Load Balancing Routing Protocol Research Articles

A Comprehensive Survey of Load Balancing Techniques in Multipath Energy-Consuming Routing Protocols for Wireless Ad hoc Networks in MANET

As technology progresses, networking undergoes continuous evolution to align with contemporary trends. Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) have emerged as a pivotal technology facilitating communication among mobile nodes sans a central administering node. MANETs find diverse applications spanning communication networks to battlefield scenarios. Nonetheless, MANETs encounter various challenges, including load balancing, energy efficiency, packet loss, and connection failures. Routing, among these challenges, assumes a pivotal role in defining network performance and connectivity capacity within MANETs. Moreover, the energy consumption of mobile nodes, often reliant on batteries with limited rechargeability, presents a significant concern in MANETs. This paper delves into diverse techniques devised to tackle the issues of energy efficiency and load balancing in MANETs. Additionally, it offers a comparative analysis to consolidate the survey findings. The outcomes of this study enrich our comprehension of energy-efficient and load-balanced routing protocols in MANETs, thereby facilitating the design and deployment of efficient networking solutions.

Energy‐efficient multipath clustering with load balancing routing protocol for wireless multimedia sensor networks

AbstractWireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) has the capability of collecting scalar information, as well as multi‐media events like moving object tracking and traffic fatalities. Because energy in WMSNs is a constrained resource, several researchers offered cluster routing approaches, and most protocols generally do not offer an average resource usage of the network that is balanced and minimised. To address this issue, this paper proposes an Energy‐Efficient Multipath Clustering with Load Balancing Routing Protocol for WMSNs (EEMCL) to prolong the network lifetime. The suggested protocol, which segments the network into layers of clusters, would be implemented using multi‐hop. Sensing data from the sensor is transmitted to the sink by the main cluster heads in each layer, cooperating with the cluster heads in the upper layers. The proposed protocol improves energy dissipation, network life‐times, and network stability according to simulation results when compared with SEP, SEP‐E, and SEPFL protocols. The last node dead for the proposed protocol is at round 5833, 4027 for SEPFL, 2828 for SEP‐E, and 2325 for SEP.

STALB: A Spatio-Temporal Domain Autonomous Load Balancing Routing Protocol

Due to vehicle mobility, the topology of Vehicle Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) may change dynamically. High mobility, limited bandwidth, and dynamic network topology pose challenges for communication in the Internet of Vehicles (IoVs). Literature works have attempted to promote efficient (e.g., lower end-to-end latency) message forwarding. However, due to the uncertain direction of message forwarding and vehicle mobility, they suffer from unreachable destinations and unstable connections. This paper explores the efficient method of message forwarding to alleviate network congestion in IoVs. We propose a Spatio-Temporal domain Autonomous Load Balancing (STALB) routing protocol. Specifically, STALB is a trajectory-based method for controlling the direction of message forwarding. STALB can significantly reduce the end-to-end latency and overload ratio, since it considers the local status of network relay devices (i.e., buffer score, congestion status) from the spatio-temporal domain. Then, we present a path reconstruction mechanism, which ensures that messages are forwarded to destinations within limited Time-To-live (TTL). Extensive simulation results show that STALB significantly outperforms other baseline methods (BSaW, TDOR, and TBHGR) regarding overhead ratio, average delivery latency, and average buffer time. Especially, the delivery rate of STALB can reach 99.9% under the sparse network scenario (4,500 messages), at least 0.7% higher than other baseline methods. Similarly, the average delivery delay of STALB is at least 84.31% lower than that of other baseline methods under the dense network scenario (18,000 messages).

Energy and load balancing routing protocol for IoT

SummaryDue to the limitation of node energy resources, the management of energy consumption is one of the most important problems of the internet of things (IoT). Therefore, many studies have tried to optimize and manage energy consumption by focusing on different techniques. Although each of these studies has improved and optimized energy consumption, there are many important problems, including maintaining traffic balance and energy consumption of network nodes. Therefore, a new method is necessary to maintain the load and energy balancing of network nodes. Therefore, this paper introduces energy and load balancing routing protocol for IoT (ELBRP) based on the development of the RPL routing protocol and the efficiency of data distribution technique. The ELBRP performance has three steps. In the first step, along with the process of sending DODAG information object (DIO) messages, the status of network nodes is evaluated. In the second step, the DODAG communication graph is formed according to the ELBRP. In the third step, data transmission is done according to the distribution technique with the goal of balancing traffic and energy. The simulation results using cooja simulator showed the superiority of ELBRP in improving energy consumption and successful delivery ratio, reducing delay and increasing the network lifetime compared to the similar methods.

