Percentage Of Liver Weight Research Articles

Effect of two brooding systems and four stocking densities on immune response and stress indicators of broiler chicks during the brooding period

This experiment investigated the effects of the brooding system (BS) and stocking density (SD) on the immune response of 1-14-day-old broiler chicks. A 3672 one-day-old Cobb 500 chicks were raised in two BSs (conventional floor brooding system (CFBS) and the newly developed multi-tier closed brooding system (NDBS)) at four different SDs (30, 60, 90, and 120 chicks/m2), resulting in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement. Immunity data on lymphoid organ weights, maternal antibody titres to IBV, IBDV, and NDV, and stress indicators were collected on days 6 and 12. The results showed that CFBS and NDBS had similar effects on the relative development of chick lymphoid organs (Bursa, spleen, and thymus), the durability of the maternal humoral immune response against IBDV, and the maintenance of normal levels of stress indicators. Birds in CFBS outperformed NDBS in terms of the durability of maternal immunity to IBV and NDV. Birds in NDBS had a higher liver weight percentage than CFBS. Maternal immunity, lymphoid organ weights %, glucose and cholesterol concentrations were not altered by SD. In contrast to relative weights, differences in absolute lymphoid weights (g) were attributed to differences in live weights. An increase in SD per area unit resulted in an increase in heterophils and a decrease in lymphocyte percentage resulted in an increase in the ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes(H:L). In conclusion, birds in the higher SD had lower live weights and higher H:L ratios. Smarter brooding systems are needed to usher in a new era for the poultry industry. Highlights The brooding system and/or stocking density accounted for the stress factors of the birds. Both brooding systems increased the relative development of chick lymphoid organs and the durability of the maternal humoral immune response to IBDV. Smarter brooding systems are needed to apply the critical control point standard and usher in a new era for the poultry industry. As stocking density per unit area increased, live and liver weights decreased, and the lymphocyte ratio increased.

Penambahan Temulawak (Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb) dan Susu Bubuk Afkir pada Level yang Berbeda Terhadap Bobot Relatif Profil Organ Dalam Broiler

The addition of ginger and milk powder rejected in the feed can improve the work of organs in digestion. This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the effect of adding ginger and milk powder rejected in the ration at different levels on the internal organ profile of broiler chickens. The method used in this study was a completely randomized design with a factorial pattern with 3 treatments (factor A) and 4 treatments (factor B) using 2 replications for each replication or the experimental unit containing 2 chickens. The variables measured in this study were liver weight percentage, small intestine segment weight percentage (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) and small intestine segment length percentage (duodenum, jejunum and ileum). The results showed that there was an interaction between the addition of ginger and milk powder rejected on the percentage of jejunum and ileum weight, as well as the percentage of jejunum and ileum length. The single factor addition of ginger gave a significant effect on the percentage of liver weight, the percentage of jejunum and ileum weight, and the percentage of jejunum length. the single factor giving rejected milk powder had a significant effect on the percentage of the weight of the duodenum and the percentage of the weight of the jejunum.

The Effect of Fermented Rice Straw with Eco Enzyme on Percentage Non Carcas of Local Sheep

Most sheep are kept in the countryside as it is easy to maintain and have high economic value. This study aims to determine the effect of feeding fermented rice straw combine with odot grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv ) on the percentage of non-carcass of local sheep. Rice straw was fermented by eco enzyme. The research method used was a completely randomized design experiment (CRD) with five treatments and four replications while the treatments were given as P0 = 0% fermented rice straw, P1 = 25% fermented rice straw, P2 = 50% fermented rice straw, P3 = 75% fermented rice straw and P4= 100% fermented rice straw. Parameters observed were head weight percentage without skin, leg weight percentage without skin, skin weight percentage, tail weight percentage without skin, trachea and lungs weight percentage, liver weight percentage, heart weight percentage, blood weight percentage, intestine weight percentage, compound belly weight percentage. The results showed that the administration of 25% fermented rice straw combine with odot grass caused better non-carcass percentage, such as the percentage of skin, the percentage of the head without skin, the percentage of the leg without skin, the percentage of liver, the percentage of the heart, the percentage of the trachea and lungs, the percentage of the stomach compound and blood percentage. Based on the results of the study, it is known that the use of 25% fermented rice straw combine with odot grass on male local sheep give the best result on non-carcass and can be an alternative feed for sheep.

The Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Miana Plant Flour (Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R. Br. on Serum Lipid Profile and Organ Weights of Broiler Chickens

Miana plant (Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R. Br. contains active compounds (such as steroids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins) which can have several health benefits, including lowering cholesterol LDL and triglyceride as well as increasing feed consumption, body weight, and carcass weight of broilers. Therefore, the current experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Miana plant flour (Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R. Br. in the diet on blood serum lipid profiles and physiological organs of broilers. The experiment was performed on 100 day-old broiler chickens from strain Arbor Acres CP-707. The experiment was designed in a completely randomized design with five different levels of Miana plant flour (0%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5%) in broiler's diets as treatment, and each treatment was repeated four times. The diet was arranged iso-protein (21%) and iso-energy (2900 kcal/kg). The serum lipid profile measurement included the analysis of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Physiological organ analysis entailed the percentage of liver weight, pancreas weight, gizzard weight, small intestine weight, and length of parts of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) of broilers. The results showed that the inclusion of Miana plant flour in the broiler's diet could significantly affect total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and LDL in the serum of broiler chickens, and it affected duodenum length significantly. Furthermore, the inclusion of Miana plant flour in the broiler's diet had an insignificant effect on the percentage of liver weight, pancreas weight, gizzard weight, small intestine weight, and length of each part of the small intestine (jejunum and ileum) on broilers. In conclusion, the inclusion of Miana plant flour as much as 12.5% in broiler's diets reduced total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL, and increased the HDL and duodenum length without adverse effects on the other physiological organs of broiler chickens.

The Efficiency of Bacteriophages Against Salmonella Typhimurium Infection in Native Noi Broilers

Though recently considered a therapeutic treatment for commercial broilers, little is known about the effects of bacteriophages on native, slow-growing birds. This study evaluated their efficacy against Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium infected Noi chicken, a native Vietnamese broiler breed. In total, 420 birds were used in a completely randomized design consisting of seven treatments and four replicates of 15 birds. The treatments were NC (negative control), PC (positive control, S. Typhimurium challenged); NC+B1 and NC+B2 (negative control plus B1 or B2 bacteriophage, respectively); PC+B1, PC+B2 (positive control plus B1 or B2 bacteriophage, respectively) and PC+B1B2 (positive control plus both B1 and B2 bacteriophages). After four weeks of infection, the mortality rate in the PC group was 51.1% compared with 11.1% in the PC+B1B2 treatment. Bacteriophage administration had resulted in increased weight gain and decreased feed conversion ratio, particularly when both phages were included in the treatment (p<0.001). Moreover, the relative percentage of carcass weight was lowest in the PC treatment (66.9%) (p<0.001), whereas the other treatments registered similar carcass weight values. Regarding the internal organs, liver weight percentage was higher in the non-treated Salmonella group, and enlarged spleens were also noted in infected chickens even when treated with bacteriophages. The correlation between phage administration and blood parameters was unclear. Although the use of two bacteriophages for therapy was determined to be preferable for the majority of the criteria examined, further genetic characterization of the phages will be required before they can be widely used in chicken farms.

The Possible Hepatoprotecive Effects of ''Krill Oil and Silymarin against Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)-Induced Rats Model of Liver Fibrosis: In Vivo Study''

Liver fibrosis is considered now as one of the most spread disease worldwide. It is attributed to different underlying causative agents such as viral infections, ethanol-induced liver steatosis, and non-ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis, autoimmune and inherited disorders. Hepatic fibrosis was known to behave as tissue repair mechanism in which the initiation occurred through complicated series of interrelated and regulated signaling. These signals involved interactions between different types of cells. Among these cells are hepatocytes, non-parenchymal cells such as hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, biliary epithelial cells, liver associated lymphocytes, and the non-resident infiltrating immune cells. current work was aimed to investigate the possible potential hepatopretective effects of krill oil alone and in combination with silymarin against Carbone tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis/injury in white albino rats. Moreover, fifty white albino rats of both genders were utilized in this study. During such study liver fibrosis/damage was induced by intraperitoneal (I.P) injection of Carbone tetrachloride (CCl4) 50% in olive oil 1ml/kg twice weekly for 6 consecutive weeks in the induction group. Krill oil alone and in combination with silymarin was administered orally concurrently with I.P CCl4 for 6 consecutive weeks in the treatment groups. At the end of treatment period all animals were killed ,serum and tissue samples were collected for subsequent analyses. Serum levels of aminotransferases (ALT,AST), albumin , total serum bilirubin (T.S.B), and total anti-oxidant capacity were measured spectrophotometrically. In addition tissue level (content) of liver hudroxyproline content (Hyp) was determined by ELISA and relative liver weight percentage (R.L.W%) was also estimated.Results were significantly revealed that krill oil potentiate the hepatoprotective effects of silymarin against Carbone tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis/injury.

