Liver Enzymes Alanine Aminotransferase Research Articles

Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Salmonella, toxicity and biochemical effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts in mice

Abstract. Ngemenya MN, Itoe LO, Awah LA, Asongana R, Ndip RA. 2024. Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Salmonella, toxicity and biochemical effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts in mice. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 22: 43-50. The emergence of multidrug resistance has significantly compromised the treatment of Salmonella infections. The anti-Salmonella activity, toxicity, and biochemical effects of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf crude extracts were studied by disc diffusion and microdilution against Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) strains. Cytotoxicity was investigated on monkey kidney epithelial cells (LLCMK2) and acute toxicity in BALB/c mice. Both hexane (MOHEX) and methanol (MOMET) extracts produced small zones of inhibition of 8mm at 1 mg and 2 mg per disc, indicating weak activity, but the minimum inhibitory concentration showed high (0.0625 mg/mL) to low activity (10 mg/mL) activity. No minimum bactericidal concentration was recorded at the concentrations tested. The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) for methanol and hexane extracts were 2524 µg/mL and 5004 µg/mL, respectively, indicating a low risk of toxicity. No mortality or adverse effects were recorded in the acute toxicity test. Both extracts had no significant effects (p < 0.05) on renal function and one liver enzyme (alanine aminotransferase), but MOMET significantly increased aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.04), suggesting possible liver toxicity. The study shows that M. oleifera leaves possess bacteriostatic activity against multidrug-resistant Salmonella and are non-toxic; hence, it is a potential alternative treatment against multidrug-resistant Salmonella. Further studies of fractions and pure natural products of the extracts should be pursued.

Preliminary study on the diagnostic value of LEAP-2 and CK18 in biopsy-proven MAFLD

Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) has become the leading cause of chronic liver disease. Liver biopsy, as the diagnostic gold standard, is invasive and has sampling bias, making it particularly important to search for sensitive and specific biomarkers for diagnosis. Cytokeratin 18 (CK18) M30 and M65 are products of liver cell apoptosis and necrosis, respectively, and liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP-2) is a related indicator of glucose and lipid metabolism. Correlation studies have found that all three indicators positively correlate with the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Through comparison of diagnostic values, it was found that CK18 M65 can better distinguish between healthy individuals and MAFLD; LEAP-2 can effectively distinguish MAFLD from other liver diseases, especially ALD.

Evaluation of Some Liver Enzymes in HIV/AIDS Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria

Background: Hepatoxicity is a major complication and side effect of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Unfortunately, such studies in this area of evaluating the adverse drug reaction of ART on the liver hepatocytes are only few in number in Nigeria.Objective: To determine the levels of some liver enzymes in HIV/AIDS patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and as well evaluate their impact on liver hepatocytes.Methods: This is a hospital-based case-control study. A total of 153 subjects were recruited in the study, and they were divided into three groups: the control group (which consist of apparently healthy subjects), the study group 1 (consist of HIV positive subject not on ART), and study group 2 (consist of HIV/AIDS patients on ART). The liver enzymes Alanine amino Transferase (ALT), Asparate amino Transfarase (AST) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) were determined using enzyme linked spectrophotometric assay methods, according to the manufacturer’s specifications.Results: The mean standard deviation (SD) of ALT and AST activity of the study group 1 showed significant differences when compared with that of the control group P<0.001, but the ALP has no significant differences P>0.05. In Study group 2, (HIV/AIDS patients on ART) showed significant differences of P<0.001 in ALT, AST and ALP.Conclusion: Some liver enzymes were elevated in subjects on antiretroviral therapy; this elevation could be due to hepatotoxicity of the (ART) used by the HIV/AIDS patients on the liver hepatocytes.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 08 No. 02 Apr’24 Page: 126-131

LOAd703, an oncolytic virus-based immunostimulatory gene therapy, combined with chemotherapy for unresectable or metastatic pancreatic cancer (LOKON001): results from arm 1 of a non-randomised, single-centre, phase 1/2 study

