Load-balanced Multipath Routing Research Articles

Cross-Layer Based QoS Aware Load-balancing Multi-Path Routing Protocol over Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

Abstract: Currently, the utilization of WMSNs in different real-time and non-real-time applications requires an excessive amount of bandwidth for reliable data delivery. The unique features of WMSNs are significantly challenging in satisfying the QoS requirements in such application-specific environments and balancing the traffic load among the devices. The provision of reliable multipath routing is a cornerstone in fulfilling the QoS requirements of WMSNs. Selecting multiple optimal paths between a source and destination based on peculiar routing metrics enhances the performance of QoS routing. Generally, routing protocols exploit several routing metrics, such as delay, remaining energy of nodes, hop count, available bandwidth, and packet loss rate in path selection to attain high reliability in data delivery. Many existing routing protocols only consider the network layer parameters, whereas it lacks focus on the data link and physical layer parameters, which creates a severe impact on the degradation of QoS. In addition to that, varying bandwidth channels create interference in multimedia data delivery and degrade the network performance. Designing a multipath routing protocol by considering cross-layer parameters offer a promising solution to optimize the WMSN performance. In cross-layer design, diverse protocol layers support the routing decisions adaptively by perceiving the dynamic characteristics of the wireless medium, resulting in fair use of scarce resources with high QoS. A Cross-Layer Based QoS Aware Load-Balancing Multipath Routing Protocol over Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks was the goal of the study's five design objectives. The study and analysis of QoS and cross-layer-based routing algorithms for WMSNs was the initial goal. Secondly, a Deep Learning prioritization-based packet classifier to divide traffic according to priority. To ensure fair resource consumption and distribution of multimedia traffic, the third goal was to design and create a cross-layer optimizer model for optimal multiple disjoint route selection using machine learning techniques. The development of a cutting-edge channel-scheduling algorithm was goal four. It was designed to efficiently assign low-interference channels to communication devices in order to lower the packet drop rate in real-time packet delivery. Last but not least, a security method for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks' Cross-Layer based multipath routing protocol.

Energy and congestion-aware load balanced multi-path routing for wireless sensor networks in ambient environments

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), a large number of sensor nodes (SNs) equipped with batteries are randomly distributed around an area in order to detect and capture sensor data. In WSNs, congestion is created in the node due to inefficient load balancing and routing. We proposed the congestion-aware load balancing approach considering the highly dynamic traffic scenario. We proposed the traffic rate aware cluster formation for efficient load balancing using a harmony search algorithm. In addition, modified Giraffe kicking optimization has been used for clustering and routing. The load has been aggressively balancing, and the slot has been utilized the slot when no data packets are available with the owner node. The proposed work has been simulated and validated with state-of-the-art congestion-aware algorithms. In our simulation, we validate our proposal on several standard parameters such as network lifetime, throughput, re-transmission frequency, standard deviation of energy consumption etc.

Efficient Load Balancing with MANET Propagation of Least Common Multiple Routing and Fuzzy Logic

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a group of node that would interrelate among each other through one multi-hop wireless link, wherein the nodes were able to move in response to sudden modifications. The objective of MANET routing protocol is to quantify the route and compute the best path, but there exists a major decrease in energy efficiency, difficulty in hop selection, cost estimation, and efficient load-balancing. In this paper, a novel least common multipath-based routing has been proposed. Multipath routing is used to find a multipath route from source and destination. Load balancing is of primary importance in the mobile ad-hoc networks, due to limited bandwidth among the nodes and the initiator of the load routing discovery phase in the multipath routing protocol. Fuzzy logic for load balancing multipath routing in MANETs is proposed, which ensures the data packets are sent through a path with the variance of binary sets to predict the original transformation of the data to be received in the system. The main objective of the proposed system is to reduce the routing time of data packets and avoid the traffic based on multipath source and destination. The experimental results have to verify 96.7% efficiency in balancing the load.

An efficient protocol for load-balanced multipath routing in mobile ad hoc networks

In this paper, we propose a new routing protocol called the Least Common Multiple based Routing (LCMR) for load-balanced multipath routing in Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs). First, we find multiple paths between a source to a destination, when those exist, along with the estimates of the time to route a packet along each of these paths. The data packets originating from the source to the destination are then distributed along these multiple paths in such a way that the number of data packets sent along any such path is inversely proportional to the routing time through this path. This distribution strategy keeps the load balanced along all the paths so that the overall routing time for sending the data packets is minimized. Routes between a given source-destination pair are discovered in a way similar to that in the Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol with the difference that instead of the number of hops, the routing time for reaching the destination along every route is measured, and multiple routes, if those exist, will also be determined by the route discovery process. Our proposed technique for distribution of packets along different routes is very elegant with a better performance than the existing load-balanced routing protocols like Fibonacci Multipath Load Balancing (FMLB) and Multiple AODV (MAODV), as established from a theoretical analysis as well as through simulation results.

LBMR: Load-Balanced Multipath Routing for Wireless Data-Intensive Transmission in Real-Time Medical Monitoring.

