Liver Of Freshwater Fish Research Articles

Sub-chronic Effects of Zinc oxide Nanoparticles on Ovary, Gills, Kidney and Liver of Fresh Water Fish (Cyprinus carpio): histopathological Study

Concerns have been raised about the potential environmental dangers connected with ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) entering aquatic systems due to the growing use of ZnO NPs in various fields. This study looked about how freshwater fish (Cyprinus carpio) respond to sub-chronic exposure to ZnO NPs through food. Common carp (C. carpio) from nearby fish hatcheries were employed in this investigation (city of Madaan, south of Baghdad). These fish had an approximate length and weight of 15-18 cm and 120-5 gram, respectively. Once every day, fish fed commercial fish meal. They were acclimated in 40 L aquariums (60 x 40 x 50 cm) with continuous aeration and 16- and 8-hours photoperiod for 12 days prior to the commencement of the experiment. For six weeks, two groups of fishes were treated to doses of 250 and 500 mg/l. Samples were taken six weeks after the ZnO NPs exposure. Five fish from every ZnO NPs treated group as well as the associated controls were taken out, killed, and preserved in formalin after necessary exposure times for tissue samples (liver, gills, kidney, and ovaries). The tissues samples exhibit pathological changes as a result, particularly at concentrations of 500 mg/l of Zinc oxide nanoparticles.

Responses of oxidative stress biomarkers of freshwater fish (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to Cr6+, Hg2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ in differing calcium levels

Freshwaters from different geographical locations show different hardness, affecting metal uptake and toxicity in fish. The most important ion that determines water hardness is calcium. In this study, acute and chronic effects of metals on the oxidative stress biomarkers in the liver of freshwater fish (Oreochromis niloticus) were investigated in differing Ca2+ (30, 60 and 120 mg Ca2+/L) levels. Fish were exposed to Cr6+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ (30 μM) and Hg2+ (0.3 μM) for 3 days in acute experiments, while they were exposed to Cr6+, Ni2+ and Zn+2 (10 μM) and Hg2+ 0.03 μM) for 30 days in chronic experiments. Data showed that the oxidative stress biomarkers significantly (p < 0.05) altered after metal exposures at all calcium levels, though there was no significant change (p > 0.05) among calcium controls. In both acute and chronic exposures, catalase CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities increased significantly, while glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities decreased. There were significant decreases in total glutathione (GSH) levels in acute exposures, though GSH levels increased in chronic exposures. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels significantly increased in both durations. The highest significant alterations in the biomarkers occurred at the lowest Ca2+ levels. GPX and GST were found to be the most sensitive enzymes in all exposures and the least alterations in biomarker response occurred in fish exposed to Ni2+. This study demonstrated that calcium levels (hardness) were important factors in the evaluation of metal toxicity for freshwater fish.

Environmentally relevant concentrations of benzophenone-3 induce differential histopathological responses in gills and liver of freshwater fish.

BP-3 is one of the most used organic UV filters. However, its widespread use and release into aquatic environment can induce ecotoxicological impact on aquatic organisms. Thus, the aim of the current study is to evaluate the gills and liver of freshwater fish Poecilia reticulata subjected to acute exposure (96 h) to BP-3 at environmentally relevant concentrations (10-1000 ng L-1). The study was based on adopting qualitative and semi-quantitative approach to assess histopathological changes and integrated the biomarker response in order to investigate organ-specific responses to BP-3 exposure. BP-3 has induced high histopathological index associated with circulatory disturbances, as well as with regressive and immunological changes in gills, whereas the hepatic histopathological index was associated with circulatory disturbances. Moreover, lower BP-3 concentrations were mostly associated with changes in gills, whereas higher BP-3 concentration was mostly linked to hepatic changes. In conclusion, acute exposure to BP-3 at environmentally relevant concentrations had stronger impact on gills than on the liver of P. reticulata, which confirmed organ-specific responses to UV filters.

