Liver Targeting Research Articles

Engineering an Ultrasound-Responsive Glycopolymersome for Hepatocyte-Specific Gene Delivery.

The ability to design liver-targeted gene delivery vectors is plagued with difficulties ranging from carrier-mediated cellular toxicity to challenges in encapsulating sensitive nucleic acids. Herein, we present an ultrasound-responsive glycopolymersome strategy for in situ loading of nucleic acids and achieving hepatocyte-specific gene delivery. This glycopolymersome is self-assembled from a block copolymer, N-acetylgalactosamine-grafted poly(glutamic acid)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PGAGalNAc-b-PCL). GalNAc is introduced to afford liver targeting through the selective binding to the asialoglycoprotein receptor overexpressed on hepatocytes. External ultrasound is utilized to assist in encapsulating nucleic acids within the hydrophilic lumen of glycopolymersomes by exploiting their ultrasound responsiveness nature. Biological studies confirmed the successful encapsulation of plasmid DNA (pDNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA), rapid nuclear internalization, and efficient gene transfection. These findings collectively demonstrated that this ultrasound-responsive glycopolymersome could be exploited as a novel safe and efficient gene vector targeting hepatocytes.

The β-glucan nanotube carrier achieves detoxification and efficacy enhancement of celastrol in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma therapy by increasing targeted controlled release and macrophage polarization

Celastrol (Cel) is a monomer from a famous traditional Chinese medicine named Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. Cel showed great potential for treating intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) but still faces problems, including poor water solubility, high toxicity, and lack of targeting ability. Thus, the present work constructed a drug-delivery system using polysaccharide self-assembled black fungus nanotubes (BFP). Cel-loaded nanotubes (BFP-Cel) were confirmed to have a high loading content of Cel (38 %), liver targeting, and enzyme-controlled release abilities. Moreover, BFP carriers can significantly increase the uptake efficiency of Cel by tumor cells. In vivo experiments showed that BFP-Cel could effectively inhibit tumor growth and reduce the physiological toxicity of Cel. Furthermore, BFP, as a carrier, could regulate the immune microenvironment in the liver through the activation of macrophages and play an immunomodulatory role. In summary, the BFP nanotube carrier achieves detoxification and efficacy enhancement in treating ICC by increasing the targetability, controlled release ability, uptake effect, and regulation of the immune microenvironment of Cel.

Construction and Evaluation of Hepatic Targeted Drug Delivery System with Hydroxycamptothecin in Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes.

Hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) is commonly used in the treatment of liver cancer; however, its low water solubility and poor stability significantly limit its clinical application. In recent years, research on exosomes has deepened considerably. Exosomes possess a unique phospholipid bilayer structure, enabling them to traverse tissue barriers, which provides natural advantages as drug carriers. Nevertheless, delivering exosomes safely and efficiently to target cells remains a major challenge. In this study, we utilized the affinity of the SP94 peptide for human liver cancer cell receptors. HCPT was coated with exosomes in our experimental design, and the exosome membrane was modified with SP94 peptide to facilitate drug delivery to liver cancer cells. Exosomes were purified from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and targeted peptides were attached to their surfaces via post-insertion techniques. Subsequently, HCPT was incorporated into the exosomes through electroporation. Using the HepG2 hepatoma cell line, we evaluated a series of in vitro pharmacodynamics and studied pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in animal models. The results indicated that ligand-targeted, modified drug-carrying exosomes significantly enhance drug bioavailability, prolong retention time in vivo, and facilitate liver targeting. Moreover, this approach reduces drug nephrotoxicity, enhances anti-tumor efficacy, and lays the groundwork for the development of novel liver cancer-targeting agents.

Development of bioconjugate-based delivery systems for nucleic acids.

