LNG Consumption Research Articles

Thermodynamic and economic analysis of multi-generation system based on LNG-LAES integrating with air separation unit

LNG consumption is rising globally, releasing significant cold energy during regasification. Coupling LNG vaporization with liquid air energy storage (LAES) maximizes this cold energy recovery, enhancing LAES efficiency. However, current LNG-LAES systems face issues like insufficient high-grade cold energy use and high liquid air temperatures. LAES's inability to recover LNG cold energy during energy release necessitates cold storage fluid, increasing costs. Safety concerns also arise from LNG and air coexisting in the same heat exchanger, and LNG vaporization fluctuations can destabilize LAES operations. This study proposes a multi-generation system (LNG-LAES-ASU) incorporating an air separation unit (ASU) to address these challenges. The ASU recovers LNG cold energy during energy release, adapts to LNG vaporization fluctuations, and reduces ASU energy consumption. Energy, economic, and peak-shaving performance analyses show the system achieves a 91.07 % round-trip efficiency (RTE). The ASU's average energy consumption is 0.1356–0.1506 kWh/Nm³ O₂, much lower than a standalone ASU's 0.4 kWh/Nm³ O₂. Over 30 years, the system yields a net present value (NPV) of $56,111,291 and a dynamic payback period of 3.23 years. Its peak-shaving capacity is 2.47–2.57 times greater than LNG-LAES alone. This research offers valuable insights into efficient LNG cold energy utilization.

Конъюнктура мирового рынка СПГ в условиях санкционного давления

The article reveals aspects of the situation on the global LNG market in the context of sanctions pressure on Russian LNG enterprises, and suggests ways for Russian LNG enterprises to adapt to these conditions. The conditions of sanctions pressure on Russian LNG enterprises are described and the impact of sanctions on the LNG industry is revealed. The conducted research is based on statistical data from Russian and foreign sources. Aspects of the global LNG market environment include: an increase in the scale of LNG production in the world, the use of innovative gas liquefaction technologies, the development of a system for organizing and managing the transportation of liquefied gas, an increase in the number of states purchasing LNG for their needs, changes in the volume of LNG production and consumption in the world. The analysis presented in the article of the prospects and directions of development of this market in the future, as well as the main economic and technical factors influencing its functioning, and its conditions over the past five years have shown that this market is actively developing. The authors come to the conclusion: Russian LNG exporting enterprises have managed to adapt to the current competitive market conditions of global LNG trade, diversify their capacities and transport logistics, and have also significantly expanded the possibilities of transporting LNG along the Northern Sea Route.

LightGBM을 사용한 LNG 및 HFO 연료 소비 예측 모델링

LightGBM을 사용한 LNG 및 HFO 연료 소비 예측 모델링

中国天然气消费需求的影响因素分析及对策研究

中国天然气消费需求的影响因素分析及对策研究

КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ ПОТЕРЬ ПРИ ОБОРОТЕ НА ОБЪЕКТАХ МАЛОТОННАЖНОГО ПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ СЖИЖЕННОГО ПРИРОДНОГО ГАЗА

The small-scale liquefied natural gas industry is an emerging industry that is already profitable and highly scalable, with significant potential for further expansion. The industry has advantages in generating electricity for industrial and domestic needs in remote areas, as it allows gasification of facilities without direct connection to the main natural gas pipeline. Small scale LNG businesses can benefit from the ongoing active transition to low-carb energy as market and regulatory pressure increases. Losses of marketable products arising from the operation of low-tonnage LNG consumption facilities should be taken into account when balancing the balance sheet.

Autoregressive Distributed Lag model study of an alternative fuel, Liquefied Natural Gas, used on ships and its effect on the environment

