LO Distribution Research Articles

LO, NLO, and NNLO parton distributions for LHC event generators

We present NNPDF4.0MC, a variant of the NNPDF4.0 set of parton distributions (PDFs) at LO, NLO and NNLO, with and without inclusion of the photon PDF, suitable for use with Monte Carlo (MC) event generators, which require PDFs to satisfy additional constraints in comparison to standard PDF sets. These requirements include PDF positivity down to a low scale Q ~ 1 GeV, smooth extrapolation in the very small and large x regions, and numerically stable results even in extreme regions of phase space for all PDFs. We compare the NNPDF4.0MC PDFs to their baseline NNPDF4.0 counterparts, and to the NNPDF2.3LO set entering the Monash tune of the Pythia8 event generator. We briefly assess the phenomenological impact of these PDFs on the cross-sections for hard and soft QCD processes at the LHC.

A Dual-Band Dual-Polarized 2x2 Antenna Array with Beamforming for 5G AiP and mmWave Applications

In this study, we present a dual-band (28/39GHz) 2 by 2 antenna array design on a 10(4+2+4) multi-layer organic substrate with broad bandwidth and higher isolation onto a compact AiP module. In addition, the H-type slot antenna structure can improve interference and isolation between 28 and 39GHz bands. The measured result shows the isolation can larger than 15dB between low and high band. For antenna measurement, the spherical of probing chamber is utilized to validate 28/39GHz antenna pattern and performance with a package level passive testing. Our AiP measured result shows the return loss is better than 10 dB in 23.5-30.5 GHz range, with ~7 GHz bandwidth and provides a high-gain per element (above ~6 dBi) radiation pattern for 28GHz applications. For 39GHz band, the antenna has 7 GHz bandwidth and provides a 5 dBi gain between 38-45 GHz. Comparison of S-parameter between simulated and measured results, there is a good correlation to obtain the quality of manufacturing. Furthermore, a 28GHz beamforming array is designed and demonstrated. The beamfoming array consists of a four-channel transceiver with 2 x 2 antenna array. The beamformer IC is implemented by TSMC 90-nm CMOS technology and the flip-chip bonded on BT substrate. For beamforming test, an integrated socket and load board are designed for support the mmWave module and then connection between DUT and test system. The load board substrate includes the IF, LO, and DC distribution network for respectively. There are 4-channel transmit beamforming array front-end module for testing. Finally, the 3D beam steering of 2 by 2 antenna array is measured with multi-states at 28 GHz, with a maximum realized gain of 11.8 dBi achieved in the main beam (θ=0°). It shows that beamforming can be generated at a specific beam direction by controlling the phase of the signal in each antenna element.

Design and Analysis of 55–63-GHz Fundamental Quad-Core VCO With NMOS-Only Stacked Oscillator in 28-nm CMOS

This article presents a 55–63-GHz fundamental multicore voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) in a 28-nm bulk CMOS process. The single-core VCO utilizes stacking and magnetic coupling of two NMOS-based resonators, which increases the tank energy for phase noise reduction while maintaining low voltage swings for reliability. In the multi-core configuration, the oscillators are coupled in a way that also simplifies LO distribution toward the transmitter and receiver. The potential parasitic modes that occur both in single-core and multi-core configurations are suppressed by design. The implicit common-mode (CM) impedance control is utilized to reduce phase noise without any large extra tail inductor as used in a conventional complementary oscillator. The distributed nature of energy restoring elements in the proposed stacked oscillator also offers robust parasitic mode suppression compared to alternative implementation based on a conventional complementary oscillator. The working range of the prototype is between 55 and 63 GHz corresponding to a tuning range of 13.4% with power consumption varying from 15.3 to 12 mW across the tuning range. The prototype achieves the best phase noise of −95 and −121.7 dBc/Hz at 1- and 10-MHz offsets from the carrier at 55GHz. The corresponding peak figure of merits (FOMs) achieved are 178 and 185 dBc/Hz at 1- and 10-MHz offsets from the carrier.