Nucleic acids are a class of drugs that can modulate gene and protein expression by various mechanisms, namely, RNAi, mRNA degradation by RNase H cleavage, splice modulation, and steric blocking of protein binding or mRNA translation, thus exhibiting immense potential to treat various genetic and rare diseases. Unlike protein-targeted therapeutics, the clinical use of nucleic acids relies on Watson-Crick sequence recognition to regulate aberrant gene expression and impede protein translation. Though promising, targeted delivery remains a bottleneck for the clinical adoption of nucleic acid-based therapeutics. To overcome the delivery challenges associated with nucleic acids, various chemical modifications and bioconjugation-based delivery strategies have been explored. Currently, liver targeting by N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc) conjugation has been at the forefront for the treatment of rare and various metabolic diseases, which has led to FDA approval of four nucleic acid drugs. In addition, various other bioconjugation strategies have been explored to facilitate active organ and cell-enriched targeting. This review briefly covers the different classes of nucleic acids, their mechanisms of action, and their challenges. We also elaborate on recent advances in bioconjugation strategies in developing a diverse set of ligands for targeted delivery of nucleic acid drugs.

Nuclear receptor corepressor 1 controls regulatory T cell subset differentiation and effector function.

FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are key for immune homeostasis. Here, we reveal that nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR1) controls naïve and effector Treg cell states. Upon NCOR1 deletion in T cells, effector Treg cell frequencies were elevated in mice and in in vitro-generated human Treg cells. NCOR1-deficient Treg cells failed to protect mice from severe weight loss and intestinal inflammation associated with CD4+ T cell transfer colitis, indicating impaired suppressive function. NCOR1 controls the transcriptional integrity of Treg cells, since effector gene signatures were already upregulated in naïve NCOR1-deficient Treg cells while effector NCOR1-deficient Treg cells failed to repress genes associated with naïve Treg cells. Moreover, genes related to cholesterol homeostasis including targets of liver X receptor (LXR) were dysregulated in NCOR1-deficient Treg cells. However, genetic ablation of LXRβ in T cells did not revert the effects of NCOR1 deficiency, indicating that NCOR1 controls naïve and effector Treg cell subset composition independent from its ability to repress LXRβ-induced gene expression. Thus, our study reveals that NCOR1 maintains naïve and effector Treg cell states via regulating their transcriptional integrity. We also reveal a critical role for this epigenetic regulator in supporting the suppressive functions of Treg cells in vivo.

Phosphatidylserine-mediated uptake of extracellular vesicles by hepatocytes ameliorates liver ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Compelling evidence suggests that mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) promote regeneration in animal models of liver injury by delivering signaling molecules. However, their target cells and uptake mechanism remain elusive. In this study, MSC-EVs were intravenously administered in a mouse model of liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Our results revealed that MSC-EVs exhibit enhanced liver targeting in IRI mice, and injured hepatocytes display a greater capacity for MSC-EV uptake. We found that phosphatidylserine (PS) displayed on the exterior of injured hepatocytes promotes MSC-EV internalization, possibly by binding to MFGE8, a protein expressed on the MSC-EV membrane. Furthermore, the therapeutic effect of MSC-EVs on liver IRI is highly dependent on this PS-mediated uptake pathway. Our findings provide evidence that MSC-EVs preferentially target injured hepatocytes, relying on a PS-dependent uptake route to exert hepatoprotective effects, which are critical for the future design of EV-based therapeutic strategies for liver IRI.

Role of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Origami for Alleviating Kidney and Liver Injury in Diabetic Sepsis.

Treating diabetic sepsis (DS) can be challenging because of the persistent infection of multiple organs. To address this complicated pathological condition, it is necessary to develop advanced materials and gain a better understanding of their roles. In this study, we developed a two-dimensional planar material with a rectangular deoxyribonucleic acid origami nanostructure (termed Rec-DON). Rec-DON was used to improve liver and renal function in DS mice, as it preferentially accumulates in these organs, and has superior anti-inflammatory activity and the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species. The role of Rec-DON in the treatment of DS mice was investigated via quantitative proteomics. This study revealed that Rec-DON can regulate key proteins located primarily in the cytoplasm and mitochondrion, involved in protein transport, antigen processing and presentation, and steroid metabolic process, and can also bind to various proteins to restore liver and renal function in DS mice. This study presented Rec-DON as a liver and kidney targeting material and revealed its role in alleviating multiorgan injury in DS.

