Lo Stato Research Articles

How Republics Perish: Lodovico Alamanni, the Medici, and Transformational Leadership

ABSTRACT The goals of the present study are to relate the transactional and transformational aspects of modern leadership theory to the history of Medici rule and influence in Renaissance Florentine politics, and, at the same time, to test leadership models against the humanist debates on the accession of the Medici to power. I will focus on the Discorso sopra il fermare lo stato di Firenze nella devozione de’ Medici [Discourse on holding the State of Florence in devotion to the Medici], written in 1516 by Lodovico Alamanni (1488–1526), a prominent Florentine statesman. Alamanni’s Discorso relates to the first restoration of the Medici government and engages with a number of issues that animate Machiavelli’s political theory as well as other memoranda for the Medici contemporaneous with The Prince. I argue that the two categories of leadership—the transactional and the transformational—first proposed by James MacGregor Burns, provide a new way of specifying Alamanni’s intentions and, by comparison, those of contemporary authors, including Machiavelli. I will also demonstrate that Alamanni’s work exemplifies more vividly than other political writings of the Medici period an approach to leadership that is predicated upon the combination of the transactional and transformational paradigms.

Lo Stato come Employer of last resort

La proposta di H. Minsky di uno Stato come Employer of Last Resort offre una prospettiva alternativa con cui affrontare i problemi della povertà, della diseguaglianza e della disoccupazione strutturale, configurandosi come una policy che, pur partendo dal mercato del lavoro, ha il potenziale per coinvolgere l’intera società e trasformare in senso più equo e sostenibile il modello di sviluppo. L’articolo ne propone una disamina, affiancando all’analisi teorica una breve rassegna delle principali esperienze/sperimentazioni internazionali che traggono ispirazione dall’idea di ‘lavoro garantito’.

History & Geography

History & Geography Christopher T. Begg, Thomas Hieke, Victor H. Matthews, and Brian J. Meldrum Christopher T. Begg Catholic University of America Thomas Hieke Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz Victor H. Matthews Missouri State University Brian J. Meldrum Catholic University of America 1271. [Susiana in the 4th Millennium b.c.] Abbas Alizadeh, "Susiana in the 4th Millennium bc: Who Was in Charge?" Uruk, 1-25 [see #1690]. In this article, I seek, contra the current scholarly consensus, to show that the societal order in Susiana, situated in today's southwestern Iran, in the late 4th millennium was neither dominated by southern Mesopotamia nor collaborated with it. On the contrary, the changes in the settlement system were the result of an indigenous process, which began at the start of the 5th millennium b.c. and continued down to the emergence of the historically well-known Elamite dynasties. This thesis cannot, however, be based only on data from the 4th millennium b.c. nor ought it be limited to deep levels, given that the developments in question were part of a lengthy inter-regional process, which I present in this essay. [Translated and adapted from published abstract—C.T.B.] [End Page 463] Google Scholar 1272. [Elamite War Chariots and Military Equipment at Kabnak] Javier Álvarez-Mon and Yasmina Wicks, "Elamite War Chariots and Military Equipment at Ancient Kabnak (ca. 1400 bce)," JCS 73 (2021) 121-34. After having entered the 2nd millennium b.c.e. as a military superpower, Elam faded into historical obscurity upon its withdrawal from the broader ANE political scene in 1763 b.c.e. and only re-emerged much later as a major military player with a series of incursions into Mesopotamia in the 13th cent. culminating with the overthrow of the Kassites in 1155 b.c.e. During the intervening centuries between these periods of Elamite international activity, neither written nor archaeological sources offer clear indications that Elamite territory had come under the rule of any foreign power. Here we note that a reexamination of the evidence from the ancient settlement of Kabnak (modern Haft-Tepe), located some 17 km. southeast of the Elamite lowland capital of Susa, brought to light a mid-15 to mid-14th cent. b.c.e. state-controlled arsenal of war chariots and weaponry that may hold the key to understanding Elam's apparent continued resistance to outside forces during this period and its re-emergence as a military superpower in the 13th cent. [Adapted from published abstract—C.T.B.] Google Scholar 1273. [Current State of Samaritan Studies] Silvio Barbaglia, "Lo stato attuale degli studi: tendenze metodologiche e nodi da sciogliere," RSB 33 (1, 2021) 11-46. My article seeks to summarize the essential features of current scholarship on the "Samaritanism" phenomenon in its genetic relationship to Judaism in the Second Temple period in particular. In addition, the article also examines two elements of relevance for the current discussion, i.e., terminological questions concerning designations for the Samaritans, both by themselves and by others, with special attention to the phrase "Sidoni of Shechem" and the dating of the defining moment at some point during the reign of John Hyrcanus I, of the process of "Judaization" in the former territory of the kingdom of Israel. See also ##1030, 1274, 1279, 1305, 1624, 1624, 1635. [Adapted from published abstract—C.T.B.] Google Scholar 1274. [Material Culture and Sources concerning Samaria in the Persian and Hellenistic Periods] Francesco Bianchi, "Cultura materiale e fonte scritte nella Samaria achemendide ed ellenistica (539–110 a.C.)," RSB 33 (1, 2021) 47-89. This paper surveys the material culture of Samaria in the Achaemenid and Hellenistic periods. The extant archaeological evidence for the former period gives evidence of an increase in population and the development of a more specialized agriculture involving the cultivation of olive trees and vineyards. The Aramaic Samaria papyri dating to the years 400–353 b.c. witness to an elaborate administrative network and a slave trade conducted in accordance with Neo-Babylonian law. The most interesting feature of this period is the existence of a large numismatic corpus with its echoes of the...