High-Level Software Interface to the LLRF System Developed for the European Spallation Source Facility

The European Spallation Source (ESS) accelerator is composed of superconducting elliptical cavities. When the facility is running, the cavities are fed with an electric field from klystrons. Parameters of this field are monitored and controlled by the low-level radio frequency (LLRF) system. Its main goal is to keep the amplitude and phase at a given set point. The LLRF system is also responsible for the reference clock distribution. During operation, the cavities are periodically experiencing strain caused by the Lorentz force, while the high gradient of the electric field is generated for the beam acceleration. Even small changes in the physical dimensions of a cavity shift its resonance frequency. This phenomenon, called detuning, causes significant power losses. It is actively compensated by the LLRF control system, which can physically tune lengths of the accelerating cavities with stepper motors (slow, coarse-grained control) and piezo elements (active compensation during operation). This article describes the implementation and tests of the software supporting various aspects of the LLRF system and cavities management. The Piezo Driver management and monitoring tool is dedicated to a piezo controller device. The LO distribution application is responsible for configuration of the local oscillator. The cavity simulator tool was designed to provide access to properties of the hardware device, emulating behavior of the elliptical cavities. IPMI Manager Software was implemented to monitor the state of MicroTCA.4 crates, which are a major part of the LLRF system architecture. All applications have been created using the experimental physics and industrial control system (EPICS) framework and built in the ESS EPICS Environment (E3).

A 76–81-GHz Four-Channel Digitally Controlled CMOS Receiver for Automotive Radars

This paper presents a fully-integrated 76-81 GHz four-channel digitally controlled receiver (RX) in 65-nm CMOS, which utilizes a four-channel RX front-end with high linearity, an LO distribution network, and a reconfigurable 4-channel analog baseband (ABB). It achieves high integration level and is capable of flexible reconfigurability automotive radars with wide and flattened temperature characteristic. Each RX front-end consists of a low noise amplifier (LNA) employing a neutralized common source (CS) with configurable high-linearity and an active mixer with linearity-priority design. Additionally, a bias circuit with positive temperature coefficient is used for temperature compensation of the millimeter wave (mm-Wave) amplifiers and mixer. The RX chain offers tunable gain and bandwidth (BW) with digital control and bandwidth tuning for the ABB. The measured results show that the RX achieves an input 1-dB compression point (P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in,1dB</sub> ) of -7 dBm and a noise figure of 11-26 dB across a temperature range from -45 to +125°C, both over the range of 76-81 GHz. The RX has a tunable gain from 18 to 66 dB over the 3-dB programmable IF BW from 0.1 to 10 MHz. The power consumption of the entire receiver is 0.52 W.

Architecture and Circuit Choices for 5G Millimeter-Wave Beamforming Transceivers

As 5G takes advantage of the vast amount of available spectrum in the mmWave bands, system and circuit designers face new challenges to create efficient, high-performance phased array transceivers. This article covers scaled CMOS circuit and system tradeoffs for large mmWave power consumers including the PA, LO generation, and LO distribution, in the context of mobile link requirements and beamforming system architectures. We survey a selection of published mmWave transceivers relevant to 5G communications and provide insight into tradeoffs made in practice. Finally, we discuss the application of these concepts toward E-band 71-76 GHz circuit blocks in the Intel 22FFL FinFET process with measurement results.

A Ka band CMOS LO distribution buffer using transformer-based three-way power divider

A Ka band CMOS LO distribution buffer using transformer-based three-way power divider

A 65 nm CMOS Wideband Radio Receiver With &lt;inline-formula&gt; &lt;tex-math notation="LaTeX"&gt;$\Delta \Sigma $&lt;/tex-math&gt; &lt;/inline-formula&gt;-Based A/D-Converting Channel-Select Filters

This paper presents a wideband quadrature radio receiver employing $\Delta \Sigma $ -based A/D-converting channel-select filters (ADCSFs). The output of the quadrature passive mixer is directly connected to the input of the ADCSFs, where a first-order $\Delta \Sigma $ modulator is incorporated into a fourth-order Butterworth channel-select filter (CSF) to provide sufficient dynamic range for a cellular system. A design methodology for the ADCSF is derived, where the transfer function of the CSF is preserved. The 65 nm CMOS receiver has a frequency range of 0.6–3.0 GHz and can be programmed to support the 2xLTE20, LTE20, and LTE10 bandwidths. The receiver noise figure varies from 2.3 to 3.9 dB, with a current consumption in 2xLTE20 mode between 33 mA at 0.6 GHz and 44 mA at 3.0 GHz from a 1.2 V supply, including 10–21 mA for LO phase generation and distribution. The SNDR is 47–51 dB at an LO frequency of 1.8 GHz.