Histopathological Changes in Liver of Freshwater Fish, Channa Marulius (Ham Buch) Exposed to Sub Lethal Concentration of Cypermethrin

Histopathological Changes in Liver of Freshwater Fish, Channa Marulius (Ham Buch) Exposed to Sub Lethal Concentration of Cypermethrin

Heavy rainfall provokes anticoagulant rodenticides' release from baited sewer systems and outdoor surfaces into receiving streams

Prevalent findings of anticoagulant rodenticide (AR) residues in liver tissue of freshwater fish recently emphasized the existence of aquatic exposure pathways. Thus, a comprehensive wastewater treatment plant and surface water monitoring campaign was conducted at two urban catchments in Germany in 2018 and 2019 to investigate potential emission sources of ARs into the aquatic environment. Over several months, the occurrence and fate of all eight ARs authorized in the European Union as well as two pharmaceutical anticoagulants was monitored in a variety of aqueous, solid, and biological environmental matrices during and after widespread sewer baiting with AR-containing bait. As a result, sewer baiting in combined sewer systems, besides outdoor rodent control at the surface, was identified as a substantial contributor of these biocidal active ingredients in the aquatic environment. In conjunction with heavy or prolonged precipitation during bait application in combined sewer systems, a direct link between sewer baiting and AR residues in wastewater treatment plant influent, effluent, and the liver of freshwater fish was established. Moreover, study results confirmed insufficient removal of anticoagulants during conventional wastewater treatment and thus indirect exposure of aquatic organisms in receiving streams via tertiary treated effluents and combined sewer overflows. Nevertheless, further research is required to determine the ecological implications and risks for aquatic organisms as well as fish-eating predators from chronic AR exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations.

Serum and hepatic oxidative damage induced by a diet contaminated with fungal mycotoxin in freshwater silver catfish Rhamdia quelen: Involvement on disease pathogenesis

It has been recognized that oxidative stress is implicated in the initiation and progression of diseases due to the excessive formation of free radicals and impairment of the antioxidant defense system, contributing to the mortality of affected animals. The occurrence of a disequilibrium between the antioxidant/oxidant status in serum and liver of freshwater fish fed with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) remains poorly understood and limited to only a few oxidant variables. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether an AFB1-contaminated diet causes disturbance on the antioxidant and oxidant status in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) of freshwater. Serum and hepatic reactive oxygen species (ROS), metabolites of nitric oxide (NOx), and lipid hydroperoxide increased on days 14 and 21 post-feeding in animals that received AFB1 contaminated diet compared to the control group (basal diet), while protein carbonylation levels increased on day 21 post-feeding. On the other hand, serum and hepatic antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radical and vitamin C levels, as well as glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities were lower on days 14 and 21 post-feeding in animals that received AFB1 contaminated diet compared to the control group. No difference was observed between groups regarding the superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione levels. Based on these evidences, an AFB1-contaminated diet causes a disturbance on serum and hepatic antioxidant/oxidant system due to lipid and protein damage elicited by excessive ROS and NOx production. Also, the antioxidant defense system was unable to avoid or minimize ROS and NOx deleterious effects, and consequently, the oxidative damage. In summary, this disturbance can contribute to understand the pathophysiology and mortality of fish after the consumption of AFB1-contaminated diets.

Anionic Surfactant, Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonate Induced Oxidative Stress and Hepatic Impairments in Fish Channa punctatus

Linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (LAS), one of the main ingredients used in synthetic detergents to enhance their cleansing properties. Indiscriminate and untreated discharge of detergents and their residues in both lantic and lotic habitats pose a variety of ecological threats and also adversely affect aquatic fauna. In vivo, LAS metabolism and biotransformation occurs via monooxygenases in liver, leading to Reactive Oxygen Species, ROS, production and consequently oxidative stress by disturbing cellular antioxidant enzymatic equilibrium. Present study aims to evaluate the activities of two widely distributed antioxidant enzymes viz., catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ROS induced histological impairments in liver of freshwater fish, Channa punctatus. For the estimation of oxidative stress and hepatic impairments, well acclimatized fishes were divided in three groups. Fish of group G1 serves as control whereas fish of the other two groups, G2 and G3 were exposed to two fractions, 1/20th and 1/10th of 96 h LC50 of LAS for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of exposure periods. Our results showed a significant induction in CAT and SOD activities in liver tissue of C. punctatus in a dose and time dependent manner. ROS induced histopathological impairments in hepatic tissues are characterized by loosely arranged, irregularly distributed and degenerated hepatocytes with increased vacuolization and pyknotic nuclei. The results are quite suggestive that LAS intoxication generates oxidative stress by ROS production which brings about histopathological impairments in exposed fish.