«Lo Stato» and the new European order

«Lo Stato» and the new European order

Questioni di diritto patrimoniale canonico. Alcune riflessioni a partire dagli adempimenti conseguenti alla riforma italiana in materia di Terzo settore

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Lo stato dell’arte - 3. Enti ecclesiastici e Ets - 4. Enti ecclesiastici e liberta d’impresa - 5. Coerenza fra gli obblighi imposti dalla legge italiana e quelli previsti dal diritto canonico - 6. La scelta di adeguarsi alle norme italiane. I singoli adempimenti necessari. a) il regolamento - b) il patrimonio destinato - c) le scritture contabili. Canon property law issues. Some thoughts around the obligations arising from the new Italian Third Sector law ABSTRACT: The new Italian law in the field of the Third Sector provides for some burden on civilly recognized religious bodies, among which there are also Catholic ecclesiastical bodies. This paper deals with the canonical consequences of these obligations related to the general principles of Church law, as they are stated in the Code of Canon Law and the particular Italian canon law. The fulfillment of these government obligations is obviously not mandatory, however in many cases it may be timely, especially for institutions that already enjoy tax benefits that they could lose if they did not comply with the deadlines established by this new Italian law. Nevertheless, the central question is to verify whether certain obligations are lawful according to the Canon law. The essay raises the question of the provision of an “earmarked stock” and “internal rules” additional to their canonical Statutes, and especially the canonic assessment of commercial activities. If it is true that one has the right to do anything, but not everything is beneficial or constructive, catholic religious bodies should mind some questions before deciding to follow this law.

Leopardi Local and Global: Italian Society, European Modernity, and Poetry’s “Natural Duty”

Abstract The dialogue between antimodernist and Romantic elements in the work of the Italian poet Giacomo Leopardi fueled his thinking on the crucial issue of italianità, or “Italian identity.” Leopardi wanted to protect what was unique and enduring in Italian culture, especially its ancient Roman literary heritage, yet he understood that his divided, chaotic, stagnant country needed renewal and change, a recurring subject in his early patriotic odes. His ideas on Italy in the Discorso sopra lo stato presente dei costumi degl’italiani (Discourse on the Present State of the Customs of the Italians, ca. 1824) and in the “Palinodia al marchese Gino Capponi” (“Recantation for Marchese Gino Capponi,” 1835) are intertwined with his powerful defense of the social function of poetry. Leopardi exploits the aesthetic tensions resulting from the historical rift between ancient and modern literary concerns by brilliantly applying them to the contentious role of an isolated, politically fragmented Italy in an interdependent, internationalist world.

Koniec tajnej polityki?