The increase in global trade and manufacturing has caused an increase in ship transportation, from 16 % to about 90 %, of the number of goods transported internationally, and this has caused an increase in the consumption of Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO), which is the predominant fuel used in the maritime industry. The use of HFO not only affects the environment, but also affects the maintenance of a ship’s machinery. This work investigates the effect of an alternative fuel, Liquefied Natural Gas, on the environment and the maintenance of ship machinery. It employs an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to ascertain the impact of HFO consumption and natural gas consumption on the CO2 emission rate. It also reviews the works that have been done on the impact of alternative fuels on ship maintenance, the effect of HFO on the environment, and the maintenance cost periodicity of vessels. The result of the model shows that an increase in the consumption of HFO increases the emission of CO2 and other greenhouse gases more than when natural gas is used. Also, an increased HFO consumption increases the CO2 emission of both the current year and the next year as per the lags, whereas an increased LNG consumption reduces the CO2 emission of the current year and decreases the CO2 emission of the preceding year. The reviewed works indicate that the use of alternative fuels reduce the maintenance cost and the maintenance periodicity of a vessel. It also shows that the use of HFO affects the environment negatively.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ КОНЦЕПЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ МАЛОТОННАЖНОГО СПГ В РОССИИ ДЛЯ МАГИСТРАЛЬНОГО АВТОТРАНСПОРТА

This paper proposes a variant of using the existing infrastructure of gas filling stations for receiving LNG at the place of local consumption. As a scientific novelty the map of optimal location of modernized gas-filling stations is presented, important in terms of practical value is the presented principle technological scheme of realization of LNG receipt at AGKNS, the conclusion about prospects of growth of LNG consumption in case of modernization of CNG-filling stations is made

역류 방지형 초저온 체크밸브의 유동해석에 관한 연구

As part of reducing environmental pollutants by recent fossil energy, use of natural gas is gradually increasing. Since the pollution materials generated during combustion as compared to the fossil energy contains less worldwide, LNG consumption has been increasing rapidly. Cryogenic check valves to be used in the LNG carrier are dependent on imports for the total amount so that it needs domestic production. Back flow prevention check valve is located in the flow of the linear fluid. It is opened when the flow direction is forward. When the flow is reversed, the valve is automatically closed by back pressure. A number of studies relating to the shape and internal flow of the check valves have been conducted since they are used in the general industrial applications. However, there are hardly any fluid engineering studies in internal flow field for the case for cryogenic temperature check valves. Therefore, the purpose of this study is obtain the coefficient of flow meter and pressure drop values to develop a check valve for cryogenic back flow prevention for LNG by analyzing the pressure distribution, velocity distribution, and stream line distribution inside the valve through the flow analysis according to the flow rate of the valve. This study also intends to provide the basic design data of the check valve for the cryogenic temperature check.

Thermo-economic analysis of a natural gas liquefaction plant

Increasing worldwide energy demand requires the replacement of fossil fuel sources with clean and alternative ones to limit the chances of a climate collapse. In this scenario, natural gas supplies approximately 30% of total energy demand and is forecasted to become increasingly important in the near future. SOx emission limits for maritime transportation redefined by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the implementation of the European Directive for Alternative Fuels Infrastructure (DAFI) are going to produce a fast growth in LNG consumption in the coming decades. A thermo-economic analysis of a natural gas liquefaction plant has been conducted. The scheme is a simplified version of ConocoPhillips Optimized Cascade process that takes into account all principal components such as compressors, heat exchangers, after coolers and storage tanks. The aim of this paper is firstly a thermodynamic analysis of a three-pressure levels plant and, secondly, an economic evaluation of the solution, in order to compare the cost of LNG produced with its price on the market. In the end, sensibility analyses have been executed to consider market price variations and estimation errors concerning assumptions made.

Theoretical and experimental validation study on automotive air-conditioning based on heat pipe and LNG cold energy for LNG-fueled heavy vehicles

As a clean fuel, LNG has been used in heavy vehicles widely in China. Before reaching the engine for combustion, LNG store in a high vacuum multi-layer thermal insulation tank and need to be evaporated from its cryogenic state to natural gas. During the evaporation, the available cold energy of LNG has been calculated. The concept has been proposed that the separated type heat pipe technology is employed to utilize the available cold energy for automotive air-conditioning. The experiment has been conducted to validate the proposal. It is found that it is feasible to use the separated type heat pipe to convey the cold energy from LNG to automotive air-conditioning. And the cooling capacity of the automotive air-conditioning increase with the LNG consumption and air flow rate increasing.