In wireless networks, low-power Zigbee is an excellent network solution for wireless medical monitoring systems. Medical monitoring generally involves transmission of a large amount of data and easily causes bottleneck problems. Although Zigbee’s AODV mesh routing provides extensible multi-hop data transmission to extend network coverage, it originally does not, and needs to support some form of load balancing mechanism to avoid bottlenecks. To guarantee a more reliable multi-hop data transmission for life-critical medical applications, we have developed a multipath solution, called Load-Balanced Multipath Routing (LBMR) to replace Zigbee’s routing mechanism. LBMR consists of three main parts: Layer Routing Construction (LRC), a Load Estimation Algorithm (LEA), and a Route Maintenance (RM) mechanism. LRC assigns nodes into different layers based on the node’s distance to the medical data gateway. Nodes can have multiple next-hops delivering medical data toward the gateway. All neighboring layer-nodes exchange flow information containing current load, which is the used by the LEA to estimate future load of next-hops to the gateway. With LBMR, nodes can choose the neighbors with the least load as the next-hops and thus can achieve load balancing and avoid bottlenecks. Furthermore, RM can detect route failures in real-time and perform route redirection to ensure routing robustness. Since LRC and LEA prevent bottlenecks while RM ensures routing fault tolerance, LBMR provides a highly reliable routing service for medical monitoring. To evaluate these accomplishments, we compare LBMR with Zigbee’s AODV and another multipath protocol, AOMDV. The simulation results demonstrate LBMR achieves better load balancing, less unreachable nodes, and better packet delivery ratio than either AODV or AOMDV.

Load balancing maximal minimal nodal residual energy ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing protocol (LBMMRE-AOMDV)

Mobile ad hoc multipath routing protocols have attracted considerable research attention over the past decade, but the limited battery life of nodes remains a significant obstacle. Many researchers have designed multipath routing protocols that balance the data load between the generated paths, but there is always some tradeoff between conserving the nodes' energy and delivering data. In this paper, I introduce a load balancing (LB) multipath routing protocol based on maximal minimal nodal residual energy (MMRE) in the ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) protocol. The proposed LBMMRE-AOMDV protocol evaluates the generated paths based on the maximal nodal residual energy and the actual number of packets that could be transmitted over that path without depleting the nodes' energy. The performance of the proposed protocol was tested and evaluated using different scenarios and performance metrics, and achieved good results compared with MMRE-AOMDV and AOMDV. In particular, the proposed method can increase packet delivery and decrease the number of dead nodes, thus reducing the probability of network portioning.

Minimum cost load balanced multipath routing protocol for low power and lossy networks

Conventional shortest path routing mechanisms in low power and lossy networks (LLNs) impose excessive traffic load on some nodes and cause their early battery depletion. Load balancing via multipath routing is a promising solution to increase lifetime. This idea is practised by some algorithms, mostly through limited number of disjoint paths, to reduce inter-path interference. In this paper a proactive multipath routing algorithm called MRPL is proposed, based on the recent standard routing protocol for LLNs. The algorithm tries to distribute the traffic load through a set of braided paths, with the objective of maximizing the network lifetime and minimizing total transmission cost. The traffic distribution mechanism is formulated by a linear program and a heuristic method is proposed to implement it in a distributed manner. Simulation results provide enough evidence for energy and cost efficiency of the proposed routing mechanism.

Reliable and Load Balanced Multi-path Routing for Multiple Sinks in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks, the existing techniques for sink deployment consider load balancing and multipath routing. But the fault detection and recovery of sinks are rarely considered. In this paper, we propose to develop a Fault detection and recovery mechanism for multiple sinks. The nodes are grouped into clusters based on the data generation rate and multiple sinks are deployed in the clusters in which the data generation rate is more. An energy efficient multi path tree is constructed towards the sink and the aggregated data from the sensors are transmitted to their nearest sinks through this multi path tree. The rate adjustment value and the inter arrival delay of each path is calculated and sent back as a feedback to the source to by the respective sinks. Then the path with the minimum feedback value is chosen as the best path for transmission. When a failure occurs in a sink, then it can be detected based on delay and remaining energy. Once the fault sink is detected, then the data is transferred to another sink or the sinks are deployed again. From our simulation results, we show that an efficient load balanced multi path routing for multiple sinks is obtained and the fault detection and recovery can be made effectively.

Delay Aware and Load Balanced Multi-Path Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks, a multi-path routing based data gathering algorithm should consider the number of paths and the way to select these paths. The data transfer through these multiple paths should be performed in a load balanced way. There should be some detection technique for routing failures. In this paper, we propose to design a load balanced delay aware multi-path routing. It contains three phases: the multi-path construction phase, Data aggregation phase and the Data transmission phase. The sink calculates the inter-arrival delay and new data sending rate for all the paths and this information is sent as a feedback to the source such that the paths with minimum delay are chosen and the packets are distributed through these paths according to their new data sending rates. By our simulation results we show that our objectives are achieved through this method and so the multi-path routing has been enhanced.