Performance Analysis and Evaluation of a Multi-Hop Routing Protocol for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

Researchers in wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) are constantly interested in designing and developing energy-efficient routing protocols. Numerous clustering routing protocols have been developed in recent years to overcome the limitation of consuming less energy and prolong the lifetime of sensor nodes in homogeneous and heterogeneous WMSNs. Existing approaches depend on single-hope communication, in which sensor nodes consume more energy and die faster. Inter-communication nodes can play an important role in reducing energy by transmitting data in a multi-hope fashion to the sink. An energy-efficient multi-path clustering with load balancing routing protocol for wireless multimedia sensor networks (EEMCL) is proposed in this study. In this protocol, the main cluster heads (MCHs) are preselected in each network cluster and filled with more energy than normal sensor nodes. The two secondary cluster heads (SCHs) with the highest energy nodes will be selected by the main cluster head algorithm. Moreover, inter-cluster multi-hop routing with the help of MCHs can enhance the network lifetime when the sink is located at the corner of the sensing field. The simulation results verify that the proposed multi-hop technique provides better performance than existing LEACH, LEACH-C, SEEN, and IEE-LEACH routing protocols in scenario 1 and when compared with CPMA in scenario 2. The last node dead (LND) for the proposed protocol is at round 5721, 2225 for LEACH, 2300 for LEACH-C, 2900 for SEEN, and 3160 for IEE−LEACH in scenario 1, while in scenario 2, the LND for the proposed protocol is at round 3820 and 435 for the CPMA routing protocol.

ECMS: Energy-Efficient Collaborative Multi-UAV Surveillance System for Inaccessible Regions

The evolution and popular adaptation of drone technology in diverse applications has necessitated advancement of UAV communication framework. UAVs inherently support features like mobility, flexibility, adaptive altitude, which make them a preferable option for dynamic surveillance of remote locations. Multiple UAVs can cooperatively work to accomplish surveillance missions more efficiently. However, the intermittent network connectivity and the limited onboard energy storage impose a great challenge on UAV-assisted remote surveillance. This paper presents an Energy-efficient Collaborative Multi-UAV Surveillance (ECMS) system for surveillance of inaccessible regions. The system employs an optimal Multi-UAV Collaborative Monocular Vision (MCMV) topology to facilitate the surveillance with zero blind spot using minimum number of drones. We also propose an application-aware Multi-Path Weighted Load-balancing (MWL) routing protocol for handling congestion by distributing traffic among all available resources in UAV network and adaptively selecting the of source datarate (i.e. switching video resolution). The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed surveillance system achieves coverage with lesser number of UAVs compared to the existing systems. It also achieves higher throughput, higher packet-delivery ratio, higher residual energy of UAVs, and lower end-to-end delay.

Congestion free opportunistic multipath routing load balancing scheme for Internet of Things (IoT)

Internet of Things (IoT) interconnects billions of devices to form a heterogeneous network over the Internet. The heterogeneous communication infrastructure of IoT opens a door for the research community to design new protocols by utilizing minimal resources of these tiny devices to achieve accurate results. Therefore, the research community suggests various techniques to resolve the load balancing issue of IoT and prolong the network lifetime. Although, these techniques are effective at some stage in managing the load balancing issue, they have some side effects on network performance such as high communication costs, end-to-end (E2E) delay, packet lost ratio (PLR), throughput, and individual sensor devices lifespan, etc. Therefore, an efficient lightweight load balancing routing protocol is needed to be developed to address the aforementioned issues in IoT networks. In this paper, Dynamic hop selection static routing protocol (DHSSRP) is proposed to resolve the load balancing issue of IoT networks in congestion-free and priority-based communication infrastructure. The proposed DHSSRP routing protocol priorities the sensitive/critical information of sensors devices with static routing and divert the neighbor’s sensor communication with an alternate hop selection path, which manages the network traffic in a congestion-free environment. The traffic management of the DHSSRP routing protocol based on priority-based information balances the energy consumption with a balanced traffic environment, which maximizes the lifespan of the deployed IoT devices in the network. The results captured during simulation for the proposed scheme were compared with the field-proven scheme, which showed a significant improvement for the metrics, such as communication cost, computational cost, traffic congestion, throughput, PLR, and network lifetime. Moreover, the results observed for an individuals sensor devices to participate in the network until the end-stage showed a 95.8 % result with the same onboard battery power.

Secure and load‐balanced routing protocol in wireless sensor network or disaster management

Distributed sensors are mainly used environment monitoring systems to monitor volcanic eruption, weather disaster, storm, tornadoes, hurricane, earthquake, and tsunami. The routing path of these networks is frequently affected by the presence of malicious and faulty nodes. The authors propose a secure, load-balanced routing (SLBR) protocol using wireless sensor networks for disaster management. The proposed protocol consists of a logical clustering technique and an efficient key management system. The improved moth-flame optimisation algorithm is used to compute the balanced clusters. The leader node is computed by the rank values with a tool of adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system. Then, the hybrid signcryption algorithm-based key management system for secure data transmission between the source node and destination node. The experimental result shows that the proposed SLBR protocol improves the security and balances the load compared to existing protocols.