Measurement of jet charge in dijet events froms=8 TeVppcollisions with the ATLAS detector

The momentum-weighted sum of the charges of tracks associated to a jet is sensitive to the charge of the initiating quark or gluon. This paper presents a measurement of the distribution of momentum-weighted sums, called jet charge, in dijet events using 20.3 fb$^{-1}$ of data recorded with the ATLAS detector at $\sqrt{s}=8$ TeV in $pp$ collisions at the LHC. The jet charge distribution is unfolded to remove distortions from detector effects and the resulting particle-level distribution is compared with several models. The $p_T$-dependence of the jet charge distribution average and standard deviation are compared to predictions obtained with several LO and NLO parton distribution functions. The data are also compared to different Monte Carlo simulations of QCD dijet production using various settings of the free parameters within these models. The chosen value of the strong coupling constant used to calculate gluon radiation is found to have a significant impact on the predicted jet charge. There is evidence for a $p_{T}$-dependence of the jet charge distribution for a given jet flavor. In agreement with perturbative QCD predictions, the data show that the average jet charge of quark-initiated jets decreases in magnitude as the energy of the jet increases.

A Compact, Supply-Voltage Scalable 45–66 GHz Baseband-Combining CMOS Phased-Array Receiver

This paper presents a four-element phased-array receiver which achieves 38% fractional bandwidth around 55 GHz. Baseband phase-shifting is employed to eliminate wideband phase-shifters, power dividers, and quadrature splitters operating at millimeter-wave frequencies. Antenna weighting and combining are accomplished using a highly digital Cartesian phase-shifter and current summation, respectively. Transformer-coupling techniques are introduced in the LNA to simultaneously achieve wide bandwidth, reduced noise figure, gain boosting and neutralization. Cascode-free and folded topologies are used throughout to enable operation from a scalable supply voltage. To overcome challenges associated with wideband LO distribution, the LO network employs multiconductor transmission lines to distribute four-phase LO signals. The LO distribution network is absorbed into the LO buffers and terminated by distributed LC loads near the I/Q mixers in each phased-array element. The phased-array receiver is fabricated in a 45 nm SOI CMOS process and achieves 26.2 dB (20.2 dB) of element gain over 21 GHz (19 GHz) of 3 dB bandwidth with 5.5 dB/9.8 dB (7.7 dB/12 dB) minimum/maximum NF while dissipating 30 mW/element (14 mW/element) from a 1.1 V (0.6 V) supply voltage. The worst case -1 dB (input) compression is -28 dBm at 1.1 V. A worst case coupling of 26 dB (45 dB) is measured between adjacent (nonadjacent) elements. The IF bandwidth is 1.2 GHz, limited by the wirebond and PCB interface to the chip. The design occupies only 0.225 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> per element including LO buffer/distribution.

Next-to-leading order QCD corrections for the charmonium production via the channele+e−→H(|cc¯⟩)+γaround theZ0peak

In our previous work [2], it has been found that sizable charmonium events via the channel $e^+e^- \to \gamma^*/Z^0 \to H(|c\bar{c}\rangle) +\gamma$ can be produced at the suggested super $Z$ factory, where $H(|c\bar{c}\rangle)$ represents the dominant color-singlet $S$-wave and $P$-wave charmonium states $J/\psi$, $\eta_c$, $h_c$ and $\chi_{cJ}$ ($J=0, 1, 2$), respectively. As an important step forward, in the present paper, we present a next-to-leading order (NLO) QCD analysis within the framework of nonrelativistic QCD. In different to the case of $B$ factory in which the single charmonium production is dominated by the channel via a virtual photon, at the super $Z$ factory, its cross-section is dominated by the channel via a $Z^0$ boson. Estimations up to NLO level are done at both the $B$ factory and the super $Z$ factory experimental conditions. We observe that the NLO distributions have the same shapes as those of LO distributions, but their differences are sizable. This indicates that a NLO calculation is necessary and important to achieve a more accurate estimation. Due to $Z^0$ boson resonance effect, at the super $Z$ factory with a high luminosity up to $10^{36}{\rm cm}^{-2}{\rm s}^{-1}$, when summing all the color-singlet states' contribution together, one may observe about $8.0\times10^{4}$ charmonium events via the channel $e^+e^-\to Z^0 \to H(|c\bar{c}\rangle)+\gamma$ in one operation year. Then, such super $Z$ factory could provide another useful platform to study the charmonium properties, even for the higher charmonium states.