The modern definition of the state refers to the notion of sovereignty and to the related notion of the national interest, which is accompanied by secret politics. Niccolò Machiavelli was the first thinker to advocate for the primacy of the national interest. He drew inspiration from the classic concept of arcana imperii (secrets of state) and his writings can be used to explain why the concept of the national interest has taken on a modern form and is inextricably linked to the mysterious dimension of politics. Machiavelli pointed out that power is accompanied by enforcement power and indescribable hypocrisy, and actions taken at the state level (lo stato) are unique and require protection. However, we now witness the disappearance of the mysterious dimension of politics. Information leaks, tape recordings, eavesdropping and candid photos cause public debates and lead to numerous political changes. In this situation, the concept of the national interest must be discussed again. The public justification for the national interest and concrete political solutions and goals implemented by the state could reduce citizens’ suspicion, which is fed on further leaks.

Ordine temporale e ordine spirituale nella riflessione di Aldo Moro: una lezione sottratta all’oblio

Contributo sottoposto a valutazione SOMMARIO : 1. Le carte e la storia – 2. Frammenti di una lezione: schemi di rapporti tra Stato e Chiesa – 3. Influenze sturziane sulla costruzione giusfilosofica di Aldo – 4. Storia e memoria per una ricerca in progress - Appendice. ABSTRACT I n 1978 thanks to the heirs and the Moro Foundation it was published the monograph: A. Moro, Lezioni di filosofia di diritto tenute presso l’ Universita di Bari. Il diritto 1944-45- appunti sull’esperienza giuridica: lo Stato 1946-47, Published by Cacucci of Bari. The work collects the lectures presented by the statesman at the University of Bari for a series of legal philosophy lessons during the academic years 1944-45 and 1946-47. The volume partially reproduces the original text, published many years before, in lithographed volumes, by another publisher. In the posthumous edition the chapter about ‘Church and State’ has been omitted. For the ecclesiastical science researcher, Aldo Moro’s considerations about the relationship between church and state appear unavoidable. The inexplicably obliterated pages are still applicable to these days, especially if compared to the contribution made by during the Constituent Assembly for the final draft of the Articles 7 and 8 of the Constitution. This study aims to go beyond the limits of an arid archival recovery, it not only aims to interpret the cultural dimension of the future constituent deputy, but it aims to identify the doctrinal sources that the young used for his reflections about the relationships between Church and State.

Otto per mille – włoski system finansowania związków wyznaniowych

Nel cont ribuito l’autore presenta il regime fiscale della Chiesa e diversi confessioni religiose in Italia, come una prospettiva per il legislatore polacco. Al presente la Polonia ha bisogno di cambiare il meccanismo finanziario in quanto il sistema odierno e sorpassato. Il governo e sforzato di cercare una opzione ottimale. La sistema di otto per mille e adeguato, perche il modello di separazione fra lo Stato e le religioni e simile di quello polacco. L’autore rappresenta la storia del sistema benefi ciale e poi descrive una caratteristica di 0,8%. O tto per mille – financing religious organizations in the system of Italian law Abstract In this article the author shows the manner of financing religious organizations in Italy as an alternative solution for the polish legislator. At the beginning she is presenting the historical background – the Lateran treaties (1929) under which the Italian government was paying a monthly salaries ( congrua ) to catholic clergymen as a compensation for the nationalization of Church properties. Then she is showing the functioning of the contemporary system which is called eight per thousand, or otto per mille. The new mechanism is based on the law under which all taxpayers are choosing to whom they want to assign a part of 0,8% from their annual income tax return between entitled religious organizations and State. On the one hand, the author is considering advantages of this fiscal policy aspect. On the other hand, she shows a criticism which is inherent in this type of regulation. In her opinion, the eight per thousand is a proposal worth considering during ongoing process of introducing radical changes in religious organizations financing system in Poland.

