Livestock Policy Research Articles

The Role of Extension Services in Implementing Livestock Policies

Purpose: The general objective of the study was to explore the role of extension services in implementing livestock practices. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to the role of extension services in implementing livestock practices. Preliminary empirical review revealed that extension services played a crucial role in the implementation of livestock policies by bridging the gap between policy formulation and practical application. Extension services significantly enhanced farmers' adoption of health and biosecurity measures, sustainable practices, and modern technologies. It was found that areas with robust extension services showed higher compliance with livestock policies, leading to improved productivity and animal health. The study recommended increasing investment in extension services, enhancing training for extension agents, and utilizing digital tools to extend the reach and effectiveness of these services. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Diffusion of Innovations Theory, Theory of Planned Behaviour and Knowledge Transfer Theory may be used to anchor future studies on the role of extension services in the implementation of livestock practices. The study recommended enhancing theoretical frameworks to incorporate socio-economic and cultural contexts of livestock farmers, improving the capacity and training of extension agents, and leveraging digital tools for wider reach and efficiency. It also advised increasing government investment in extension services, integrating them with other agricultural support services, and tailoring policies to local conditions. Additionally, the study emphasized fostering strong partnerships among stakeholders to create a supportive environment for farmers, thereby enhancing the overall impact of extension services and livestock policies. Keywords: Extension Services, Livestock Policies, Policy Implementation, Capacity Building, Digital Tools, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)

Integrating Indigenous Knowledge into Livestock Policy Formulation

Purpose: The general study sought to understand the integration of indigenous knowledge into livestock policy formulation. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to the integration of indigenous knowledge into livestock policy formulation. Preliminary empirical review revealed that indigenous knowledge systems offer significant value to sustainable and resilient livestock management. It found that participatory policy-making, which includes indigenous communities, leads to more effective and inclusive policies. The study identified gaps in current policy frameworks, particularly the lack of systematic documentation and integration of indigenous knowledge, and recommended measures to address these gaps. It emphasized that aligning national policies with international frameworks like UNDRIP can enhance global sustainability efforts, improve food security, and promote biodiversity conservation. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Social-Ecological Systems Theory, Traditional Ecological Knowledge Theory and Participatory Action Research Theory may be used to anchor future studies on integrating indigenous knowledge into livestock policy formulation. The study made several key recommendations, contributing to theory, practice, and policy. Theoretically, it suggested expanding the Social-Ecological Systems (SES) and Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) frameworks to include indigenous livestock practices. Practically, it recommended documenting indigenous knowledge through community-based repositories and implementing training programs combining traditional and modern practices. Policy recommendations included involving indigenous representatives in policy-making processes, formally recognizing indigenous knowledge in policy documents, and aligning national policies with international frameworks like the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). These steps aimed to enhance sustainability, equity, and resilience in livestock management. Keywords: Indigenous Knowledge, Livestock Policy, Social-Ecological Systems (SES), Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), Sustainable Livestock Management, Resilience

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN KEDAH, MALAYA (1909–1940): THE KEY TO ACHIEVING FOOD SECURITY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, AND RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION UNDER THE BRITISH

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN KEDAH, MALAYA (1909–1940): THE KEY TO ACHIEVING FOOD SECURITY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, AND RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION UNDER THE BRITISH