Biochemical and Histological Effects of Glyphosate on the Liver of Cyprinus carpio (Linn.)

Glyphosate is an active ingredient of Roundup®, a herbicide which is extensively used for agricultural applications and control of vegetation in non-crop areas often leading to its runoff from sites of application into water bodies posing serious threat to non-target species including fish. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the biochemical and histopathological effects of glyphosate on the liver of freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio (Linn.) after calculating the 96 h LC50 of glyphosate (Roundup®41% SL) which was 3.260 ppm. The fish fingerlings having mean wt. 3g ±0.5 and mean length 5.5cm ±0.35 were exposed to two sublethal concentrations of glyphosate i.e. 25% of LC50 (T1) and 50% of LC50 (T2) for a period of 28 days. Total soluble proteins, lipids and enzymatic activities of aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) were recorded at weekly intervals and significant (p>0.05) decrease in protein and lipid content of the liver was continually observed till the termination of the experiment. However, the enzymatic activities of AST and ALT in liver showed a significant (p<0.05) increase with increasing concentrations of glyphosate and duration of exposure. The histo-morphology of liver in fish exposed to glyphosate exhibited vacuolation of hepatocytes, pyknotic nuclei, degeneration of cytoplasm, and infiltration of leukocytes, necrosis and severe vasodilation in the treatments. The severity of biochemical and histological alterations was more pronounced in T2 after 28 days of exposure. The increase in activities of AST and ALT and the decrease in protein and lipid content of the liver following exposure of fish to the herbicide suggest enhanced protein catabolism, hepatocellular damage and increased utilization of energy stores to compensate for higher energy demands during stress. This indicates that the above said herbicide causes potential harm to the aquatic life.

Metabolic alterations in liver of fresh water fish, C. punctata exposed to arsenic: an adverse and adaptive response to the environment

Arsenic is a major toxicant impairing in diverse metabolic alterations of the organisms and the mechanism of adaptive response is yet to be identified. In the present study, effects of different doses of arsenic in liver of Channa punctata on the regulation of metabolic activities were done. C. punctata, a variety of fresh water fish were exposed to 1, 10 and 1000 ?M concentration of Na2HAsO4 for 1 h. The amount of protein, in response to 1, 10 and 1000 ?M concentration of arsenic were augmented by 184.47% (2.84-folds), 202.82% (3.0- folds) and 317.49% (4.17-folds), respectively and was found to be higher for 1000 ?M dose. Cholesterol contents in liver were similarly exaggerated by 517.45% (6.17-folds), 308.13% (4.1-folds) and 286.41% (3.86-folds), respectively. However, the higher response was found for 1 ?M dose of Na2HAsO4. Similar stimulatory effects on triglyceride level were observed in response to arsenic. Na2HAsO4 causes 443.74% (5.43-folds), 533.11% (6.33-folds) and 548.48% (6.48-folds) enhanced triglyceride level in liver respectively and the effects were pronounced for 1000 ?M concentration. Our findings conclude that arsenic is involved in impairment of metabolic activities in liver of the species of fish and gives an impact to the environment for survival.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. &amp; Tech. 6 (2): 87-94, December, 2016

Histopathological Impact of Dimethoate on the Liver of Freshwater Fish, Garra mullya (Sykes)

Histopathological Impact of Dimethoate on the Liver of Freshwater Fish, Garra mullya (Sykes)

Hamacreadium mutabile, Linton 1910, Digentic trematode from liver of fresh water fish, Clarias lazera as a new host and site