The Modernity of Machiavelli

LI j ACHIAVELLI'S PRINCE and to a lesser extent his Discourses on the History of Titus Livius achieved a quick and lasting fame, or at least notoriety.' The durability of this reputation is well merited. His work throws a sharp and intense, if somewhat monochromatic, light on the whole of the modern era, not only for his contemporaries who stood at its beginning, but also for us who stand almost at its end. In particular his thought can help us understand the two main institutions of modernity, the nation-state, and capitalism, even though he rarely uses the term state (lo stato) in its modern sense, and has little to say about economic matters. I come to Machiavelli in the spirit that he himself adopted toward the writings of the past. When he retired to his study to commune with his favorite authors of antiquity, he did not turn his back on the stormy times in which he lived; on the contrary, his approach to these writers was infused with his deep concern with the affairs of Italy and especially his beloved Florence. He studied the past in order to understand the present, and to draw lessons for himself and others about the condition in which Florence and Italy found themselves, and how this condition might be dealt with.

The Idea of Liberty in Machiavelli

Niccolo Machiavelli definitely falls within this class of thinkers. His political writings have frequently been made an arena for the clash of political ideologies that owe their origins to later ages. These debates, carried on over the prostrate bodies of II principe and the Discorsi, show no sign of ending. Recently, however, a small number of scholars have called attention to the need for a fresh approach, which seeks to gain an understanding of Machiavelli's ideas through a precise textual and contextual analysis of his use of language.1 These scholars have stressed, plausibly enough, that the way to avoid a distorted, anachronistic interpretation of Machiavelli is to refrain from applying rigid, preconceived, and technical meanings to his still fluid, pretechnical vocabulary. They point out that such a vocabulary is none the less susceptible of systematic investigation.2 The method suggested by this approach has already borne fruit in J. H. Whitfield's study of the idea of ordini in Machiavelli's thought3 and in J. H. Hexter's two articles on Machiavelli's idea of lo stato in II principe, articles which destroy the foundations of the raison d'etat

Italian Local Government

Most works on Italian local government are formalistic and legalistic. In the course of the'unification, 1859-61, the institutions of local government then existing in Piedmont were extended to the rest of the country; these institutions had been borrowed from the French; consequently the formal structure of Italian local government is very similar to the French. The original law on local government was the law of October 23, 1859, sull' amministrazione communale e provincial. Various relations and modifications to this law proposed by the Chamber of Deputies in the period 1862-64 are to be found in Camera dei Deputati, Sessione 1863-64, Documenti, Vol. I. The extension of this system of local government to all Italy provoked considerable opposition, particularly from the northern states. In Milan a school of federalist thought, led by Carlo Cattaneo and G. Ferrari, had a strong following for some time. Cattaneo's works are scattered but show a mind of exceptional quality. The best collection is ed. A. Bertani, Opere edite ed inedite di Carlo Cattaneo (3 vols., Florence, 1890). There is apparently no complete collection of Ferrari's works, but G. Schinetti has edited a small volume of Le piu belle pagine di G. Ferrari (Milan, 1927). The most notable supporter in political life of a different form of regional government was M. Minghetti, Minister of the Interior after the unification. He wrote a book on the subject, Le regioni (Florence, 1867), and his proposed law, with speeches, is to be found in his Discorsi parlamentari (Rome, 1888). In I partiti politici e la ingerenza loro nella giustizia e nell' amministrazione (Bologna, 1881), he developed a theme common to many writers of the period: that much of the malaise of political life was due to the occult influence of territorial groups, forced by the nature of the centralized state to maneuver in Parliament. Three important jurists of the late nineteenth century made similar criticisms in their writings on local government: G. F. Ferraris, Teoria del decentramento amministrativo (Palermo, 1898); G. Saredo, La nuova legge sulla amministrazione communale e provincial (2 vols., Turin, 1889); and Riccomanni, Lo Stato ed i poteri locali (Rome, 1873). A penetrating exposure of the situation which still existed after the Great War is in the Relazione della Commissione Parlamentare d'Inchiesta sull' ordinamento delle amministrazioni di Stato e sulla condizione del personae (2 vols., Rome, 1921). A coordinated and consolidated text of local government laws was issued by the Regio Decreto of March 3, 1934: Testo unico della legge communale e provinciale; an up-to-date version of this was edited by C. Martino and published in 1953 by Ilte in Turin. This text covers the administration, personnel, finance, tutelage, and recruitment of provinces, communes, and the government of Rome. A commentary on the text was made by A. Lentini, Commento al T. U. delta legge communale e provincial (Milan, 1950); the same author discussed the position of local government personnel in his Lo stato giuridico dei dipendenti