Investigate potential clinical benefits and linear energy transfer sparing utilizing proton arc therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma

PurposeTo investigate the potential clinical benefits and dose-averaged Linear Energy Transfer (LETd) sparing, utilizing proton arc plan for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients in comparison with Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy (IMPT). MethodsTen HCC patients have been retrospectively selected. Two planning groups were created: Proton Arc plans using Monaco ver. 6 and the clinical IMPT plan. Both planning groups used the same robustness parameters. The prescription dose is 67.5 Gy (RBE) in 15 fractions of the Clinical Target Volume (CTV). Robustness evaluations were performed to ensure dose coverage. Normal Tissue Complicated Probability (NTCP) model was utilized to predict the possibility of Radiation-Induced Liver Disease (RILD) and evaluate the potential benefit of proton arc therapy. LETd calculation and evaluation were performed as well. ResultsProton arc plan has shown better dosimetric improvements of most Organ-At-Risks (OARs). More specifically, the liver mean dose has been significantly reduced from 14.7 GyE to 10.62 GyE compared to the IMPT plan. The predicted possibility of RILD has also been significantly reduced for cases with a large and deep liver target where healthy liver tissue sparing is a challenge. Additionally, proton arc therapy could increase the average LETd in the target and reduce LETd in adjacent OARs. ConclusionsThe potential clinical benefit of utilizing proton arc therapy HCC varies depending on the patient-specific geometry. With more freedom, proton arc therapy can offer a better dosimetric plan quality in the challenge cases, which might not be feasible using the current IMPT technique.

An engineered AAV targeting integrin alpha V beta 6 presents improved myotropism across species

Current adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy using nature-derived AAVs is limited by non-optimal tissue targeting. In the treatment of muscular diseases (MD), high doses are often required but can lead to severe adverse effects. Here, we rationally design an AAV capsid that specifically targets skeletal muscle to lower treatment doses. We computationally integrate binding motifs of human integrin alphaV beta6, a skeletal muscle receptor, into a liver-detargeting capsid. Designed AAVs show higher productivity and superior muscle transduction compared to their parent. One variant, LICA1, demonstrates comparable muscle transduction to other myotropic AAVs with reduced liver targeting. LICA1’s myotropic properties are observed across species, including non-human primate. Consequently, LICA1, but not AAV9, effectively delivers therapeutic transgenes and improved muscle functionality in two mouse MD models (male mice) at a low dose (5E12 vg/kg). These results underline the potential of our design method for AAV engineering and LICA1 variant for MD gene therapy.

Efficient delivery of curcumin by functional solid lipid nanoparticles with promoting endosomal escape and liver targeting properties

In the realm of intracellular drug delivery, overcoming the barrier of endosomal entrapment stands as a critical factor influencing the effectiveness of nanodrug delivery systems. This study focuses on the synthesis of an acid-sensitive fatty acid derivative called imidazole-stearic acid (IM-SA). Leveraging the proton sponge effect attributed to imidazole groups, IM-SA was anticipated to play a pivotal role in facilitating endosomal escape. Integrated into the lipid core of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), IM-SA was paired with hyaluronic acid (HA) coating on the surface of SLNs loading with curcumin (CUR). The presence of IM-SA and HA endowed HA-IM-SLNs@CUR with dual functionalities, enabling the promotion of endosomal escape, and specifical targeting of liver cancer. HA-IM-SLNs@CUR exhibited a particle size of ∼228 nm, with impressive encapsulation efficiencies (EE) of 87.5 % ± 2.3 % for CUR. Drugs exhibit significant pH sensitive release behavior. Cellular experiments showed that HA-IM-SLN@CUR exhibits enhanced drug delivery capability. The incorporation of IM-SA significantly improved the endosomal escape of HA-IM-SLN@CUR, facilitating accelerated intracellular drug release and increasing intracellular drug concentration, exhibiting excellent growth inhibitory effects on HepG2 cells. Animal experiments revealed a 3.4-fold increase in CUR uptake at the tumor site with HA-IM-SLNs@CUR over the free CUR, demonstrating remarkable tumor homing potential with the tumor growth inhibition rate of 97.2 %. These findings indicated the significant promise of HA-IM-SLNs@CUR in the realm of cancer drug delivery.

