads achieves the highest CEs compared to the series and mixed connected systems due to the absence of shunt current losses in the piping system. Figure 1

Experimental and numerical investigations of a novel parallel double-stage crawler-track-shaped shear damper

In this study, a novel parallel double-stage crawler-track-shaped shear damper (PDCSD) was developed, which is fabricated using thin-walled steel plates. An asynchronized double-stage working mechanism was achieved based on the parallel energy dissipation (inner and outer crawler-track-shaped steel plates), restraining (upper and lower restraining plates), and load transfer (outer and inner blockers with initial clearance) systems. Accordingly, theoretical equations for the skeleton curve of the PDCSD and the design load for the load transfer system were proposed. The double-stage working mechanism and performance of the PDCSD were verified based on full-scale seismic and fatigue performance tests. Subsequently, based on refined finite element analyze, the working mechanism of the PDCSD was revealed and the theoretical equations were validated. A simplified model of the PDCSD with an emphasize on the hysteretic behavior was conclusively recommended and validated against the test and simulation results obtained from the refined numerical models, providing an accurate and efficient approach for the seismic response control of structures equipped with PDCSDs.

Open-source complex-geometry 3D fluid dynamics for applications with unpredictable heterogeneous dynamic high-performance-computing loads

We discuss the software implementation of a finite element method, intended for the simulation of complex-geometry 3D flows, using hardware resources effectively, including problems with a priori unknown, heterogeneous, and dynamic parallel computational load. Our fundamental choices of data structures, algorithm, and software design specifically target engineering resolution and accuracy requirements. Some of these choices are: unstructured grids (to explicitly resolve complex 3D geometries), tetrahedra-only computational elements (to enable automatic mesh generation), edge-based finite element scheme (to reduce indirect addressing for increased performance), distributed-memory parallel computing paradigm (to enable large problems), and Charm++ (https://charmplusplus.org) as the runtime system (to effectively use computing resources even in the presence of hardware heterogeneities and dynamic application requirements). We discuss aspects of the implementation that enable exercising unique features of the runtime system, e.g., the single Charm++ programming abstraction, overdecomposition, asynchronous execution, latency-hiding parallel communication and computation, task-parallelism, and dynamic load balancing via object migratability. Multiple test problems are used to verify and validate the numerical solutions and computational performance and scalability to high-performance computing environments are discussed. For maximum transparency and reproducibility, and to encourage future research, development, and use, the full source code, together with regression tests and documentation, is publicly available at https://xyst.cc.

Shunt current analysis of vanadium redox flow battery system with multi-stack connections

In vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs), the electrolyte flowing between cells through channels and manifolds and the electrolyte flowing between stacks through pipes are electrically conductive. Shunt currents are generated due to the voltage difference between the cells and between the stacks, and reduce the energy efficiency of the battery system. In particular, under different load connections, the shunt currents of a multi-stack VRFB system have different distributions and cause different impairments to the system efficiency. Therefore, it is important to predict the shunt currents of a multi-stack system under different load connections before the actual construction of the system. In this paper, a multi-stack VRFB system with 120 cells was explored by circuit-based modeling to evaluate the shunt currents according to the stack configuration such as having serial, parallel, and mixed connections. Thereafter, the Coulomb efficiencies (CEs), voltage efficiencies (VEs), and energy efficiencies (EEs) were evaluated at the operating current of 36 A and 54 A. The results show that shunt currents are generally more significant at the center cell of a stack than at the other cells under these stack configurations and exhibit a positive correlation with the battery state of charge (SOC), i.e., larger shunt currents increase with the SOC. In addition, the CEs of the system are higher at 54 A compared with those at 36 A due to smaller shunt current losses regardless of the stack configurations while the VEs and EEs show the opposite trend to the CEs. Furthermore, regardless of the operating current levels, the multi-stack system connected by parallel loads achieves the highest CEs and EEs compared with the series and mixed connected systems due to the absence of shunt current losses in the piping system.