The Effect of Replacement of a Partial Commercial Ran With Fermented Coconut Saves on Organ in Chicken Broiler (Gallus domesticus)

This study aims to determine the effect of giving fermented coconut dregs to the internal organs of broiler chickens. This research was conducted at Jln. Garuda Sapta Mulya Village, Rimbo Bujang Subdistrict, Tebo Regency for 40 days from 6 April - 8 May 2019. The design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications, where each unit contained 5 DOCs. Each ration treatment was A0 (100% commercial ration), A1 (5% fermented coconut dregs + 95% commercial ration), A2 (10% fermented coconut dregs + 90% commercial rations), A3 (15% fermented coconut dregs + 85% commercial rations) and A4 (20% fermented coconut dregs + 80% commercial rations). The parameters observed were percentage of liver weight, percentage of proventriculus weight, percentage of ventricular weight, and percentage of small intestine length. Using the DNMRT test if it had a significant effect on all observed parameters, the coconut dregs used in this study were up to 20 levels %. The results showed that the average percentage of liver weight was A0 (1.75), A1 (1.66), A2 (1.94), A3 (1.95), A4 (1.74). Mean percentage by weight of the proventriculus A0 (0.29), A1 (0.29), A2 (0.32), A3 (0.31), A4 (0.33). Average percentage by weight ventriculus A0 (1.05), A1 (1.15), A2 (1.13), A3 (1.23), A4 (1.37). Average percentage of small intestine length A0 (10.12), A1 (9.76), A2 (10.37), A3 (11.21), A4 (10.54). The effect of giving fermented coconut dregs to internal organs had a significant effect on the percentage of liver weight (P˂0.05) and the percentage of ventricular weight (P˂0.05). The provision of fermented coconut dregs did not significantly affect the percentage of proventriculus weight (P˃0.05) and the percentage of small intestine length (P˃0.05). The conclusion in this study is that the effect of fermented coconut dregs has a significant effect on the percentage of liver and ventricular weight but does not have a significant effect on proventriculus weight and small intestine length, fermented coconut dregs can still be used as a substitute for commercial rations up to 20%.

The Grain Replacement Value of Processed Cassava in Broiler Finisher Rations

EIGHT hundred Starbrow day-old broiler chicks were raised on deep litter on a commercial broiler starter ration. At the end of seven weeks the chicks were randomly and equally alloted to five experimental broiler finisher rations in which maize and gari constituted the main carbohydrate source in the proportions 58:0, 39:16, 29:24.5, 19:33 and 0.49% of ration, respectively. The protein source, groundnut cake, was varied accordingly such that the five rations were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. All other ingredients were mixed in the same amounts for all five rations which were balanced for essential nutrients. All chicks received ad libitum intake of feed and water from the eight week to the thirteenth week when the experiment was concluded. Feed consumption, growth rate, feed efficiency, dressed carcass percentage, liver Weight and abdominal fat percentage were used as parameters to evaluate the relative efficacy of the five ration treatments. &#x0D; Birds on gari rations consumed 3.2% less feed on the average, than those on the Control maize ration, for nearly identical gains. Feed/gain ratio was, therefore, slightly lower for the gari treatments, the lowest value coming from the ration in which maize/gari ratio was 29%:24.5%. Average body weights, rate of gain and feed gain ratio were not significantly different. Variations in carcass and organoleptic measurements indicated no significant differences from dressed carcass percentage, liver weight percentage, tenderness, juiciness, colour or general acceptability. However, abdominal fat percentage was significantly [P&lt;0.001] larger in the gari rations than the control maize ration. This value was highest in the ration that contained only gari as the major carbohydrate source. There was no significant difference in the iodine number of the abdominal fat of the five treatments. &#x0D; The results of this study suggest that gari can replace all the maize in broiler finisher rations or constitute up to 49% of the whole ration, without any decrease in growth rate or carcass quality of broilers, provided such a ration is balanced for protein and amino acids. The best substitution level from this study appears to be at 50%, or 29% of the whole ration.