Liver-Targeted Nanoparticles Loaded with Cannabidiol Based on Redox Response for Effective Alleviation of Acute Liver Injury.

The purpose of this work was to construct liver-targeted nanoparticles based on the redox response to effectively deliver cannabidiol (CBD) for the prevention of acute liver injury (ALI). CBD-loaded nanoparticles (CBD NPs) with a particle size of 126.5 ± 1.56 nm were prepared using the polymer DA-PP-LA obtained by grafting pullulan polysaccharide with deoxycholic acid (DA) and α-lipoic acid (α-LA). CBD NPs showed typical redox-response release behavior. Interestingly, CBD NPs exhibited admirable liver targeting ability, significantly accumulated in the liver, and effectively promoted the internalization of CBD in liver cells, thus effectively reducing the H2O2-induced oxidative damage of HepG2 cells and avoiding apoptosis. More importantly, CBD NPs effectively prevented CCl4-induced ALI by protecting liver function, ameliorating oxidative stress levels, inhibiting the production of inflammatory factors, and protecting the liver from histological damage. This study provides a promising strategy for achieving targeted delivery of CBD NPs in the liver, thereby effectively preventing ALI.

Discovery of Novel Lysine Methyltransferase (SMYD3) Inhibitors by Utilizing 3D-QSAR, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Aim: To investigate novel isoxazole amide SMYD3 inhibitors as adjuvant anticancer agents for multiple cancers. Background: SET and MYND Domain-Containing Protein 3 is a hopeful therapeutic target for breast, liver, colon, and prostate cancer. Objective: Novel SMYD3 inhibitors were predicted by the 3D-QSAR models. Methods: In this present work, 3D-QSAR, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed on a series of isoxazole amides-based SMYD3 inhibitors. Results: Molecular docking revealed residues important to protein-compound interactions, indicating that SMYD3 inhibitors have a strong affinity with and bind to key protein residues such as TYR239, MET190, LYS297 and VAL368. The molecular docking results were further validated by molecular dynamics simulations. Conclusion: The above information provided significant guidance for the design of novel SMYD3 inhibitors.

Ectonucleotidases in Ischemia Reperfusion Injury: Unravelling the Interplay With Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Liver Transplantation

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) profoundly impacts organ transplantation, especially in orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Disruption of the mitochondrial respiratory chain during ischemia leads to ATP loss and ROS production. Reperfusion exacerbates mitochondrial damage, triggering the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and inflammatory responses. Mitochondrial dysfunction, a pivotal aspect of IRI, is explored in the context of the regulatory role of ectonucleotidases in purinergic signaling and immune responses. CD39, by hydrolyzing ATP and ADP; and CD73, by converting AMP to adenosine, emerge as key players in mitigating liver IRI, particularly through ischemic preconditioning and adenosine receptor signaling. Despite established roles in vascular health and immunity, the impact of ectonucleotidases on mitochondrial function during hepatic IRI is unclear. This review aims to elucidate the interplay between CD39/73 and mitochondria, emphasizing their potential as therapeutic targets for liver transplantation.This article explores the role of CD39/73 in tissue hypoxia, emphasizing adenosine production during inflammation. CD39 and CD73 upregulation under hypoxic conditions regulate immune responses, demonstrating protective effects in various organ-specific ischemic models. However, prolonged adenosine activation may have dual effects, beneficial in acute settings but detrimental in chronic hypoxia.Herein, we raise questions about ectonucleotidases influencing mitochondrial function during hepatic IRI, drawing parallels with cancer cell responses to chemotherapy.The review underscores the need for comprehensive research into the intricate interplay between ectonucleotidases, mitochondrial dynamics, and their therapeutic implications in hepatic IRI, providing valuable insights for advancing transplantation outcomes.