Rural Development Strategies through Livestock Policy

Purpose: The main objective of the study was to investigate the rural development strategies through livestock policy.
 Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library.
 Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to rural development strategies. The study underscored the significance of livestock farming as a crucial component of rural development strategies worldwide, emphasizing its multifaceted role in providing income, employment, food security, and cultural heritage, particularly in developing countries. It highlighted the need for context-specific and evidence-based livestock policies tailored to diverse socio-economic, environmental, and cultural realities, promoting sustainable resource management and addressing rural poverty and inequality. Additionally, it emphasized integrating holistic development objectives such as gender equity, social inclusion, and climate resilience into livestock policy frameworks to maximize social, economic, and environmental benefits. Lastly, the study stressed the importance of continuous monitoring, evaluation, and adaptive management in livestock policy implementation to foster learning-oriented processes and enhance resilience and responsiveness to evolving dynamics in rural areas. Overall, the study highlighted the pivotal role of livestock policy in shaping rural development trajectories and improving the well-being of rural communities.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Dependency theory, Institutional theory and Political Ecology theory may be used to anchor future studies on rural development strategies. The study yielded several recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of livestock policy interventions in promoting rural development. These recommendations included prioritizing inclusive livestock extension services, improving access to credit and financial services, integrating climate-smart livestock practices, supporting value-adding and market access initiatives, investing in livelihood diversification, and promoting participatory policy processes. By implementing these recommendations, policymakers and stakeholders aimed to enhance the resilience, sustainability, and inclusivity of rural development efforts, ultimately improving livelihoods and fostering sustainable rural transformation.

Distribution of Grazing Paths and Their Influence on Mountain Vegetation in the Traditional Grazing Area of the Tien-Shan Mountains

In the Tien-Shan Mountains, Ili Prefecture, Xinjiang, China, the livestock industry has experienced rapid growth in recent decades. However, this expansion has led to increased overgrazing behavior, resulting in the proliferation of grazing paths and a decline in vegetation cover. These factors are considered the main causes of vegetation degradation in the region. To investigate this issue, we conducted a study utilizing unmanned aerial vehicle imagery in the Zollersay Mountains of Ili to examine the distribution of grazing paths and their effects on mountain vegetation, including grassland and Malus sieversii. The results of our study revealed that grazing paths in the area exhibited various formations, including parallel, oblique intersection, and grid. On the hilltop, the grazing paths were not only shorter but also wider, whereas on the hillside, they were denser, indicating a higher concentration of livestock trampling events. It was found that grazing path density played a pivotal role in grassland degradation, with a negative correlation observed between grazing path density and indicators such as the grassland quality index and grass vegetation coverage. As grazing path density increased, the damage inflicted on Malus sieversii by livestock also intensified. However, as the trees grow older, their height surpasses the feeding range of livestock, resulting in reduced grazing impact. The findings of our study carry significant implications for developing scientifically informed livestock policies and promoting the conservation of wild fruit forests.

Economic, social and environmental effects of reducing dairy methane emissions through market-based policies: An application of the Livestock Policy Simulation Model

Several technological approaches to mitigate methane dairy emissions are available; however, assuming that technological change alone generates the necessary incentives to accelerate emissions reduction is risky. Without adequate market signals, producers might choose not to use the technologies available or to the desired extent. Addressing this economic problem requires altering producers’ and consumers’ behaviour by introducing incentives or constraints. Employing the livestock policy simulation model, we examine the effects of reducing methane emissions in the dairy sector under different market-based policy instruments. We used the primary dairy sector in Uruguay as a case study. The results show that a policy mix combining a set of market-based instruments can be more effective than a single policy instrument alone.

Impact of Climate Change on Sustainable Pastoral Livelihoods in Loima Sub-County, Turkana County, Kenya

Climate change and variability have adversely affected communities’ pastoral livelihoods in Kenya. The study aimed to investigate sustaining pastoral livelihoods in a changing climate in Loima Sub-County, Turkana County, Kenya. A total of 59 pastoralists were interviewed using a questionnaire. The data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software Version 22. SPSS employed descriptive statistical techniques like frequencies, percentages, cross-tabulations and proportions, means, and standard deviation. Pie charts, graphs, figures, and tables were used to present the data analysis output. Climate has been observed to vary continuously by pastoralists. Climate hazards mostly reported were livestock diseases and the frequency of droughts. The findings also indicated that livestock keepers preferred to graze their livestock on mountains/hills. Pasture and water availability and security determine the pattern of livestock movement. Pastoralists adopted various strategies to cope with climatic changes. Some of these strategies included diverse utilisation of livestock products, controlled grazing, herd diversification, and labour distribution among household members. In conclusion, climatic change and variability effects on the livelihoods of the pastoralists are evident. However, they have diversified ways of adapting and coping with these catastrophes to sustain themselves. To avert the effects of climate change, Turkana agriculture extension officers should focus on value addition to livestock products, provision of livestock insurance schemes, veterinary services, and livestock disease surveillance. Furthermore, agriculture extension needs to develop and enforce livestock policies and develop appropriate contingency plans. Among the policies recommended are- the management of grazing areas, regulations on migratory routes, and rules governing the use of water sources.