QCD correction to gluino decay to in the MSSM

We calculate the complete next-to-leading order QCD corrections to the three-body decay of gluino into top pair associated with a lightest neutralino in the minimal supersymmetric standard model. We obtain that the LO and NLO QCD-corrected decay widths of at the SPS6 benchmark point are 0.1490 and 0.1069 GeV respectively, and the relative correction is −28.2%. We investigate the dependence of the QCD correction to on tan β and the masses of gluino, scalar top quarks and the lightest neutralino around the SPS6 benchmark point, separately. We find that the NLO QCD corrections suppress the LO decay width, and the absolute relative correction can exceed 30% in some parameter space. Therefore, the QCD corrections to the three-body decay should be taken into account for the precise experimental measurement at future colliders. Moreover, we study the distributions of the top-pair invariant mass () and the missing energy (Emiss) and find that the line shapes of the LO distributions of and Emiss are not obviously distorted by the NLO QCD corrections.

Low Power Wideband Receiver and Transmitter Chipset for mm-Wave Imaging in SiGe Bipolar Technology

This paper presents a chipset aiming at high resolution imaging systems for real-time people screening applications operating near the W-band. The frequency of operation ranges from 70 GHz to 82 GHz for optimal image resolution and depth of focus. The frequency generation for both receiver and transmitter chips consists of a mixer based frequency quadrupler with an input amplifier requiring -20 dBm of input power. The receiver RFIC contains 4 channels including LO generation and distribution. The measured receiver conversion gain is 23 dB with a SSB NF around 10 dB over a wide frequency range from 70 GHz up to 82 GHz. The transmitter RFIC includes LO generation, distribution and 4 output amplifiers with an output power of more than 0 dBm in a frequency range from 70 GHz to 82 GHz. Both ICs are supplied from a single 3.3 V supply voltage and the power consumption is 180 mW/channel for the receiver and 145 mW/channel for the transmitter.

A 65 nm CMOS 4-Element Sub-34 mW/Element 60 GHz Phased-Array Transceiver

This paper describes a low power and element-scalable 60 GHz 4-element phased array transceiver implemented in a standard 65 nm CMOS process. Using a 1.2 V supply, the array consumes <;34 mW/element including LO synthesis and distribution. Energy and area efficiency are achieved by utilizing a baseband phase shifting architecture, holistic impedance optimization, and lumped-element based design. Each receiver (RX) element provides 24 dB of gain with an average noise figure (NF) of 6.8 dB while the total saturated output power of the transmitter (TX) is 4.5 dBm. The array achieves 360° of phase shifting range with a worst-case measured phase resolution of 6 bits (TX)/ 5 bits (RX) while maintaining amplitude variations less than ±0.5 dB.

An Efficient Mixed-Signal 2.4-GHz Polar Power Amplifier in 65-nm CMOS Technology

A 65-nm digitally modulated polar transmitter incorporates a fully integrated, efficient 2.4-GHz switching Inverse Class-D power amplifier. Low-power digital filtering on the amplitude path helps remove spectral images for coexistence. The transmitter integrates the complete LO distribution network and digital drivers. Operating from a 1-V supply, the PA has 21.8-dBm peak output power with 44% efficiency. Simple static predistortion helps the transmitter meet EVM and mask requirements of 802.11g 54-Mb/s WLAN data with 18% average efficiency.