Hepatoprotective effects of methanol leaf extract of pterocarpus santalinoides DC on acetaminophen-induced liver damage in Albino rats (Rattus norvegicus)

The effects of methanol leaf extract of Pterocarpus santalinoides DC was investigated on acetaminophen (APAP)-induced sub-acute liver damage (hepatotoxicity) in albino rats. Forty two adultmale albino ratswere used for the study, 12 for the acute toxicity study and 30 for the sub-acute hepatotoxicity study. The 30 rats used for the sub-acute hepatotoxicity study were randomly assigned into six groups (A – F) of 5 rats each as follows: Group A – APAP+distilledwater placebo (negative control),Groups B,CandD–APAP+50, 250, and 500 mg/kg body weight (bw) Pterocarpus santalinoides methanol extract (PSME) respectively, Group E – APAP + 100 mg/kg bw silymarin (positive control), and Group F – distilled water placebo only (normal control). The APAP was given at 3000 mg/kg bw orally at the beginning of the study (day 0) and after every 72 hours for 12 days, while treatment with PSME and silymarin was done orally twice daily for 15 days. Phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity evaluation followed standard procedures. Assay of serum enzymes, total serum protein, albumin, globulin, total cholesterol and bilirubin, and liver weight percentage of body weight of the rats was done at the end of the 15-day experimental period following standard procedures. The PSME had high levels of tannins, moderate levels of flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates and reducing sugars, and low levels of alkaloids. The LD was above 5000 mg/kg bw. Treatment with PSME at the dose of 500 mg/kg bw significantly lowered (P &lt; 0.05) serum ALT, AST, and ALP activities, cholesterol and bilirubin levels, and liver weight percentage of body weight when compared to the negative control,while treatment at the dose of 250mg/kg bw only led to significantly lower (P&lt;0.05) serum levels of cholesterol and bilirubin when compared to the negative control. It was concluded that treatment of acetaminophen-induced sub-acute hepatotoxicity in albino rats with 500 mg/kg bw PSME significantly protected the hepatocellular integrity and ameliorated impaired hepatic excretory function.

P34 Descripción de un modelo murino de desarrollo y reversión de síndrome metabólico inducido por dieta

Introducción: la diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) es una enfermedad con una elevada prevalencia a nivel mundial y en constante crecimiento. Según datos de la última ENFR, en Argentina su prevalencia es del 12,7%. Diversos estudios en humanos determinaron que la progresión a DM2 puede prevenirse hasta un 58% mediante la adopción de estilos de vida saludables en forma costo-efectiva. Esta enfermedad es precedida por un estado de prediabetes donde en menor magnitud los principales signos ya están presentes. Por esto, es razonable pensar que la forma más eficaz de mejorar la situación actual es retrasar el paso de prediabetes a DM2, es decir abordar el tratamiento en sus estadios tempranos. Para facilitar dichos estudios suele recurrirse a modelos experimentales que simulan dicho estado mediante la administración a ratas normales de dietas desbalanceadas. Objetivos: evaluar la posible reversión del estado de prediabetes inducida por el consumo de una dieta rica en fructosa en ratas mediante el reemplazo por una dieta balanceada. Materiales y métodos: como modelo experimental se emplearon ratas Sprague Dawley macho adultas (60 días) y se establecieron 4 grupos de tratamientos: dieta comercial estándar y agua corriente sacrificados a los 21 (C-21) y a los 42 días (C-42); la misma dieta comercial con el agregado de fructosa al 10% en el agua de bebida sacrificados a los 21 días (F-21) y alimentados por otros 21 días con dieta comercial estándar y agua corriente (FC-42). Finalizado el experimento se calcularon los incrementos en peso, las calorías ingeridas totales y el porcentaje de peso del hígado respecto del peso total del animal (%hig). Luego de los sacrificios se determinó glucemia, trigliceridemia (TG) y la relación entre los niveles de aspartato y alanina aminotranferasas (AST/ALT) en sangre. Se calculó la insulinorresistencia (IR) utilizando el índice descrito por Unger, et al (2014). A fin de enriquecer la descripción del estado prediabético (F-21), se determinaron los valores hepáticos de triglicéridos (hTG), colesterol total y la expresión génica de los marcadores lipogénicos GPAT y FAS. El análisis estadístico de los datos expresados como la media±error estándar se realizó empleando ANOVA y comparaciones múltiples (Tukey, alfa=0,05).