What does it mean for urban life to see livestock grazing in post-industrial American cities?

Until the nineteenth century, American urban dwellers cohabited with livestock and cities formed ecologically diverse spaces. In the late nineteenth century, a series of urban livestock policies coupled with industrial agricultural transformations displaced livestock to urban fringes and rural areas. These developments radically altered human–animal relationships in the urban context, limited economic opportunity and over time have shaped contemporary issues of food access and food justice within cities. Post-industrial cities in the United States, such as Detroit, are characterised by patterns of urban shrinkage and high levels of vacancy. Within this context, urban farming has emerged as a framework and movement to stabilise communities, address local food access and leverage vacancy towards new models of occupation. In 2013, the City of Detroit Urban Agricultural Ordinance was passed to formalise decades of community-driven urban agricultural practices. The ordinance provides guidelines for urban farms and gardens and for managing allied resources. Deliberation on urban agriculture and livestock ordinances continues today. While existing policies provide a framework for food-based development of neighbourhoods, they remain focused on the incremental scale of existing single-family housing and adjacent vacant plots versus larger assemblages that may participate in the production of new urban collectives and assemblages. Detroit’s current context presents opportunities to scale operations via new urban design typologies and socially integrated models that leverage vacancy to construct alternate, collective models of urban life. A speculative urban design proposition for Riverbend Farming Cooperative is presented and proposes a courtyard-based cooperative farming development incorporating permaculture and animal husbandry within a formerly residential superblock as an alternative model of urban development. Through this design speculation, the article reflects upon the social, economic and ecological potentials for cohabiting with livestock and illustrates opportunities and challenges for new models of community development balancing social, environmental and economic interests through new models of agri-urbanism.

Analyzing The Effects of Livestock Policies on Farm-level Efficiency in Turkey; Thrace Region Case

The effect of agricultural subsidies on the efficiency of farms is one of the main issues discussed today. Dairy farming benefits from various types of subsidies and take a lion share from the agricultural support budget. In this context, this study has four important aims. Firstly, to analyze the technical efficiency of dairy farms, secondly, to investigate the effects of policy tools on efficiency, thirdly to determine factors affecting efficiencies and finally to bring proposals. This study was carried out in Thrace Region of Turkey and interviewed with 140 dairy farmers. The three-stage method was applied in this study. The technical efficiency and policies effects on efficiency were determined by using Data Envelopment Analysis. Tobit Analysis was used to investigate the relationship between efficiency and farmer or farms-oriented characteristics. The results of Data Envelopment Analysis show that average efficiency scores are 0.700 under constant return to scale, 0.795 under variable return to scale and 0.886 for scale efficiency. The technical efficiency increases by 1.13%-2.43% thanks to subsidies and the scale efficiency is 1.35% higher. It is noteworthy that subsidies affect efficiency positively but provide a small improvement, also the effects vary across the farm-scale groups. According to Tobit Analysis, the education level of farmers, the share of livestock in total income, family size and whether tend to give up farming are significantly affecting efficiency. It is recommended for governments should provide subsidies to increase the scale of small farms that work with increasing return to scale and to improve the technology of larger farms that work with decreasing return to scale.