능동 위상 배열 레이더의 디지털 수신기 제작 및 측정

최근의 다기능 레이더는 능동 위상 배열 안테나 구조를 이용하고 있다. 열약한 클러터 환경에서 표적을 탐지하기 위해서는 레이더 수신기의 동적 영역이 커야 한다. 능동 위상 배열 안테나 구조를 이용한 구조의 레이더는 SNR(Signal-to-Noise Ratio)를 향상시키지만, SFDR(Spurious Free Dynamic Range)은 개선되지 않는다. 본 논문에서는 높은 SFDR을 갖는 X-밴드 능동 위상 배열 레이더의 다채널 디지털 수신기를 설계하고 제작하였다. 32개의 T/R(Transmit/Receive) 모듈이 한 채널의 디지털 수신기와 연결되어 있다. 디지털 수신기내에 RF부, ADC부, 로컬 분배부 및 디지털 하향변환부가 존재하고, 한 개의 조립체 내에 2채널의 디지털 수신기가 포함되어 있다. 상용 FIFO 보드를 이용하여, 디지털 출력 신호에 대해, 디지털 수신기 주요 특성을 측정하였다. 제작된 디지털 수신기의 이득은 33 dB이고, SFDR은 81 dBc 이상이다. Active phased array antenna structure is used for modern multi-function radars. To search targets in high clutter environment, the radar receiver needs high dynamic range performance. Though active phased array antenna structure lead to increase of SNR, the SFDR is not increased. In this paper, high SFDR receiver of X-band active phased array radar was designed and manufactured. One channel digital receiver is connected to 32 T/R modules and one PCB assembly is composed to 2 channel digital receivers with RF part, ADC part, LO distribution part and digital down conversion part. A commercial FIFO board was used for digital receiver measurement about major performance in digital output signal condition. The measured digital receiver gain and SFDR is 33 dB and more than 81 dBc each.

Analytic solution to leading order coupled DGLAP evolution equations: A new perturbative QCD tool

We have analytically solved the LO perturbative QCD singlet DGLAP equations [V. N. Gribov and L. N. Lipatov, Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 15, 438 (1972)][G. Altarelli and G. Parisi, Nucl. Phys. B126, 298 (1977)][Y. L. Dokshitzer, Sov. Phys. JETP 46, 641 (1977)] using Laplace transform techniques. Newly developed, highly accurate, numerical inverse Laplace transform algorithms [M. M. Block, Eur. Phys. J. C 65, 1 (2010)][M. M. Block, Eur. Phys. J. C 68, 683 (2010)] allow us to write fully decoupled solutions for the singlet structure function ${F}_{s}(x,{Q}^{2})$ and $G(x,{Q}^{2})$ as ${F}_{s}(x,{Q}^{2})={\mathcal{F}}_{s}({F}_{s0}({x}_{0}),{G}_{0}({x}_{0}))$ and $G(x,{Q}^{2})=\mathcal{G}({F}_{s0}({x}_{0}),{G}_{0}({x}_{0}))$, where the ${x}_{0}$ are the Bjorken $x$ values at ${Q}_{0}^{2}$. Here ${\mathcal{F}}_{s}$ and $\mathcal{G}$ are known functions---found using LO DGLAP splitting functions---of the initial boundary conditions ${F}_{s0}(x)\ensuremath{\equiv}{F}_{s}(x,{Q}_{0}^{2})$ and ${G}_{0}(x)\ensuremath{\equiv}G(x,{Q}_{0}^{2})$, i.e., the chosen starting functions at the virtuality ${Q}_{0}^{2}$. For both $G(x)$ and ${F}_{s}(x)$, we are able to either devolve or evolve each separately and rapidly, with very high numerical accuracy---a computational fractional precision of $O({10}^{\ensuremath{-}9})$. Armed with this powerful new tool in the perturbative QCD arsenal, we compare our numerical results from the above equations with the published MSTW2008 and CTEQ6L LO gluon and singlet ${F}_{s}$ distributions [A. D. Martin, W. J. Stirling, R. S. Thorne, and G. Watt, Eur. Phys. J. C 63, 189 (2009)], starting from their initial values at ${Q}_{0}^{2}=1\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$ and $1.69\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$, respectively, using their choice of ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}({Q}^{2})$. This allows an important independent check on the accuracies of their evolution codes and, therefore, the computational accuracies of their published parton distributions. Our method completely decouples the two LO distributions, at the same time guaranteeing that both $G$ and ${F}_{s}$ satisfy the singlet coupled DGLAP equations. It also allows one to easily obtain the effects of the starting functions on the evolved gluon and singlet structure functions, as functions of both ${Q}^{2}$ and ${Q}_{0}^{2}$, being equally accurate in devolution (${Q}^{2}&lt;{Q}_{0}^{2}$) as in evolution (${Q}^{2}&gt;{Q}_{0}^{2}$). Further, it can also be used for nonsinglet distributions, thus giving LO analytic solutions for individual quark and gluon distributions at a given $x$ and ${Q}^{2}$, rather than the numerical solutions of the coupled integral-differential equations on a large, but fixed, two-dimensional grid that are currently available.