The Effect of the Short‐Term Growth Hormone Administration on Non‐Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Diet‐Induced Obesity Models

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the characteristics of metabolic syndrome. Most people are facing NAFLD whether they are diagnosed with obesity or not. Additionally, growth hormone (GH) administration could mediate the storage of body fat, including in the liver, as a result of the lipolytic effect. In obese patients, the reduction of GH level has been reported. The long‐term treatment of obesity with GH has been shown to reduce body fat mass as well as its well‐known effect to counteract insulin action, leading to insulin resistance. However, this remains unknown whether the short‐term GH administration can alter the fat storage in the liver while it does not worsen insulin sensitivity. To investigate this hypothesis, the rats were fed with either high‐fat (HF) or standard diet for 6 weeks, resulting in diet‐induced obesity (DIO) or diet‐resistant (DR) rats. The effect of short‐term GH treatment (1 mg/kg, twice daily, subcutaneous injection) was then assessed and compared to saline treatment after 3‐day of GH administration. A glucose tolerance test was performed after GH treatment to assess insulin sensitivity in vivo. After euthanasia, the liver was weighed and collected to measure triglyceride concentration by colorimetric assay. Blood was also collected to determine plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels for the measurement of the lipolytic activity of GH. The results revealed that the percentage of liver mass was significantly greater in DIO and DR rats compared to control rats (p&lt;0.05). The short‐term GH administration did not alter the percentage of liver weight. For liver triglyceride level, DIO and DR rats had a higher level than that of control rats (p&lt;0.05); however, the liver triglyceride level did not affect by the short‐term GH treatment in all rats. Interestingly, the short‐term GH administration significantly increased plasma FFA only in DR rats (p&lt;0.05). Moreover, the effect of GH significantly improved glucose tolerance especially in DIO rats (p&lt;0.01), whereas it did not significantly affect insulin sensitivity in control and DR rats. Taken together, this study suggested that the short‐term GH administration may influence liver lipid metabolism in DR rats. However, further studies are required to determine whether short‐term GH administration affected liver lipid metabolism by interfering with the gene expression, including lipid uptake, lipid synthesis, and lipid oxidation. Additionally, the mechanisms underlying the effect of the short‐term GH administration on insulin sensitivity remains the subject for further studies.

Impacts of periodontitis on visceral organ weight and weight percentage in obese mice

This study aimed to explore the impacts of periodontitis on the visceral weight and weight percentage of obese animal models. A total of 64 C57BL/6J mice were divided into the following diet groups: high-fat diet (HFD) group (n=36), which was fed with high-fat diet to induce obesity, and low-fat diet (LFD) group (n=28), which was fed with low-fat diet as the control. After 16 weeks on diet, each diet group was divided into periodontitis (P) and control (C) groups. The P groups were induced for periodontitis by ligation with Porphyromonas gingivalis-adhered silk for 5 or 10 days, and the C groups were sham-ligated as the control. Visceral organs were resected and weighed. The organ weight percentage was calculated. Compared with the LFD group, the HFD group significantly upregulated the weight and weight percentage of visceral adipose tissue and spleen (P<0.05), upregulated the weight of liver and kidney (P<0.05), and downregulated the weight percentage of liver and kidney (P<0.01). In the HFD group, the weight and weight percentage of spleen were downregulated in the P group (P<0.05), but were upregulated in the 10-day group compared with the 5-day group (P<0.05). Periodontitis can affect the general morphology of the viscera (especially spleen) in obese animal models. Pathological indications in terms of immunometabolism might be present in the correlation between obesity and periodontitis.

PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN SILASE KULIT PISANG KEPOK (Musa paradisiaca formatypica) SEBAGAI PENGGANTI SEBAGIAN JAGUNG TERHADAP KARKAS DAN VISCERA BROILER

UTILIZATION OF ENSILAGE KEPOK BANANA PEELS REPLACING PART OF CORN IN THE DIET ON CARCASSES AND VISCERA INDICES OF BROILER. The purpose of the present research was to determine the substitution of corn with ensilage kepok banana peels (Musa paradisiaca formatypica) in the diet on carcasses and viscera indices of broiler. Trial was arranged using an experimental study. Sixty unsexed Cobb day old Chicks (DOC) were used in a Completely Randomized Design arrangement, with 4 treatments and 5 replications. Treatments were formulated as follow: R0 = 50% yellow corn + 0% ensilage kepok banana peels, R1 = 42,5% yellow corn + 7,5% ensilage kepok banana peels, R2 = 35% yellow corn + 15% ensilage kepok banana peels, R3 = 27,5% yellow corn + 22.5% ensilage kepok banana peels. Parameters measured were: carcass weight (g), abdominal fat (%), liver weight (%), and gizzard weight (%). Research results showed that, the subtitution of yellow corn with ensilage kepok banana peels gave a significant different (P&lt;0,05) effect on carcass weight, abdominal fat percentage, liver weight percentage, and gizzard weight percentage. The higher the ensilage kepok banana peels replacing corn in the diets, the lower the carcass weight and abdominal fat percentage, whereas liver weight percentage and gizzard weight percentage both decreased as the subtitution of ensilage kepok banana peels increased. Carcass percentage was the only parameter that was not affected (P&gt;0,05) by treatments. It can be concluded that the utilization of ensilage kepok banana peels up to 30% or 15% can still substitute yellow corn in broiler diets. Keywords : Broiler, Kepok Banana Peels, Carcasses, Viscera

Hepatic Metabolism of some Breeds of Chickens

An experiment was conducted to study the differences in liver metabolism of some chicken breeds had different levels of domestication and production types. Hepatic oxygen consumption (HOC), liver weight percentage, liver glycogen, liver fat and Plasma lipids profiles of 180 birds of Dandarawi (D), Lohmann selected leghorn (L.S.L) and Cobb500 chicks were assayed. The experiment was terminated at 8 weeks of age. Breed had significant effect on hepatic oxygen consumption, liver weight percentage, liver glycogen, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The Dandarawi had significantly (P≤0.05) higher HOC and liver glycogen compared to L.S.L and Cobb500 chicks. Meanwhile, the Cobb500 chicks had significantly (P≤0.05) lower liver weight percentage and had significantly (P≤0.05) higher total cholesterol and HDL compared to D and L.S.L chicks. The effect of sex was also noticed in liver weight percentage, the female had significantly (P≤0.05) higher liver weight when compared to male chicks. The effect of interactions between breed and sex was also noticed in liver fat, the male Cobb500 had significantly (P≤0.05) higher liver fat when compared to female Cobb500, male and female D and L.S.L. chicks. It can be concluded that domestication and intensive selection for growth rate and egg production has resulted in alterations in hepatic metabolism, liver glycogen, and, fat and plasma lipids profiles.

EFFECT OF ENZYMES AND PROBIOTIC MIXTURESUPPLEMENTATION TO THE DIET OF GROWING FEMALE RABBITS ON PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CRITERIA

A factorial design (3breeds x 3 Supplemented diets) of the present study was determined. A total number of eighty one New Zealand White (NZW), California (CA) and Ve-Line (VL) growing rabbit females strains at 30 days old wassimilarly body weights averaged (550 g ± 33) and was distributedinto9 groups (G1 toG9), eachofthreeequalreplicates. G1 to G3 (Enz0) for NZ, CA and VL strains, respectivelywere served as controls. G4 to G6 (Enz1) for NZ, CA and VL strains, respectively were supplemented with 1 g Veta-zyme/kg commercial diet, while the G7 to G9 (Enz2) were supplemented with 2 g Veta-zyme/kg commercial diet. The experiment was terminated when rabbits were 72 days old. Body weights (BW), body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) were recorded. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated. At the end of the experiment, 6 femalesfor each group were slaughtered to determine carcass criteria. The obtained results could be summarized as follows: No significant differences in BWG, FI and FCR among different strains were observed. Supplementing Enz1 or Enz2in growing diets exceeded significantly (P≤0.05) exceeded BW, BWG and FCR than those of Enz0during the experimental period(30 to 72 days of age). However, the improvement in FCR and increasing in BW and BWG were higher in Enz1 groups than those of Enz2 ones. Veta-zyme supplementedin diet had no affect on FI.There were no significant differences in carcass criteria under study due to strains or Veta-zyme supplement todiet except liver weight percentage. Conclusively, from these results could be concluded that supplemental Veta-zyme at the levels of 1g/kg diet for different growing female three rabbit strains improved growth performance.