An Innovative Design Approach for Resonant DC/AC Converters, Based on Symmetry in Their Operating Modes

The manuscript presents an innovative approach for the engineering design of resonant DC/AC converters used as sources of high-frequency electricity for a variety of needs: industrial and domestic applications, wireless power transmission, high-performance lighting, and more. The methodology is based on the generalized consideration of electromagnetic processes in a series resonant RLC circuit fed by a square-wave voltage source. Due to the symmetry in the form of the current in the AC circuit of the DC/AC converter, it is possible to generalize all their possible operating modes. This was realized by applying the quasi-boundary method to the analysis of resonant DC/AC converters with and without reverse diodes operating in soft and hard switching modes. On this basis, the transfer functions of the devices, which give the relationship between their output and input voltages, are defined and analytically determined. Additionally considered are cases of resonant DC/AC converters with complex output circuits, which are applied to match the load needs and the capabilities of the power electronic device. In this sense, the basic dependencies for designing the main types of resonant DC/AC converters using series and parallel load compensation are given. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is demonstrated through several examples, and their verification and validation is achieved with simulations and prototypes. The proposed innovative design approach is applicable not only in power electronics education, but also in the design and prototyping of a whole class of power electronic devices. The unification of design methodologies formalizes and algorithmizes the design process, which is an important step for its automation and for applying various optimization procedures to achieve certain goals.

Slotted lightweight steel sections for thermal improvement of building envelopes

AbstractThin‐walled steel sections are used as substructures in multi‐shell constructions of metal facades to create space for thermal insulation. They transfer parallel and vertical loads acting on the outer cladding into the load‐bearing system. Thus, they penetrate the layer of thermal insulation and form a thermal bridge. The resulting thermal losses can be e.g. compensated by higher insulation thicknesses or the change of material selection, but both options usually come along with an increased demand of material and additional costs. By inserting slots in the webs of the steel sections the thermal bridge effect can be reduced. The use of one‐piece substructures enables a faster and thus more cost‐effective installation compared to classic two‐part substructures consisting of a bracket and mounting rail system. Although linear components initially exhibit a greater thermal bridge effect, due to the prolongation of the heat flow through slotted webs these can be thermally improved. However, the insertion of slots weakens the section, which requires the consideration of its load‐bearing behaviour. The improvement of thermal behaviour and the reduction of the load‐bearing capacity is investigated in ongoing research. First results show that both thermal and structural requirements of building practice can be achieved by the investigated slotted steel sections.

Designing of a multi-frequency vibrator antenna on meander line with resonant loads and fragmented “floating ground”

Problem definition. Many VHF communication devices include multi-frequency vibrator antennas, among which a special place is occupied by the vibrator antennas with reactive loads as the most compact and simplest to produce. However, inductive loads usually used in practice don’t provide current cut-off at higher operating frequencies, which results in deformations of radiation patterns, and resonant circuits loads don’t provide sufficient shortening of the vibrator antenna due to appearance of shunt inductances. There is a need to formulate the new idea of the designing the multi-frequency vibrator antenna, which has absolutely another mechanism of work, is needed. Purpose. The purposes of this article are: to suggest the idea of the design the multi-frequency vibrator antennas, based on hybrid of meander line with parallel LC-circuits and fragmented “floating ground”; to form an equivalent scheme for calculating characteristics; to develop a methodology for calculating this type of antennas characteristics (input impedance, VSWR, current distributions over the vibrator and far-field radiation patterns); to do the calculation of characteristics of the monopole antenna on meander line with loads and to make an experimental check of the theoretical results. Results. A design of the multi-frequency vibrator antenna on meander line with parallel LC-circuits loads and fragmented “floating ground” is shown. An equivalent scheme for calculating antenna characteristics is given, an algorithm of calculation of input characteristics and current distributions over the antenna (both meander and “floating ground”) is described. The calculation of input impedance, VSWR, current distributions and radiation patterns of the vibrator antenna with two LC-circuits loads in meander line is done. An experimental check of the theoretical results in VSWR and far-field radiation patterns is made. Applicability of the proposed idea and methodology for the design the multi-frequency vibrator antennas on meander line is shown by analyzing calculated and experimental data. Practical significance. The results of this work can be used to design the multi-frequency VHF vibrator antennas with resonant loads, which have the identical radiation patterns at all operating frequencies.