A Fully Integrated 2 $\times$ 1 Dual-Band Direct-Conversion Mobile WiMAX Transceiver With Dual-Mode Fractional Divider and Noise-Shaping Transimpedance Amplifier in 65 nm CMOS

This paper presents a fully integrated 2 RX × 1 TX dual-band direct-conversion mobile WiMAX transceiver in a 65 nm CMOS technology. The frequency division ratios of 4 for the low band (2.3-2.7 GHz) and 8/3 for the high band (3.3-3.8 GHz) are employed to provide high immunity to the VCO pulling and to cover the entire frequency range with a single VCO. A distribute-then-fractional frequency plan is proposed to provide the frequency division ratios without degrading the LO signal integrity in the LO distribution path. The proposed plan is achieved by an inductor-less LO distribution with a novel compact dual-mode fractional divider. A noise-shaping transimpedance amplifier (TIA) is also proposed to mitigate the flicker noise of scaled CMOS devices. The two receivers consume 214.1 mW and 247.7 mW in the low-band and the high-band operations, which are lower than the power consumption of the mobile WiMAX transceivers reported previously. In spite of the low power consumption, the receivers achieve the total noise figure of 3.8 dB and 4.5 dB in the low-band and the high-band operations by virtue of the proposed noise-shaping TIA.

A Zero-IF 60 GHz 65 nm CMOS Transceiver With Direct BPSK Modulation Demonstrating up to 6 Gb/s Data Rates Over a 2 m Wireless Link

This paper presents a directly modulated, 60 GHz zero-IF transceiver architecture suitable for single-carrier, low-power, multi-gigabit wireless links in nanoscale CMOS technologies. This mm-wave front end architecture requires no upconversion of the baseband signals in the transmitter and no analog-to-digital conversion in the receiver, thus minimizing system complexity and power consumption. All circuit blocks are realized using sub-1.0 V topologies, that feature only a single high-frequency transistor between the supply and ground, and which are scalable to future 45 nm, 32 nm, and 22 nm CMOS nodes. The transceiver is fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS process with a digital back-end. It includes a receiver with 14.7 dB gain and 5.6 dB noise figure, a 60 GHz LO distribution tree, a 69 GHz static frequency divider, and a direct BPSK modulator operating over the 55-65 GHz band at data rates exceeding 6 Gb/s. With both the transmitter and the receiver turned on, the chip consumes 374 mW from 1.2 V which reduces to 232 mW for a 1.0 V supply. It occupies 1.28 times 0.81 mm2. The transceiver and its building blocks were characterized over temperature up to 85deg C and for power supplies down to 1 V. A manufacturability study of 60 GHz radio circuits is presented with measurements of transistors, the low-noise amplifier, and the receiver on slow, typical, and fast process splits. The transceiver architecture and performance were validated in a 1-6 Gb/s 2-meter wireless transmit-receive link over the 55-64 GHz range.

A High IIP2 Direct-Conversion Receiver Using Even-Harmonic Reduction Technique for Cellular CDMA/PCS/GPS Applications

A high IIP2 direct-conversion receiver for cellular CDMA/PCS/GPS has been developed in a 0.35 mum SiGe BiCMOS process. This receiver consists of a RF front-end chip and a base-band chip. The RF front-end chip includes three LNAs, three mixer cores with a common output stage, and LO distribution blocks. The base-band chip includes a channel selection filter, an output buffer, and a DC calibration block. To achieve high IIP2 performance, an even-harmonic reduction technique is proposed based on a simplified analysis of second-order intermodulation. A 40-dB improvement of the IIP2 performance is accomplished by this technique, which reduces sensitivity to operating conditions and to output load mismatches. This receiver also attains high IIP3 and a low-noise figure. Measurement results show 71 dBm IIP2, -1.3 dBm IIP3, and 2.4 dB NF for Cellular CDMA; 68 dBm IIP2, - 3.7 dBm IIP3, and 2.9 dB NF for PCS; and 26 dBm IIP2 -30 dBm IIP3, and 2 dB NF for GPS.