The impact of ICOSL/ICOS pathway-regulated long non-coding RNAs on liver fibrosis in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum

BackgroundThe primary pathogenic mechanism of schistosomiasis-associated liver fibrosis involves the deposition of schistosome eggs, leading to the formation of liver egg granulomas and subsequent liver fibrosis. Hepatic stellate cells are abnormally activated, resulting in excessive collagen deposition and fibrosis development. While specific long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been associated with fibrotic processes, their roles in schistosomiasis-associated liver fibrosis remain unclear.MethodsOur previous research indicated that downregulating the ICOSL/ICOS could partially alleviate liver fibrosis. In this study, we established a schistosomiasis infection model in C57BL/6 and ICOSL knockout (KO) mice, and the liver pathology changes were observed at various weeks postinfection (wpi) using hematoxylin and eosin and Masson’s trichrome staining. Within the first 4 wpi, no significant liver abnormalities were observed. However, mice exhibited evident egg granulomas and fibrosis in their livers at 7 wpi. Notably, ICOSL-KO mice had significantly smaller pathological variations compared with simultaneously infected C57BL/6 mice. To investigate the impact of lncRNAs on schistosomiasis-associated liver fibrosis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to monitor the dynamic changes of lncRNAs in hepatic stellate cells of infected mice.ResultsThe results demonstrated that lncRNA-H19, -MALAT1, -PVT1, -P21 and -GAS5 all participated in liver fibrosis formation after schistosome infection. In addition, ICOSL-KO mice exhibited significantly inhibited expression of lncRNA-H19, -MALAT1 and -PVT1 after 7 wpi. In contrast, they showed enhanced expression of lncRNA-P21 and -GAS5 compared with C57BL/6 mice, influencing liver fibrosis development. Furthermore, small interfering RNA transfection (siRNA) in JS-1 cells in vitro confirmed that lncRNA-H19, -MALAT1, and -PVT1 promoted liver fibrosis, whereas lncRNA-P21 and -GAS5 had the opposite effect on key fibrotic molecules, including α- smooth muscle actin and collagen I expression.ConclusionsThis study uncovers that ICOSL/ICOS may play a role in activating hepatic stellate cells and promoting liver fibrosis in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum by dynamically regulating the expression of specific lncRNAs. These findings offer potential therapeutic targets for schistosomiasis-associated liver fibrosis.Graphical

Preparation, characterization, and liver targeting evaluation of a novel sustained-release brucine self-assembled micelle mediated by glycyrrhetinic acid.

Background: Cancer is a serious threat to human life, health and social development. In recent years, nanomicelles, as an emerging drug carrier material, have gradually entered people's field of vision because of their advantages of improving bioavailability, maintaining drug levels, reducing systemic side effects and increasing drug accumulation at target sites. Methods: In this study, B-GPSG nano-micelles were prepared by film dispersion hydration method using brucine as model drug and glycyrrhetinic acid-polyethylene glycol-3-methylene glycol-dithiodipropionic acid-glycerol monostearate polymer as nano-carrier. The preparation process, characterization, drug release in vitro, pharmacokinetics and liver targeting were investigated. Results: The results showed that the range of particle size, polydispersion index and Zeta potential were 102.7 ± 1.09nm, 0.201 ± 0.02 and -24.5 ± 0.19mV respectively. The entrapment efficiency and drug loading were 83.79 ± 2.13% and 12.56 ± 0.09%, respectively. The drug release experiments in vitro and pharmacokinetic experiments showed that it had obvious sustained release effect. For pharmacokinetics study, it shows that both the B-GPSG solution group and the B-PSG solution group changed the metabolic kinetic parameters of brucine, but the B-GPSG solution group had a better effect. Compared with the B-PSG solution group, the drug was more prolonged in rats. The half-life in the body and the retention time in the body of B-GPSG are more helpful to improve the bioavailability of the drug and play a long-term effect. The tail vein injection results of mice indicate that B-GPSG can target and accumulate brucine in the liver without affecting other key organs. Cell uptake experiments and tissue distribution experiments in vivo show that glycyrrhetinic acid modified nano-micelles can increase the accumulation of brucine in hepatocytes, has a good liver targeting effect, and can be used as a new preparation for the treatment of liver cancer. Conclusion: The B-SPSG prepared in this experiment can provide a new treatment method and research idea for the treatment of liver cancer.