Haplotypes at the 5′-Flanking Region of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Gene and Their Association with the Growth and Body Composition Traits in Chickens

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is an important regulator of chicken preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation. In this study, polymorphisms were detected by DNA sequencing, PCR-RFLP and some other methods and three polymorphisms (g.-1784_-1768del17, c.-1241G>A and c.-75G>A) were found in the 5′ flanking region of PPARγ gene. Growth and body composition traits were measured in the 8th–10th generation populations of the Northeast Agricultural University broiler lines were divergently selected for abdominal fat content. Polymorphisms among individuals were screened in the above populations. The haplotype-based association analysis on growth and body composition traits was carried out. The association analysis showed that haplotypes based on three polymorphisms at 5′ flanking region of PPARγ gene were significantly associated with abdominal fat weight (AFW), abdominal fat percentage (AFP, AFW/BW 7), liver weight (LW), liver weight percentage (LFP, LW/BW 7), shank length (ShL), femur weight (FeW), keel length (KeL), and metatarsus circle (MeC) ( P<0.05) and suggestive significantly associated with pectoralis major weight (PMaW), pectoralis minor weight (PMiW), pectoralis minor weight percentage (PMiWP, PMiW/BW 7), and metatarsus length (MeL) ( P<0.2). The least square analysis showed that the birds with BGA haplotype had significantly higher AFW and AFP than the birds with other haplotypes ( P<0.05). The birds with AAG haplotype had significantly higher LW and LW/BW than the birds with other haplotypes ( P<0.05). The birds with AAG haplotype had significantly higher PMiW and PMiW/BW than the birds with other haplotypes ( P<0.05). The birds with AAG haplotype had significantly higher ShL, FeW, MeL, MeC and KeL than the birds with AGG haplotypes ( P<0.05). The results in this study revealed that QTL affecting fatness traits may exist in 5′ flanking region of PPARγ gene in chickens and PPARγ gene might be one of the genes having important influences on the growth and bone traits in chickens.

Effect of dietary omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on clotting activities of Factor V, VII and X in Fatty Liver Haemorrhagic Syndrome-susceptible laying hens

1. The relationship between concetrations of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in plasma and Factor V, VII and X clotting activities was determined using a crossover feeding trial with diets supplemented with either soy oil or flax oil. 2. Laying hens on the soy diet, which is high in omega-6 fatty acids, had substantially higher clotting activity for all three factors compared to laying hens on the flax diet that was high in omega-3 fatty acids. 3. Positive associations were seen between liver haemorrhage score and the percentage of liver weight and between the percentage of liver weight and the severity of haemorrhagic and fatty changes seen on histology. 4. These results support the hypothesis that concentrations of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in plasma affect clotting activity; however, there was no relationship between the extent of liver haemorrhages and the composition of plasma fatty acids.

Nutritional Evaluation of Full-fat Sunflower Seed for Broiler Chickens

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of various levels of full-fat sunflower seeds (FFSS) on broiler performance and carcass characteristics. In the first experiment, FFSS was included in a basal diet at 70, 140, and 210 g/kg and the AME n values of the experimental diets were determined. The linear regression equation of AME n values on rate of inclusion was calculated. Extrapolation value for the AME n of FFSS at 100% inclusion was 14.22 MJ/kg. In the second experiment, diets containing various levels (0, 70, 140, and 210 g/kg) of FFSS were given to broilers (Ross strain) from 0 to 49 d. At 28 days of age, blood parameters and digestive enzyme activities were determined and carcass parameters were evaluated at 49 days of age. Weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were improved (p<0.05) when broilers were fed various levels of FFSS in the starter and finisher diets. Breast, thigh, gastrointestinal tract and gizzard weight percentages were not affected by dietary treatments; however, liver weight percentage was decreased significantly (p<0.05) and weight of abdominal fat decreased but this effect was not significant. The activities of digestive enzyme (protease and α-amylase) were not influenced by the treatments. Activity of alkaline phosphatase, concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, glucose, triglyceride, protein, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were not affected by incorporation of FFSS in the broiler diet. Although concentration of HDL increased and LDL decreased, these effects were not significant. The results of this study indicate that FFSS can be used at up to 21% in broiler diets without adverse effects on performance or other parameters of chickens.