Hamacreadium mutabile, Linton 1910, Digentic trematode from liver of fresh water fish, Clarias lazera as a new host and site

Analysis of retinol, 3-hydroxyretinol and 3,4-didehydroretinol in North American farm-raised freshwater fish liver, muscle and feed

Vitamin A (VA) is an essential micronutrient in fish, vital for reproduction, vision and immunity. Freshwater fish species store and use VA in the form of retinol (ROL), as well as uncommon forms such as 3,4-didehydroretinol (DROL) and 3-hydroxyretinol (3ROL). We developed and validated an HPLC method capable of measuring ROL, DROL and 3ROL in the feed and tissues of North American freshwater fish, for which little information on retinoid concentrations is available. DROL and ROL were higher than expected in both fish feed and fish liver (at 9.5–29.6 mg kg−1 DROL and 26.9–79.2 mg kg−1 ROL for feed; and 19.8–548.8 μg g−1 DROL and 10.4–128.8 μg g−1 ROL for liver). Interestingly, DROL concentrations were lower than ROL in fish feed, but often substantially higher in fish liver. Concentrations of ROL and DROL were similar to each other in muscle. 3ROL was detected in fish liver only. To our knowledge, this is the first publication to measure DROL concentrations in North American farm-raised fish and commercial fish feed. Monitoring of not only ROL, but DROL and 3ROL as well, may be advisable to better assess the VA content of fish feed and tissue.

Biochemical Alterations Induced by Heavy Metal Mixture on the Levels of Vitamin E and Glycogen in the Liver of Freshwater Fish

Following the toxicity and potential risk posed by the heavy metals to man and aquatic ecosystems, the study investigates the adverse changes exerted by sublethal concentrations of triple mixture of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, and Pb) on the glycogen and vitamin E reserves of tilapia species, Oreochromis niloticus over an exposure period of 1, 10, 20, and 40 days. The investigation consists of control group of fish maintained in normal water while the experimental group was exposed to 4.5mg/l triple mixture of Cd, Cr, and Pb solution at 1.5mg/l each of the metals for the period of exposure. Both groups were compared at the end of the experiment to measure deviations. Glycogen and vitamin E levels measured in the fish liver homogenates decreased (P<0.05) consistently over the experimental period and there were significant (P<0.05) variations between the exposure days, all at 95% confidence limits. The sensitivity of biochemical markers has been of vital application in environmental monitoring and the current research attesting to it, calls for proactive response and regulations to pollution due to heavy metals resulting from various anthropogenic activities.

Histopathology of the liver of Mastacembelus armatus (Lecepede, 1800) due to trematode parasite, Allocreadium khami n.sp

The trematode parasite, Allocreadium khami n.sp. cyst is found infected to the liver of freshwater fish, Mastacembelus armatus (Lecepede, 1800). Histopathological studies have been made to access the extent of damage caused by the parasite. The changes that have witnessed in the liver includes inflammation of liver, change of colour and formation of cysts. The histopathological changes include disarray in the arrangement of hepatochords, arrangement and rupture of hepatocytes.

Histochemical changes in the liver of freshwater fish, Rasbora daniconius, exposed to paper mill effluent

This investigation deals with the effect of paper mill effluent, on the histochemical components of the liver of Rasbora daniconius . The Paper mill effluent was collected directly from the 45 Km away from Aurangabad (MS) India. Histochemical studies on protein, lipid and glycogen contents of liver Rasbora daniconius showed a progressive decrease in staining intensity to Mercury bromophenol blue (Hg-BPB), Sudan black B and Bets’s Carmine at 30 days exposure when treated at sublethal concentrations (1.9% and 0.95%) of paper mill effluent. The magnitudes of these changes were dose dependent. This study, therefore, concludes that paper mill effluent creates metabolic crisis and impairment in fish liver. The depletion in level of protein, lipid and glycogen points towards exhaustion of cell- energy to meet high demand of fish in stressful condition.

