Liver Reduced Glutathione Levels Research Articles

Electro-Immobilisation and Fish Welfare: An Investigation into Stress, Consciousness, and Physiological Aspects During Slaughter

ABSTRACT The aquaculture industry frequently employs various slaughter methods that subject fish to inhumane conditions, resulting in significant suffering. This study examined the effects of electrical method on the welfare of farmed fish (Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi) compared to air asphyxiation. Fish captured with electricity exhibited calm behavior until death, in contrast to fish treated with air asphyxiation, which exhibited violent responses within 4 minutes of capture. The electrical method achieved a complete state of unconsciousness 7 minutes faster than air asphyxiation. Our results show that air asphyxiation raised cortisol levels more than the electrical method, with no significant difference in glucose and lactate concentrations. Electrically treated fish had higher superoxide dismutase and liver-reduced glutathione levels, while suffocated fish showed elevated GSH and liver catalase levels. Radiographs revealed no fractures or skeletal changes. Electrical stunning had no effect on gill tissue, but caused brain tissue hemorrhage, whereas air asphyxiation caused less damage. Air asphyxiation caused gill tissue issues but less brain damage. Consciousness loss is crucial for humane practices. Specific electrical currents (110V for 30s) could improve aquaculture and fish welfare.

Triazinone herbicide metribuzin induced acute liver injury: A study of animal model

Objective: To evaluate the acute toxicity effect of metribuzin at low dose on liver of mother rabbits and its fetus. Methods: Pregnant female rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus were divided into three groups (n=5). The first group of non-treated pregnancy rabbits served as control; the second group of pregnancy rabbits were treated with 1/100 LD50 of metribuzin and the third group of pregnancy rabbits were treated with 1/50 LD50 of metribuzin. Metribuzin was added in their drinking water for 60 d before and during pregnancy. Levels of liver malondialdehyde, liver glutathione S transferase, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and serum glutamic- pyruvic transaminase were determined. Liver reduced glutathione level was also determined by a colorimetric method. And hepatic homogenate was analyzed by HPLC analysis to determine the existence of traces of metribuzin. Results: Results revealed a significant increase in level of liver malondialdehyde, glutathione S transferase, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activities in mother and fetuses rabbits of both metribuzin treatment groups as compared to the control group. However the level of reduced glutathione was decreased in mother and fetuses rabbits of both groups treated with metribuzin compared to control group. Also, the results obtained by HPLC technique showed the presence of trace metribuzin in liver cells of mothers and fetuses rabbits of the both metribuzin treated groups. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study shows that exposure to metribuzin at low concentrations causes a acute toxicity in liver of mother rabbits and its fetus, also the trace of the metribuzin detected in the liver is the origin of possible malformation of the fetuses or abortion of the rabbits.

HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF IXORA COCCINEA L. IN ANIMAL MODEL

The present study aim was to assess the hepatoprotective effects of an ethanolic extract of Ixora flowers against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatocellular injury in rat s . Healthy male W istar rats (150 - 200 g body weight, 4 - 6 wk old) were used . They were ran domly di vided into eight groups. In the test group, ethanolic flower extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg was administered orally once daily. A single dose of carbo n tetrachloride (CCl 4 , 0.5 ml/kg in olive oil) was administered i.p. to induce hepatotoxicity on the 7 th d ay after half an hour of extract administration. Animals were euthanized 24 h after the administration of CCl 4 . Blood and liver tissue were collected for the assessment of serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), TP (Total protein), TB (Total bilirubin) and liver reduced glutathione level. The liver tissue was used for histopathological assessment of liver damage. Pre - treatment of rats with the flower extract of Ixora coccinea (300 mg/kg) orally for 7 days showed sig nificant reduc tion in serum levels of ALT ( P < 0.05) and AST ( P < 0.05) enzymes by 5.5 % and 14 % respectively. TP (Total protein) increased by 96.4 % and TB (Total bilirubin) decreased by 42.8 % and s imilar ly significant reduction was observed ( P < 0.05) in the liver reduced glutathione level by 42.32 % 24 h after the administration of carbon tetrachloride. Histopathological studies provided the evidence that the flower extract possess hepatoprotective activity. The study indicated that under the defined e xperimental conditions ethanolic extract of flowers of Ixora coccinea showed

Hepatoprotective effect of Averrhoea carambola fruit extract on carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in mice