Oxygen blast furnace with CO2 capture and storage at an integrated steel mill – Part II: Economic feasibility in comparison with conventional blast furnace highlighting sensitivities

This article is part II of the series of two papers regarding the application of oxygen blast furnace (OBF) in Ruukki Metals Ltd.’s existing steel mill, located in city of Raahe, Finland. The economic assessment presented in this paper is based on the technical modelling presented in part I of the study. OBF with CCS would lead to large reductions in CO2 emissions but also OBF without CCS would decrease emissions significantly due to decreased coke consumption. From economic point of view, other important consequences of OBF process are increased LPG or LNG (liquefied petroleum gas or liquefied natural gas) consumption, decreased electricity production (increased purchase from markets), required investments and CO2 transportation and storage costs. As CCS processes typically, especially application of OBF is a trade-off between decreased electricity production and decreased emissions. Therefore a correlation between CO2 price development and electricity price development is of interest. In this paper, several sensitivity analyses are presented with different prices for CO2, electricity and other parameters. The results present the sensitivity of different options in terms of economic feasibility for large CO2 reductions in the integrated steel mill based on blast furnace process.

LNG Distributed Energy Brings New Opportunity for Port Power Optimization in China

This article tries to bring you an idea that using LNG distributed energy system in domestic ports. Ports used LNG instead of diesel as fuel for container trailers and bulk cargo loaders. The quantity of LNG consumption of port is in small scale with this way. LNG distributed energy will be good for port power optimization. It can decrease emission and improve port environment. Under the rapid growth and development of LNG application in China, it’s time to study this subject now. At the end of article, the author gives some questions about how to well use LNG distributed energy for deep studies in the future.

Estimation of the building energy loads and LNG demand for a cogeneration-based community energy system: A case study in Korea

We analyzed energy consumption by a newly constructed part of a city in Korea to forecast the LNG demand for 14years. The electricity, heating, cooling, and hot-water demands for a cogeneration-based CES (Community Energy System) accommodating 86,000 people in 29,000 houses are estimated using load models developed through direct measurements and statistical surveys. Based on published occupancy rates and forecasts of the rate of increase in energy consumption by third parties through independent study, the energy demands were driven in the form of 8760-h time series for each of the 14years. Next, we simulate the demand–supply matching processes of a specifically chosen cogeneration engine for the CES to forecast the LNG consumption and the electricity trade for each year. We simulated the demand–supply matching processes with an automation tool specifically developed for this study. The methodology we established in this study can be applied to similar problems which may arise anywhere in the world.

Theoretical and experimental study on a self-refrigerating system for LNG-fueled refrigerated vehicles

LNG-fueled vehicle has been regarded as a promising substitute of the diesel vehicle owing to its clean burning characteristics. Especially for refrigerated vehicles, an additional advantage is that recovering of the LNG cold energy during vaporization will provide the refrigerating effect and therefore reduce the engine power used to drive the conventional vapor–compression system (VCS). This study focuses on analysis of the feasibility of a self-refrigerated vehicle by recovering the cold energy of LNG fuel. A prototype of a self-refrigerating system was constructed and its refrigeration performance has been investigated experimentally. The interrelations of the refrigerating temperature, the cooling capacity and the consumption rate of LNG fuel were studied. The temperature field uniformity and the temperature falling characteristics of the refrigerated compartment were discussed in this paper. The experiment results showed that the refrigerating temperature of the compartment could be kept lower −20 °C when the LNG consumption rate is larger than 5.607 kg/h. On the basis of the theoretical analysis, this value of LNG consumption rate could be achieved when the power output of the engine (CY4102CNG) for the LNG-fueled refrigerated vehicle is more than one third of its maximum output power (75 kW) under the full-load operating condition. The original mechanical refrigeration unit (Carrier Viento 200) could be totally substituted by the proposed self-refrigerating system under this condition. Furthermore, the study on the temperature dropping and temperature field uniformity characteristics of the refrigerated compartment showed that a satisfactory result can be achieved.

Process study and exergy analysis of a novel air separation process cooled by LNG cold energy

In order to resolve the problems of the current air separation process such as the complex process, cumbersome operation and high operating costs, a novel air separation process cooled by LNG cold energy is proposed in this paper, which is based on high-efficiency heat exchanger network and chemical packing separation technology. The operating temperature range of LNG cold energy is widened from 133K–203K to 113K–283K by high-efficiency heat exchanger network and air separation pressure is declined from 0.5MPa to about 0.35MPa due to packing separation technology, thereby greatly improve the energy efficiency. Both the traditional and novel air separation processes are simulated with air handling capacity of 20t·h−1. Comparing with the traditional process, the LNG consumption is reduced by 44.2%, power consumption decrease is 211.5 kWh per hour, which means the annual benefit will be up to 1.218 million CNY. And the exergy efficiency is also improved by 42.5%.