Bioaccumulation and ROS generation in liver of freshwater fish, goldfish Carassius auratus under HC Orange No. 1 exposure

HC Orange No. 1 (CAS No. 54381-08-7, 2-nitro-4'-hydroxydiphenylamine) is used as a color additive in hair dyes. In this study, laboratory experiment was carried out to determine HC Orange No. 1 bioaccumulation and oxidative stress in the liver of freshwater fish, goldfish Carassius auratus. Fish were exposed to different concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/L) of HC Orange No. 1 for 10 days, with one group assigned as control. The accumulation of HC Orange No. 1 in liver increased with the exposure concentration (R(2) = 0.94). A secondary spin trapping technique was used followed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis to study the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. On the basis of the hyperfine splitting constants and shape of the EPR spectrum, the ROS generated in fish liver after exposure was identified as hydroxyl radical (*OH). There is a good correlation between the exposure concentrations and *OH generation (R(2) = 0.92). The *OH signal intensity of the EPR spectrum showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) when the HC Orange No. 1 concentration was 1.0 mg/L, compared with that of the control. A good positive relationship (R(2) = 0.95) was found between the *OH formation and accumulation level of HC Orange No. 1 in liver. The changes of the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and contents of reduced glutathione (GSH) were also detected. These observations indicated a possible mechanism of oxidative stress induced by HC Orange No. 1 on fish.

Alterations in the Levels of Ions in Blood and Liver of Freshwater Fish, Cyprinus carpio var. communis Exposed to Dimethoate

The fingerlings of Cyprinus carpio var. communis were exposed to sublethal concentration of dimethoate for 7, 14 days to evaluate the impact of the pesticide dimethoate on different ions namely sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium. The blood potassium, calcium, magnesium and liver chloride and magnesium levels were elevated under sublethal condition. The blood sodium, chloride and liver sodium, potassium, and calcium levels were found to be significantly decreased.

Responses of the antioxidant defenses of the Goldfish Carassius auratus, exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenol

Goldfish Carassius auratus were exposed to 0.1 mg/l of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), widely used as transportation power in China, for 2, 5, 10, 20 and 40 days, while one control group was designated for each exposure group. Antioxidant defenses consisting of contents of reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in liver of freshwater fish were determined and the GSH–GSSG ratio and content of tGSH (total glutathione) were calculated. In the present study, the role of hepatic antioxidant defenses was evaluated and the possible poisoning mechanism of fish can be explained as an oxidative stress mechanism. In addition, hepatic SOD and GSH, especially tGSH, were sensitive to 2,4-DCP contamination and thus, can possibly be used in early assessment of 2,4-DCP-dominant polluted aquatic ecosystems.

In situ pollution induced cytochrome P450 activity of freshwater fish: barbel ( Barbus barbus), chub ( Leuciscus cephalus) and nase ( Chondrostoma nasus)

The induction of cytochrome P450IA1 was detected in freshwater fish liver using 7-ethoxyresorufin- O-deethylase activity (EROD). Investigations took place in the river Durance in the south-east of France and revealed a strong induction downstream a chemical plant. This induction differed between the three species studied. The species Barbus barbus was more sensitive to the pollution. This might be due to the benthic feeding behaviour ofthat fish. The induction increased from February to October which was probably a concentration effect caused by the drastic drought that occurred in France in 1989.

Presence of Zn,Cu-binding protein in liver of freshwater fishes in the absence of elevated exogenous metal: Relevance to toxic metal exposure

Cytosols from livers of 11 freshwater fishes contain large amounts of a 10 000 Da metal-binding protein containing zinc and copper. Very little Cd accumulates in this fraction in liver after 12 months' exposure of rainbow trout to 9 μg/liter Cd in the water. Much more Cd is found in the Zn,Cu,Cd-binding protein in kidney. Characterization of the fish binding protein showed that in vitro cadmium added to cytosol displaces zinc but not copper; the ratio of sulfhydryl to Zn + Cu is 2·3–2·6; and Cu is bound in the 1 + state and is removed by bathocuproine disulfonate. By these criteria, the binding protein behaves like metallothionein.