Scaling up of livestock production for sustainable livelihood: An empirical study from Sirajganj district of Bangladesh

Livestock is a vital component of the complex farming system in Bangladesh. This focuses towards he contribution of livestock farming in the livelihood of the farmers as well as the realization of the challenges in livestock farming as perceived by the farmers. A mixed-method research design was used to collect data from 100 livestock farmers of Kamarkhanda Upazila (sub-district) under Sirajganj district. According to the findings of the study, livestock farming has significant contributions in improving the status of livelihood tatus of farming households. It is evident from the findings that majority of the respondents (69%), faced medium level of challenges in livestock farming compared to high level of challenges faced by 28% respondents of the study area. The socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents namely farm size, annual income, training received, subsidy received and extension media contact seem to have significant contributions with the challenges faced by the farmers in livestock farming. As the livestock sector of Bangladesh has great potential to flourish provided the challenges faced by the farmers are given due attention. Implementation of farmers’ friendly livestock policy and the collaborative efforts of public and private sectors are required to boost up livestock productivity in Bangladesh. SAARC J. Agric., 20(1): 209-225 (2022)

Nepal's Sacred Cattle: Profitability Analysis and Policy Implications

This paper analyzes Nepal’s current livestock policy, which is rooted in culture and religion, and the extent to which its design has not kept pace with the continuing transformation of the country’s agricultural landscape. It estimates the impact of the no-slaughtering of cattle policy on dairy producers using Latin hypercube simulations to quantify a baseline and alternative scenario for cattle milk production. The baseline models the current production system, while the alternative scenario models milk production where producers are allowed to slaughter or export cattle. Results indicate that farmers’ profit per liter of milk increases by 19 to 31 percent in the alternative scenario.

Impact of Industrial Practices on the Microbial and Quality Attributes of Fresh Vacuum-Packed Lamb Joints.

The impact of different industrial practices at lamb export abattoirs in Ireland on the microbial and quality attributes of fresh vacuum-packed (VP) lamb leg joints, including Clean Livestock Policy (CLP), fleece clipping, carcass chilling times and vacuum pack storage, at typical chill and retail display temperatures was investigated. Five separate slaughter batches of lamb (ranging in size from 38 to 60 lambs) were followed at two lamb export plants over a two-year period, accounting for seasonal variation. In general, fleece clipping resulted in significantly lower microbial contamination on the fleece than the use of CLP alone. Lamb from carcasses chilled for 24 h had significantly lower psychrophilic total viable counts and Brochothrix thermosphacta and pseudomonad counts than carcasses chilled for 72 h. Following vacuum-packed (VP) storage of meat from these carcasses at 1.7 ± 1.6 °C for 23 days in the meat plant followed by retail display at 3.9 ± 1.7 °C (up to day 50), the dominant microorganisms were lactic acid bacteria, Br. thermosphacta, Enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonads, and all had reached maximum population density by storage day 34. Aligned with this, after day 34, the quality of the raw meat samples also continued to deteriorate, with off-odours and colour changes developing. While the mean values for cooked meat eating quality attributes did not change significantly over the VP storage period, high variability in many attributes, including off-flavours and off-odours, were noted for lamb meat from all storage times, highlighting inconsistences in lamb quality within and between slaughter batches.

Multi-criteria land use suitability analysis for the spatial distribution of cattle farming under land use change modeling scenarios in Thrace Region, Turkey

Land use suitability for cattle farming is critical in sustainable land use planning and minimizing the environmental problems arising from farms. This study contributes to bridging the gap between classical application formulations that support livestock policies and rapid spatial analysis practices based on GIS-based technologies. In this regard, first, we determined land use suitability in the hot spot area of the Thrace Region/Turkey for cattle farms in 2019 with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) using four main factors related to environmental and topographical conditions, land use and road data. Next, we overlapped land use suitability map for 2019 with CLUE-S land use change model scenarios maps namely Business as Usual (BaU), Economic Development (ED) and Ecosystem Services Protection (ES) to find the land use suitability areas and conversion of these areas for 2050. The results indicated that while 52.38% of the study area was unsuitable in 2019, this ratio will increase to 60.43%, 63.84% and 57.07% due to urbanization in BaU, ED and ES, respectively for 2050. However, highly suitable areas will decrease from 4.82% to 3.86% (BaU), 3.57% (ED) and 4.20% (ES) during 2019 and 2050. The areas close to pastures have high suitability while the areas in the fringe of urban–rural settlements, streams and intercity roads have low suitability. To minimize the negative impacts of urbanization and industrialization on suitable lands and ensure the development of the cattle farming sector in the study area, multi-criteria decision-making rules should be included in the spatial layout planning for the future.