A Path-Length Efficient, Low-Overhead, Load-Balanced Routing Protocol for Maximum Network Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks with Holes.

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with holes, designing efficient routing protocols, which prolong the network lifetime, is one of the most critical issues. To this end, this paper proposes a new geographic routing protocol for WSNs named the load Balanced and constant Stretch protocol for bypassing Multiple Holes (i.e., BSMH). In contrast to the existing works in the literature, the design of BSMH simultaneously takes into account the three factors that impacted the network lifetime, including routing path length, control packet overhead, and load balance among the nodes. Moreover, BSMH aims at minimizing the routing path length and the control overhead, while maximizing the load balance. We theoretically prove the efficiency of BSMH and extensively evaluate BSMH against the state-of-the-art protocols. The evaluation results show that the proposed protocol outperforms the others in various investigated metrics, not only network lifetime, but also routing path stretch, load balance, and control overhead. Specifically, BSMH prolongs the network lifetime by compared to the existing protocols while guaranteeing that the routing path stretch is under .

Channel Busyness Based Multipath Load Balancing Routing Protocol for Ad hoc Networks

Mobile ad hoc networks or MANETs are wireless networks designed to allow communication between mobile wireless nodes. In dense network areas, MANETs suffer mainly from frequent link failures and longer delays. These dense network areas are generally located in the core of the network, where the number of nodes as it is for network traffic is higher. A new parameter to measure the centrality of the network based on the channel busyness ratio is proposed. The proposed protocol called CBMLB is an enhancement of the already existing multipath protocol AOMDV. CBMLB tries to reduce load on central congested nodes that have a raised channel busyness ratio, by distributing load among available alternative paths. The proposed protocol relies on the least congested disjoint paths to route packets. A performance comparison with AODV, AOMDV and QMLB protocols shows that CBMLB performs well in terms of packet delivery ratio, end to end delay and communication overhead.

An Improved Dynamic Load Balancing Routing Protocol Based on Mesh Network

An improved dynamic load balancing routing protocol is proposed based on mesh networks. A cost-effective integrated link state routing algorithm is designed in this protocol, and the mechanism of real-time monitoring and adjustment is adopted in this algorithm for the link state. The source nodes with routing redundancy are notified actively, and the secondary routing is used or focused when the link changes greatly. Moreover, a real-time backoff algorithm is proposed in this protocol. The network fairness problem is solved when the multi-path task and the single-path task compete for the link. The simulation results show that the proposed protocol can effectively avoid the congestion of network nodes. Better dynamic load balancing effect can be achieved, and the utilization of network resources is improved.

Survey of load balancing routing protocols in MANET

Survey of load balancing routing protocols in MANET

A wireless paging network with load-balancing equal opportunity routing in high-rise building construction

The energy consumption of nodes is strictly limited in wireless sensor networks. The traditional direct delivery routing protocol is employed in the paging network of high-rise building construction elevators, which results in the high energy consumption and low successful delivery rate. A load-balancing equal opportunity routing protocol for wireless paging network is proposed in this work. The load-balancing equal opportunity routing protocol is a data transfer technique which maintains the network survivability by selecting the optimal path with both the lower energy consumption and the balanced network load. A load-balancing scheme gives equal opportunities for package transmission. A pager node delivers the packages by selecting a neighbor node with higher energy. The neighbor nodes in the coverage of the source node have an equal opportunity for routing. The sink node in the paging network broadcasts routing messages when moving along the track during the path selecting. The proposed load-balancing equal opportunity routing protocol is implemented and evaluated in a high-rise building construction elevator. The experimental results show that the average energy consumption of nodes is lowered with a balanced network load. It is estimated that successful delivery rate is increased by 55% but with a higher latency, and the network lifetime is prolonged.

A New Cooperative Balancing Routing (CBR) Protocol to Enhance the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have received significant interest in the research community because they can be embedded as a communication infrastructure in several applications. However, WSNs are energy sensitive. The critical issue in these networks is how to reduce the energy consumption and accordingly prevent network partitioning. Load balancing is a proposed solution to decrease the energy consumption during data exchange, which extends the network lifetime by distributing the data routing penalty among several nodes. In this paper a new load balancing routing protocol for WSNs has been proposed, which is called; Cooperative Balancing Routing Protocol (CBR). CBR looks forward across the elected paths, then chooses the path that minimizes the consumed energy taking into account the residual energy of the nodes. Accordingly, nodes have the ability to take accurate decisions to balance energy consumption during the routing process, which in turn prolongs the network lifetime and minimizes network partitioning. A simulation is presented and the results are compared with three related routing protocols are EAR, CLB and DGLP, the experimental results show that the CBR protocol increases the lifetime of WSNs by 37, 23 and 29% over that of EAR,CLB-routing and DGLP respectively.