A Survey of Accelerating Parallel Sparse Linear Algebra

Sparse linear algebra includes the fundamental and important operations in various large-scale scientific computing and real-world applications. There exists performance bottleneck for sparse linear algebra since it mainly contains the memory-bound computations with low arithmetic intensity. How to improve its performance has increasingly become a focus of research efforts. Using parallel computing techniques to accelerate sparse linear algebra is currently the most popular method, while facing various challenges, e.g., large-scale data brings difficulties in storage, and the sparsity of data leads to irregular memory accesses and parallel load imbalance. Therefore, this article provides a comprehensive overview on acceleration of sparse linear algebra operations using parallel computing platforms, where we focus on four main classifications: sparse matrix-vector multiplication (SpMV), sparse matrix-sparse vector multiplication (SpMSpV), sparse general matrix-matrix multiplication (SpGEMM), and sparse tensor algebra. The takeaways from this article include the following: understanding the challenges of accelerating linear sparse algebra on various hardware platforms; understanding how structured data sparsity can improve storage efficiency; understanding how to optimize parallel load balance; understanding how to improve the efficiency of memory accesses; understanding how do the adaptive frameworks automatically select the optimal algorithms; and understanding recent design trends for acceleration of parallel sparse linear algebra.

Examining the molecular origins of anomalously high H2O generation at oxide-passivated metal surfaces for plasma applications

Elucidating the mechanisms responsible for sub-microsecond desorption of water and other impurities from electrode surfaces at high heating rates is crucial for understanding pulsed-power behavior and optimizing its efficiency. Ionization of desorbed impurities in the vacuum regions may create parallel loads and current loss. Devising methods to limit desorption during the short time duration of pulsed-power will significantly improve the power output. This problem also presents an exciting challenge to and paradigm for molecular length-scale modeling and theories. Previous molecular modeling studies have strongly suggested that, under high vacuum conditions, the amount of water impurity adsorbed on oxide surfaces on metal electrodes is at a sub-monolayer level, which appears insufficient to explain the observed pulsed-power losses at high current densities. Based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we propose that hydrogen trapped inside iron metal can diffuse into iron (III) oxide on the metal surface in sub-microsecond time scales, explaining the extra desorbed inventory. These hydrogen atoms react with the oxide to form Fe(II) and desorbed H2O at elevated temperatures. Cr2O3 is found to react more slowly to form Cr(II). H2 evolution is also predicted to require higher activation energies, so H2 may be evolved at later times than H2O. A one-dimensional diffusion model, based on DFT results, is devised to estimate the water outgassing rate under different conditions. This model explains outgassing above 1 ML for surface temperatures of 1 eV often assumed in pulsed-power systems. Finally, we apply a suite of characterization techniques to demonstrate that when iron metal is heated to 650 ∘C, the dominant surface oxide component becomes α-Fe2O3. We propose such specially-prepared samples will lead to convergence between atomic modeling and measurements like temperature-programmed desorption.

Optimized load balancing mechanism in parallel computing for workflow in cloud computing environment

Cloud computing gives on-demand access to computing resources in metered and powerfully adapted way; it empowers the client to get access to fast and flexible resources through virtualization and widely adaptable for various applications. Further, to provide assurance of productive computation, scheduling of task is very much important in cloud infrastructure environment. Moreover, the main aim of task execution phenomena is to reduce the execution time and reserve infrastructure; further, considering huge application, workflow scheduling has drawn fine attention in business as well as scientific area. Hence, in this research work, we design and develop an optimized load balancing in parallel computation aka optimal load balancing in parallel computing (OLBP) mechanism to distribute the load; at first different parameter in workload is computed and then loads are distributed. Further OLBP mechanism considers makespan time and energy as constraint and further task offloading is done considering the server speed. This phenomenon provides the balancing of workflow; further OLBP mechanism is evaluated using cyber shake workflow dataset and outperforms the existing workflow mechanism.

Monitoring and Control System of Parallel Loads Electricity Consumption Based on IOT

This paper discusses the design of a power consumption monitoring using telegrams and LCDs. Monitoring of electrical energy consumption is carried out for overconsumption does not occur as well as safeguarding the electronic devices used. The relay will automatically disconnect the power source in every room when the power is overloaded and this condition is reported via the internet network with the Telegram application. To monitor power usage, it is necessary to measure it. Measurement in this study used a digital multi-meter and the PZEM-004T sensor. Measurements were made on ten electrical loads including Lights, fans, laptop chargers, cell phone chargers, soldering iron, grinders, iron hand drills, drill bits, and circular grinding wheels. The test to compare PZEM-004T and multimeter has been done, resulting in voltage error values of 0.048-1.347% and current error values of 0-35.484%. From the error value obtained in this test, it can be concluded that the PZEM004T is suitable for measuring current and voltage. Automatic control in the relay works when rooms 1, 2, 3, or 4 experience power readings that exceed the desired capacity. It will automatically cut off the voltage from the source so that excess power does not occur, the goal is to protect an electric circuit.