Determinants of Livestock Herd Size in Mixed Cropping Zone of Punjab-Pakistan

Pakistan is considered as an agricultural country dominated by smallholder farmers. The size of the land, livestock, and labor force have paramount importance for the livelihood of resource-poor farmers. The present study was designed to determine the factors affecting the size of the livestock, i.e., the flock size of large ruminant buffaloes and cows. A cross-sectional data set collected randomly from 150 respondents from three districts of the mixed cropping zone of Central Punjab was used to address the study's objectives. Regression estimates revealed that family labor for attending animals, length of lactation, total healthcare expenditures, small land holding, and the geographic district factors significantly affected the herd size of buffaloes and cows. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the implementation of health care systems is one of the crucial factors in building the herd size, mainly through reducing mortality rates, improving the length of lactation, and other aspects of animal well-being. Similarly, the benefits of government livestock policies should reach the grassroot level to retain and use domestic family labor, not as a norm but to engage in the livestock sector for earning their incomes.

‘A Livestock Country Cannot Be Improvised’: Cattle Improvement, Economic Ambitions, and the Environment in Southern Mozambique, 1910s–1940s

ABSTRACT Due to the absence of the tsetse fly and the existence of large areas of pasture and fertile river valleys, bovine cattle have historically been central in the lives of African agro-pastoral societies in southern Mozambique. In the beginning of the twentieth century, Portuguese officials became interested in the expansion of the livestock economy to supply internal and external markets. But various diseases, irregular rainfall, and periodic drought posed numerous challenges. Echoing familiar tropes, colonial officials perceived local animal husbandry practices as backward and uneconomic, and argued that Landim cattle, the indigenous breed, was mostly useless. Debates ensued on whether the Landim breed could be improved or popular imported breeds successfully acclimatised to local conditions. This article discusses the evolution of official livestock policies for southern Mozambique between the 1910s and the 1940s. It investigates the way zootechnical debates concerning cattle improvement were influenced by popular scientific theories, economic aspirations, and a specific regional context, but also by perceptions of African and exotic breeds and attitudes towards the local environment. The article sheds light on how Africans, the main cattle owners in the region, responded in significant ways to these developments.

Understanding the Representation of Pastoralism in Livestock-Related Climate Adaptation Policies in Ghana and Nigeria: a Review of Key Policy Documents

Abstract Within Nigeria and Ghana, pastoralists face increasing adversity from climate change and marginalisation due to a complex combination of factors, further amplified by highly sensitive and increasingly violent conflicts with farmers. While climate change exacerbates the vulnerability of pastoralists, this remains largely unaccounted for in current Nigerian and Ghanaian pastoral livestock policy. Employing a thematic analytical approach, the article assesses the representation of pastoralists within climate change adaptation strategies in Ghana and Nigeria, and the impact of this on their livelihoods. Our findings indicate that pastoralists are poorly represented in current policy, which is inclined towards transitions to intensive sedentary systems. This risks enhancing the vulnerability of pastoralists to climate impacts by constraining mobility. We conclude that improved clarity on how these policies account for climate change in transitioning pastoral systems into intensive sedentary systems could encourage compliance and buy-in by pastoralists and farmers. It is recommended that future livestock policies address climate change and bolster producer mobility to better support the livelihoods of pastoralists.