Load Balanced and Link Break Prediction Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad hoc Networks

Load Balanced and Link Break Prediction Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad hoc Networks

An efficient protocol for load-balanced multipath routing in mobile ad hoc networks

In this paper, we propose a new routing protocol called the Least Common Multiple based Routing (LCMR) for load-balanced multipath routing in Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs). First, we find multiple paths between a source to a destination, when those exist, along with the estimates of the time to route a packet along each of these paths. The data packets originating from the source to the destination are then distributed along these multiple paths in such a way that the number of data packets sent along any such path is inversely proportional to the routing time through this path. This distribution strategy keeps the load balanced along all the paths so that the overall routing time for sending the data packets is minimized. Routes between a given source-destination pair are discovered in a way similar to that in the Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol with the difference that instead of the number of hops, the routing time for reaching the destination along every route is measured, and multiple routes, if those exist, will also be determined by the route discovery process. Our proposed technique for distribution of packets along different routes is very elegant with a better performance than the existing load-balanced routing protocols like Fibonacci Multipath Load Balancing (FMLB) and Multiple AODV (MAODV), as established from a theoretical analysis as well as through simulation results.

Secure, Reliable and Load Balanced Routing Protocols for Multihop Wireless Networks

Now days in many applications, the mobile ad hoc networks like multihop wireless network are increasingly used. The information exchange between two remote nodes is done according to routing protocols in which the communication is done by other intermediate nodes. Hence during the packet transmission from one node to another creates the chances security threats. All nodes in system are battery control subsequently the courses may break if the battery of any node lapses. Essentially the pernicious hub likewise frequently breaks the present ways. Because of the incertitude of hubs conduct, irregular choice of middle hubs will came about into ways security corruption. It also leads in serious threat of data transmission reliability as well as packet deliver ratio (PDR) performance. To alleviate such problems and prevent frequent route breaks in network, in this paper we propose the method which is reliable, secure, and load efficient routing protocol called LBSTAR. This protocol is designed on top of recent method E-STAR variants. With a trust-based and energy-aware routing protocol LBSTAR is load balancing algorithm which is trust method and payment systems. There were two variants of E-STAR method Best Available Route (BAR) and Shortest Reliable Route (SRR). By considering SRR and BAR functionality we designed LBSTAR to improve further performance of routing. The simulation results claims that proposed method achieves both energy efficiency and QoS efficiency compared to existing methods.

Secure key distribution with salr using wireless sensor network The major factors that lift the competence of Service Oriented Wireless Sensor Networks are Congestion control and transferring data securely. It is desirable to alter the routing and security outlines adaptively in order to retort effectually to the swiftly fluctuating Network State. Adding complexities to the routing and security schemes increases

Secure key distribution with salr using wireless sensor network The major factors that lift the competence of Service Oriented Wireless Sensor Networks are Congestion control and transferring data securely. It is desirable to alter the routing and security outlines adaptively in order to retort effectually to the swiftly fluctuating Network State. Adding complexities to the routing and security schemes increases

QSLB: queue size based single path load balancing routing protocol for MANETs

A mobile ad hoc networks MANETs is a collection of independent mobile nodes, which are able to communicate in the wireless medium without the assistance of any infrastructure. Because of the dynamic nature of MANETs and resources constraints of wireless medium, load must be distributed throughout the network based on some parameters. Otherwise, resources of the heavily loaded nodes deplete soon and those nodes could not participate further in the communication. So, network performance degrades due to the congestion. Load at the nodes situated in the centre of the network is higher as compared to the other part of the network. In this paper, we propose a load balancing technique that distributes the traffic throughout the network in such a way that load at the centre of the network decreases. Simulation results show that the proposed routing protocol distributes the load efficiently and improve the network performance.

QSLB: queue size based single path load balancing routing protocol for MANETs

A mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is a collection of independent mobile nodes, which are able to communicate in the wireless medium without the assistance of any infrastructure. Because of the dynamic nature of MANETs and resources constraints of wireless medium, load must be distributed throughout the network based on some parameters. Otherwise, resources of the heavily loaded nodes deplete soon and those nodes could not participate further in the communication. So, network performance degrades due to the congestion. Load at the nodes situated in the centre of the network is higher as compared to the other part of the network. In this paper, we propose a load balancing technique that distributes the traffic throughout the network in such a way that load at the centre of the network decreases. Simulation results show that the proposed routing protocol distributes the load efficiently and improve the network performance.