Tailoring Highly Branched Poly(β-amino ester)s for Efficient and Organ-Selective mRNA Delivery.

Development of mRNA therapeutics necessitates targeted delivery technology, while the clinically advanced lipid nanoparticles face difficulty for extrahepatic delivery. Herein, we design highly branched poly(β-amino ester)s (HPAEs) for efficacious organ-selective mRNA delivery through tailoring their chemical compositions and topological structures. Using an "A2+B3+C2" Michael addition platform, a combinatorial library of 219 HPAEs with varied backbone structures, terminal groups, and branching degrees are synthesized. The branched topological structures of HPAEs provide enhanced serum resistance and significantly higher mRNA expression in vivo. The terminal amine structures of HPAEs determine the organ-selectivity of mRNA delivery following systemic administration: morpholine facilitates liver targeting, ethylenediamine favors spleen delivery, while methylpentane enables mRNA delivery to the liver, spleen, and lungs simultaneously. This study represents a comprehensive exploration of the structure-activity relationship governing both the efficiency and organ-selectivity of mRNA delivery by HPAEs, suggesting promising candidates for treating various organ-related diseases.

Coordinated action of a gut-liver pathway drives alcohol detoxification and consumption.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) affects millions of people worldwide, causing extensive morbidity and mortality with limited pharmacological treatments. The liver is considered as the principal site for the detoxification of ethanol metabolite, acetaldehyde (AcH), by aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) and as a target for AUD treatment, however, our recent data indicate that the liver only plays a partial role in clearing systemic AcH. Here we show that a liver-gut axis, rather than liver alone, synergistically drives systemic AcH clearance and voluntary alcohol drinking. Mechanistically, we find that after ethanol intake, a substantial proportion of AcH generated in the liver is excreted via the bile into the gastrointestinal tract where AcH is further metabolized by gut ALDH2. Modulating bile flow significantly affects serum AcH level and drinking behaviour. Thus, combined targeting of liver and gut ALDH2, and manipulation of bile flow and secretion are potential therapeutic strategies to treat AUD.

Liver epigenomic signature associated with chronic oxidative stress in a mouse model of glutathione deficiency

Oxidative stress is intimately involved in the pathogenesis of fatty liver disease (FLD). A major factor contributing to oxidative stress is the depletion of the ubiquitous antioxidant glutathione (GSH). Unexpectedly, chronic GSH deficiency renders glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (Gclm)-null mice protected from fatty liver injuries. Epigenetic regulation serves as an important cellular mechanism in modulating gene expression and disease outcome in FLD, although it is not well understood how systemic redox imbalance modifies the liver epigenome. In the current study, utilizing the Gclm-null mouse model, we aimed to elucidate redox-associated epigenomic changes and their implications in liver stress response. We performed high-throughput array-based DNA methylation profiling (MeDIP array) in 22,327 gene promoter regions (from −1300 bp to +500 bp of the Transcription Start Sites) in the liver and peripheral blood cells. Results from the MeDIP array demonstrate that, although global methylation enrichment in gene promoters did not change, low GSH resulted in prevalent demethylation at the individual promoter level. Such an effect likely attributed to a declined availability of the methyl donor S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) in Gclm-null liver. Functional enrichment analysis of liver target genes is suggestive of a potential role of epigenetic mechanisms in promoting cellular survival and lipid homeostasis in Gclm-null liver. In comparison with the liver tissue, MeDIP array in peripheral blood cells revealed a panel of 19 gene promoters that are candidate circulating biomarkers for hepatic epigenomic changes associated with chronic GSH deficiency. Collectively, our results provided new insights into the in vivo interplay between liver redox state and DNA methylation status. The current study laid the groundwork for future epigenetic/epigenomic investigations in experimental settings or human populations under conditions of liver oxidative stress induced by environmental or dietary challenges.