Objective To investigate the hepatoprotective activity of Averroha carambola fruit extract against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic injury. Methods Hepatotoxicity was induced on albino mice by intraperitoneal administration of CCl 4, half an hour after the administration of the last dose of the extract of Averroha carambola fruit. Aqueous extract of the fruit of Averroha carambola was administered at a dose of 0.9 g/kg body weight once daily for seven days. The hepatic injury and its prevention was assessed by the estimation of serum activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphates (ALP), glutathione level and histopathological studies of liver. Results Pre-treatment of mice with the fruit extract of Averrhoea carambola significantly reduced serum levels of ALT, AST and ALP enzyme and significantly increased the liver reduced glutathione levels 24 h after the administration of carbon tetrachloride. A marked improvement in the enzyme activities and the liver reduced glutathione level was observed in the pre-treated mice 4 days after the administration of carbon tetrachloride. Histopathological studies provided supportive evidence for the biochemical analysis. Conclusions The aqueous extract of the fruit of Averrhoea carambola has hepatoprotective effect against carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in mice.

Protective effect of Asteracantha longifolia extract in mouse liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride and paracetamol.

This study was conducted to investigate the protective effect of Asteracantha longifolia Linn (Acanthaceae) plant extract on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)- and paracetamol-induced acute hepatotoxicity in mice. Hepatotoxicity was induced by the administration of a single intraperitoneal dose of CCl4 (0.5 mL kg(-1) CCl4 in olive oil) in one model and in the other by administration of paracetamol (300 mg kg(-1) in saline) orally, after a 16-h fast. An aqueous extract of the whole plant (0.9 g kg(-1)) was used on a pre- and post-treatment basis. Asteracantha reduced the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level by 69.32% (P < 0.001) and increased the liver reduced glutathione level by 64.65% (P < 0.001) in the pre-treated group, 4 days after the administration of CCl4. A similar pattern was observed in the pre-treated group 4 h after the administration of paracetamol with a reduction in serum levels of ALT, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes by 65.04, 55.79 and 45.75% respectively (P < 0.001). Plant extract also increased the glutathione concentration of the liver significantly (P < 0.001). Histopathological studies also provided supportive evidence for results from the biochemical analysis with marked improvement in liver architecture being observed in the Asteracantha-treated groups. Pre-treatment showed better results than post-treatment in both hepatotoxic models. Overall results indicate that the aqueous extract of Asteracantha longifolia possesses hepatoprotective effects on CCl4- and paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.

A Water Extract ofArtemisia capillarisPrevents 2,2'-Azobis(2-Amidinopropane) Dihydrochloride-Induced Liver Damage in Rats

A water extract of Artemisia capillaris Thunberg (Compositae) was investigated for protective effects against oxidative stress induced by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) in Sprague-Dawley male rats. Rats were orally administered A. capillaris water extract (ACWE; 7.5 g/kg) for 7 days before AAPH treatment (60 mg/kg). AAPH intoxication significantly elevated enzyme markers of liver injury (glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase). The pre-administration of ACWE significantly reduced the liver-damaging effects of AAPH as indicated by the low levels of these enzymes. Moreover, the ACWE administration significantly attenuated the accumulation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in both plasma and liver tissues compared with those of rats administered AAPH alone. Furthermore, ACWE administration slightly improved the liver reduced glutathione levels and enhanced the production of antioxidant enzymes like catalase. A. capillaris contained 10.1 mg of catechin in 100 g of dried sample; the high-performance liquid chromatography results showed catechin composition in the ACWE to be 28% (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, 49% (-)- epigallocatechin, and 23% other catechins. These observations clearly indicate that ACWE contains antioxidant catechins capable of ameliorating the AAPH-induced hepatic injury by virtue of its antioxidant activity.

Biochemical studies on the mechanism of action of liver poisons III. Depletion of liver glutathione in ethionine poisoning

Abstract Administration of ethionine to female rats was followed by rapid fall of the hepatic reduced glutathione content, concomitant with a progressive impairment of the cell-free protein-synthesizing capacity and a decline of the ATP level. In male rats and in adrenalectomized female rats, the onset of the first two alterations was considerably delayed. In contrast, the time course and the severity of the ethionine-induced ATP depletion were essentially the same in all instances. Treatment with CCl 4 , despite the similarity of its hepatotoxic effects to those of ethionine, resulted in no appreciable decrease of the liver reduced glutathione level. Administration of methionine counteracted both the reduced glutathione decline and the other biochemical lesions induced by ethionine, whereas injection of adenine, though preventing the ATP depletion, failed to reverse the depression of reduced glutathione. The available evidence suggests that the decrease in the reduced glutathione level reflects a diminished capacity of the liver for oxidized glutathione reduction and its resultant inability to compensate the normal process of continuous reduced glutathione oxidation. The possible role of the altered reduced glutathione metabolism in the pathogenesis of ethionine hepatotoxicity is discussed.