Use of yeast cell walls; β-1, 3/1, 6-glucans; and mannoproteins in broiler chicken diets

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of dietary addition of yeast cell wall (YCW); β-1, 3/1, 6-glucan (BG); and mannoprotein complex (MP) purified fractions in broilers. In experiment 1, there was a control diet and 5 experimental diets containing, respectively: 10 mg of avilamycin (AVI)/kg of feed, 500 mg of YCW/kg of feed, 95 mg of MP/kg of feed, 145 mg of BG/kg of feed, and 95 mg of MP plus 145 mg of BG/kg of feed. All birds were vaccinated via drinking water against Newcastle disease virus at 9 d of age. At 42 d, chickens fed AVI, YCW, MP + BG, and BG diets had similar BW not significantly different from chickens fed the control diet. The antibody response of Newcastle disease virus vaccine was not affected by any experimental treatment. Broilers fed MP + BG diet had greater thymus weights (P ≤ 0.05), as a percentage of BW than those from the control and AVI treatments, but similar with respect to YCW and BG treatments. In experiment 2, there was a group-fed basal diet and 3 additional experimental groups receiving the basal diet supplemented with, respectively: 500 mg of YCW/kg of feed, 190 mg of MP/kg of feed, and 227 mg of BG/kg of feed. At 42 d of age, no difference in broiler growth rates was observed. Samples of the jejunum were collected at 21 d of age to determine villus height. Significantly higher villus height was observed in YCW, MP, and BG groups compared with that of the control group. The relative percentage of liver weight (P ≤ 0.01) was lower in broilers fed YCW than in broilers fed the control diet, but no differences were observed in respect to chickens fed BG. Data of these studies suggested that the changes in thymus and liver relative weights and villus morphology of broilers were induced with the same intensity by the use of complete YCW, MP + BG, and BG supplements.

Genome-Wide Linkage Analysis to Identify Chromosomal Regions Affecting Phenotypic Traits in the Chicken. II. Body Composition

Two informative chicken F(2) populations based on crosses between a broiler breeder male line and dams from genetically distinct, highly inbred (>99%) chicken lines, the Leghorn G-B2 and Fayoumi M15.2, have been used for genome-wide linkage and QTL analysis. Phenotypic data on 12 body composition traits (breast muscle weight, breast muscle weight percentage, abdominal fat weight, abdominal fat weight percentage, heart weight, heart weight percentage, liver weight, liver weight percentage, spleen weight, spleen weight percentage, and drumstick weight, and drumstick weight percentage) were collected. Birds were genotyped for 269 microsatellite markers across the genome. The QTL Express program was used to detect QTL for body composition traits. Significant levels were obtained using the permutation test. For the twelve traits, a total of 61 (Gga 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24, and Z) and 45 (Gga 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, and E46) significant QTL were detected at the 5% chromosome-wise significance level, of which 19 and 11 were significant at the 5% genome-wise level for the broiler-Leghorn cross and broiler-Fayoumi cross, respectively. Phenotypic variation for each trait explained by all QTL across the genome ranged from 3.22 to 33.31% in the broiler-Leghorn cross and 4.83 to 47.12% in broiler-Fayoumi cross. Distinct QTL profiles between the 2 crosses were observed for most traits. Cryptic alleles were detected for each trait. Potential candidate genes within the QTL region for body composition traits at the 1% chromosome-wise significance level were identified from databases for future association study. The results of the current study will increase the knowledge of genetic markers associated with body composition traits and aid the process of identifying causative genes. Knowledge of beneficial genetic variation can be incorporated in breeding programs to enhance genetic improvement through marker-assisted selection in chickens.