A novel nano-drug delivery system of glycyrrhetinic acid-mediated intracellular breakable brucine for enhanced anti-hepatitis B efficacy.

Background: Glycyrrhetinic acid-mediated brucine self-assembled nanomicelles enhance the anti-hepatitis B properties of brucine by improving its water solubility, short half-life, toxicity, and side effects. Brucine (B) is an indole alkaloid extracted from the seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica (Loganiaceae). Purpose: To assess the efficacy of the Brucine-Glycyrrhetnic acid-Polyethylene glycol-3,3'-dithiodipropionic acid-Glycerin monostearate (B-GPSG) in treating hepatitis B, its potential to protect against acute liver injury caused by d-galactosamine and its anti-hepatoma activities were studied. Research Design: The concentration of B-GPSG used in the in vivo and in vitro experiments was 0.63mg/mL. The rats injected with d-GalN (450mg/kg) were used as liver injury models. The rats were separated into normal, model, positive, positive control, B-PSG and B-GPSG groups. Hepatoma cells expressing HBV HepG2.2.15 were used for in vitro experiments. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, plate cloning, Hoechst staining and flow cytometry were conducted to explore the mechanism of B-GPSG against hepatitis B. Results: Compared with the model group, the liver coefficient of B-GPSG group decreased (4.59 ± 0.17 vs 5.88 ± 0.42), the content of MDA in rat liver homogenate decreased (12.54 ± 1.81 vs 23.05 ± 2.98), the activity of SOD increased, the activity of ALT and AST in rat serum decreased. In vitro, the IC50 values of B-GPSG group decreased. B-GPSG group effectively inhibited the proliferation and migration of HepG2.2.15 cells. Conclusions: The hepatoprotective effects of B-GPSG nanomicelles, which are attributed to their GA-mediated liver targeting and synergistic actions with brucine, suggest their therapeutic potential against hepatitis B. This development opens up new possibilities for the application of traditional Chinese medicine and nanomedicine in anti-hepatitis B.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel 68Ga-labeled GalNAc-PET probe for asialoglycoprotein receptor imaging

PurposeThe asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), expressed exclusively on mammalian hepatocyte membranes, recognizes ligands terminated with β-D-galactose (Gal) and N-acetylglucosamine (GalNAc). This study aims to develop a 68Ga-labeled monovalent GalNAc derivative that particularly interacts with ASGPR. It also aims to assess the potential utility of this derivative in visualizing ASGPR-related liver dysfunction using positron emission tomography (PET)/ computed tomography (CT) imaging. MethodsThe PET imaging probe 68Ga-NOTA-GalNAc was developed and characterized with regard to radiochemical purity, biocompatibility, biodistribution patterns, and specific ASGPR-targeting ability. Groups of normal mice, mice with acute liver injury (ALI) induced by CCl4, mice with early-stage liver fibrosis induced by CCl4, mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and orthotopic HepG2 hepatoma-bearing mice were imaged with 68Ga-NOTA-GalNAc PET to evaluate the potential of this technique in monitoring ASGPR-related liver dysfunction. Results68Ga-NOTA-GalNAc, a hydrophilic compound with high radiochemical purity (>99 %) and good liver targeting ability, particularly binds ASGPR on the surface of hepatocytes with moderate affinity (KD = 6.82 μM). Compared with control, ASGPR-related liver dysfunction groups, even the group of mice with ALI (P <0.0001), revealed sensitive distinctions in the liver uptake value of 68Ga-NOTA-GalNAc. The 68Ga-NOTA-GalNAc absorbed in the livers of mice with early-stage liver fibrosis and NAFLD group is significantly less than that absorbed in the livers of mice in the normal group (P <0.0001). Hepatoma can be visualized in orthotopic HepG2 hepatoma-bearing mice because of different radioactivity accumulated in the nontumor region and lesion region, corresponding to the ASGPR expression confirmed with immunohistochemical staining. Conclusion68Ga-NOTA-GalNAc has the potential to be a specific, noninvasive, and sensitive PET imaging agent for ASGPR-related liver dysfunction.