Predicting the flammable region reach of propane vapor clouds

Liquified gas fuels are widely used around the world, and the growth of LNG and LPG consumption continues to increase. However, using these fuels can lead to accidents if they are released to the environment. Consequently, the challenge to control and predict such hazards has become an objective in emergency planning and risk analysis. In a previous article the “Dispersion Safety Factor” (DSF) was proposed, defined as the ratio between the distance at which the lower flammability limit concentration occurs and that corresponding to the visible contour of a vapor cloud. Its interest was demonstrated by applying it to the specific case of an LNG spill. With the appropriate modifications, this factor may be applied to the dispersion of other substances; in this communication it is applied to the atmospheric dispersion of propane, and two expressions are proposed to estimate it. Due to the similarity between the properties of both gases, these expressions could probably be applied as well to the dispersion of propylene.

파이버 레이저를 이용한 LNG선용 STS316L의 용접특성

오늘날 지구온난화, 환경오염 및 주요 에너지원인 화석연료의 고갈에 대한 우려가 높아지면서, 전세계적으로 신재생에너지 및 청정에너지에 대한 관심이 급격하게 증가하고 있다. 따라서 화석연료의 대체 및 SOX, NOX와 같은 오염물질을 적게 배출하는 청정에너지로써 LNG가 폭넓게 사용되고 있다. 그로인해 LNG의 소비는 급격하게 증가하고 있으며, 그것을 운반하기 위한 LNG선의 수요 또한 수십 년 동안 크게 증가하였다.<BR> 본 연구에서는 LNG선의 생산성을 향상시키기 위해 LNG선용 스테인리스강에 대한 용접에 고출력 파이버 레이저를 이용하였다. 사용된 재료는 탄소 함유량이 0.03% 이하의 STS316L이며 두께는 8mm이다. 최대출력 5kW의 파이버 레이저를 열원으로 사용하여 비초점거리, 겹치기 용접 그리고 맞대기 용접에 대한 실험을 진행하였다. 실험결과, 겹치기 용접의 경우 2.0m/min, 맞대기 용접의 경우 3.0m/min의 용접속도까지 접합이 가능하였다.

A complementarity model for the European natural gas market

In this paper, we present a detailed and comprehensive complementarity model for computing market equilibrium values in the European natural gas system. Market players include producers and their marketing arms which we call “traders”, pipeline and storage operators, marketers, LNG liquefiers, regasifiers, tankers, and three end-use consumption sectors. The economic behavior of producers, traders, pipeline and storage operators, liquefiers and regasifiers is modeled via optimization problems whose Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) optimality conditions in combination with market-clearing conditions form the complementarity system. The LNG tankers, marketers and consumption sectors are modeled implicitly via appropriate cost functions, aggregate demand curves, and ex post calculations, respectively. The model is run on several case studies that highlight its capabilities, including a simulation of a disruption of Russian supplies via Ukraine.

ＬＮＧ冷熱利用発電

With the increased consumption of LNG, more and more attention is given to the utilization of LNG-based cryogenic energy in various industries. Tokyo Electric has been involved in the development of cryogenic power generating systems with high efficiency and good load following capability to attain the goal of energy conservation. In 1979, as the first of its kind in the world a demonstration plant built by us in the premises of the Sodegaura Power Station was successfully put into operation. This 442kW demonstration unit adopted the direct expansion/propane Rankin system consuming LNG at the rate of 10tons/hour, which was selected among other systems and passed thorough design review in terms of system optimization best suited configuration and control system during the conceptual design stage.This was followed by another 241kW demonstration unit with 5ton/hour LNG consumption adopting mixed working fluid Rankine cycle system in December, 1980.They were subjected to various tests to verify their plant performance, load following capability, durability etc. under a number of conditions and proved suitable for commercial operation. Tokyo Electric as a utility company consuming more than half the total LNG imports, is promoting a commercial cryogenic power plant project in view of energy conservation through the utilization of cryogenic energy.We disire to make it efficient and best designed by incorporating the technologies established by and experiences acquired from the demonstration units, and also latest operational and technological suggestions given by other cryogenic power plants in operation.