Greenhouse gas emissions from New Zealand sheep and beef farms

This project aimed to develop a dataset containing animal policies, production efficiencies, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of a large number of sheep and beef farms, and to examine the relationships between farm management and farm physical constraints, and GHG emissions. We used the farm-scale model Farmax to estimate feed inventories, livestock policies and GHG emissions of 170 New Zealand sheep and beef farms. Emissions were calculated from Farmax outputs using Agricultural Inventory methodology. We used a quantitative approach to cluster farms based on physical constraints and management attributes. Mean annual biological GHG emissions from the modelled farms were 3,662 kg CO2 equivalents (CO2-e) per effective hectare, and ranged from 157 to 7,096 kg CO2-e/effective ha. As stocking rate and animal product (wool + net carcass weight) per effective hectare increased, GHG emissions increased. However, there was considerable variability in the data; farms with GHG emissions of approximately 4,000 kg CO2-e/effective ha had an almost three-fold difference in animal product (range 129 to 360 kg/effective ha). Our work provides a holistic assessment of the farm-scale drivers of GHG emissions and a comprehensive current state of affairs or baseline from which future trends in farm-scale GHG emissions can be established.

Analysis of land use change in Mangrove of the Barra San José, Chiapas, Mexico

Mangroves are the most productive ecosystems in the world, since they provide ecosystem services, are biological filters, stabilize the coastline and are the habitat of important fishing species and migratory birds nest. However, the inadequate implementation of agricultural, livestock and tourism development policies has implied the loss of biodiversity, habitat fragmentation and deforestation. The objective of this work is to evaluate the dynamics of changes in mangrove cover and land use in Barra San José, Chiapas, Mexico, in the period 1978-2017. The detection of the changes was carried out by means of a post-classificatory multitemporal study, through the superposition of digital cartographic bases of land use of the series III and VI of the INEGI. Maps of change processes, deforestation rates, and change matrices were obtained. The results indicate a loss of 574 ha of Mangroves in 39 years, with a deforestation rate of -0.41%, where human settlements and agriculture accounted for 90% of the changes. The conversion of Mangroves to grasslands was very marked, showing the fragmentation and loss of habitat to which the forests are exposed in the study area. The results of this analysis should be considered in the establishment of management and conservation policies for this ecological region.

Unmanned aerial vehicle for the assessment of woody and herbaceous phytomass in Sahelian savanna

The phytomass of herbaceous and woody plants is the main source of feed for pastoral livestock in the Sahelian savanna. The assessment of the available feedstock plays a key role in national livestock policies and generally requires many field measurements of both herbaceous and woody plants. In this study, we tested the possibility of using a red-green-blue (RGB) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to evaluate the phytomass of both woody and herbaceous species. We thus mapped 38 one hectare plots with a Dji Spark UAV in Northern Senegal. The herbaceous phytomass was measured on the ground. For the woody communities, we evaluated the leaf phytomass using dendrometric parameters combined with allometric equations. We performed partial-least square regressions between UAV-based three-dimension and color indices and phytomass. Results showed a Q² (cross validation results for each response variable) of 0.57 for woody phytomass, 0.68 for herbaceous dry mass, and 0.76 for their fresh mass. This study confirmed the relevance of using low-cost RGB UAV to assess savanna phytomass.

Policy Brief of Common Grazing Land Management in the Northern Highland Ethiopia: Review

Ethiopia is the highest with livestock population in Africa and its growth is increasing with population growth. Small holder farmers’ livelihood and the country national income is depending on livestock and crop production. In the livestock sector, free grazing is the major feeding livestock system and communal grazing land is the main feeding source. Poor communal grazing land management leads overgrazing of communal grazing land followed by environmental degradation in particular soil erosion. The government realized the problems but the policy effectiveness on communal grazing land is not reviewed well. This paper aimed to review common grazing land management and the policy and its effectiveness in the northern highland of Ethiopia. The livestock population is increasing dramatically so that it is becoming high threat for common grazing land. Livestock policy was adopted in Ethiopia but the implementation is weak due to low enforcement mechanism for common grazing management. To overcome the common grazing land management problem in the near time, disincentive policies like tax per head, need to encourage private investment, increase livestock productivity and need to adopt optimum allocation livestock stock rate. DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/81-02 Publication date: December 31 st 2021