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is characterised by low immunogenicity and an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. LOAd703, an oncolytic adenovirus with transgenes encoding TMZ-CD40L and 4-1BBL, lyses cancer cells selectively, activates cytotoxic T cells, and induces tumour regression in preclinical models. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of combining LOAd703 with chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. LOKON001 was a non-randomised, phase 1/2 study conducted at the Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, and consisted of two arms conducted sequentially; the results of arm 1 are presented here. In arm 1, patients 18 years or older with previously treated or treatment-naive unresectable or metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma were treated with standard 28-day cycles of intravenous nab-paclitaxel 125 mg/m2 plus gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 (up to 12 cycles) and intratumoural injections of LOAd703 every 2 weeks. Patients were assigned using Bayesian optimal interval design to receive 500 μL of LOAd703 at 5 × 1010 (dose 1), 1 × 1011 (dose 2), or 5 × 1011 (dose 3) viral particles per injection, injected endoscopically or percutaneously into the pancreatic tumour or a metastasis for six injections. The primary endpoints were safety and treatment-emergent immune response in patients who received at least one dose of LOAd703, and antitumour activity was a secondary endpoint. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02705196, arm 2 is ongoing and open to new participants. Between Dec 2, 2016, and Oct 17, 2019, 23 patients were assessed for eligibility, leading to 22 patients being enrolled. One patient withdrew consent, resulting in 21 patients (13 [62%] men and eight [38%] women) assigned to a dose group (three to dose 1, four to dose 2, and 14 to dose 3). 21 patients were evaluable for safety. Median follow-up time was 6 months (IQR 4-10), and data cutoff was Jan 5, 2023. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events overall were anaemia (96 [8%] of 1237 events), lymphopenia (86 [7%] events), hyperglycaemia (70 [6%] events), leukopenia (63 [5%] events), hypertension (62 [5%] events), and hypoalbuminaemia (61 [5%] events). The most common adverse events attributed to LOAd703 were fever (14 [67%] of 21 patients), fatigue (eight [38%]), chills (seven [33%]), and elevated liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase in five [24%], alkaline phosphatase in four [19%], and aspartate aminotransferase in four [19%]), all of which were grade 1-2, except for a transient grade 3 aminotransferase elevation occurring at dose 3. A maximum tolerated dose was not reached, thereby establishing dose 3 as the highest-evaluated safe dose when combined with nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine. Proportions of CD8+ effector memory cells and adenovirus-specific T cells increased after LOAd703 injections in 15 (94%) of 16 patients for whom T-cell assays could be performed. Eight (44%, 95% CI 25-66) of 18 patients evaluable for activity had an objective response. Combining LOAd703 with nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma was feasible and safe. To build upon this novel chemoimmunotherapeutic approach, arm 2 of LOKON001, which combines LOAd703, nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine, and atezolizumab, is ongoing. Lokon Pharma, the Swedish Cancer Society, and the Swedish Research Council.

PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF GINGER (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE) AND CLOVE (SYZYGIUM AROMATICUM) AGAINST INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY BY DIMETHOATE IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS

Usage of pesticides is world wide spread have harmful effect on human health via environmental or occupational exposure, that pollute water, soil and food. This experimental study aims to investigate possible antioxidant and protective activities of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) aqueous extracts against induced injury of liver hepatocytes using the organophosphate Dimethoate (DM) in rabbits. Thirty adult male rabbits from local market were divided into five groups (6 animals in each). (1) control rabbits, (2) rabbits were given DM (20 mg/kg B. w daily dose 1/20 of half the lethal dose), (3) rabbits were given ginger extract (400 mg/kg B.W) daily dose and then DM, (4) rabbits were given clove extract (100 mg/kg B.W) daily dose and then DM, (5) rabbits were given ginger with clove extracts and then DM as previous dose for 30 days. At the end of the experiment animals were anesthetized and then sacrificed. The blood sample was collected for biochemical analysis. Dimethoate resulted in significant increase in the activity of aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) compared with control. Significantly increased level of both total and direct bilirubin were observed. However, the total protein and albumin were decreased. The ginger and clove extracts either separately or combined in groups 3,4 and 5 showed significantly improvement and decrease activity of liver enzymes AST, ALT and ALP. On the other hand, decreased in total bilirubin compared with DM group were recorded. While increased the serum levels of total protein and albumin were observed. It could be included that ginger and clove extracts were effective in protecting against induced hepatotoxicity by treating liver functions. Therefore, we recommend these two plants by moderate amounts to be added in the daily meals and drinks.

The effect of thyme essential oil and endothelial progenitor stem cells on lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis in C57BL/6 mice.

Sepsis is a potentially fatal syndrome related to severe systemic inflammation developed by infection. Despite different antimicrobial therapies, morbidity and mortality rates remain high. Herbs along with cell therapy have been introduced as a promising option to improve the symptoms of sepsis. The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of simultaneous administration of thyme essential oil (TEO) and endothelial progenitor stem cells (EPCs) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis in C57BL/6 mice. Sepsis was induced in C57Bl/6J mice by intraperitoneal injection of LPS, followed 2h later by an intravenous injection of EPCs or oral administration of TEO or simultaneous administration of TEO and EPCs. After 10 days, the complete blood cell, renal and liver factors, serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, and angiogenic factors were measured. Simultaneous treatment with EPCs and TEO significantly increased the survival of mice with sepsis and modulated the inflammatory response by reducing the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, this treatment significantly reduced the level of white blood cells and neutrophils and increased the number of red blood cells, the percentage of hematocrit, and hemoglobin. The combination of TEO with EPCs decreased organ injuries and was assessed by lower levels of the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase compared to the sepsis group. Administration of EPCs and TEO also significantly improved angiogenic factors, lung function, and toll-like receptor 4 expression. EPCs in combination with TEO increase survival in the LPS-induced sepsis mice model by acting on several targets. Thus, the combination of TEO with EPCs can be a feasible approach for the future clinical treatment and control of sepsis.

Effects of Clothianidin on Biochemical Parameters of Adult Zebrafish

The ubiquitous use of insecticides leads to detrimental effects on non-target organisms due to accidental exposure. Neonicotinoid insecticides are popularly used worldwide for their high affinity for arthropod nicotinic receptors which effectively kill insect pests. Low affinity towards vertebrate nicotinic receptors, make them safer as compared to traditional insecticides. Recent studies demonstrated that neonicotinoid exposure can cause some toxicity in vertebrates including humans. Zebrafish is one of the popular model organisms to study ecotoxicity. This is the first study on adult zebrafish to report the effect of novel neonicotinoid, Clothianidin on mortality, liver antioxidant stress profile, liver function profile and brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Observations were made over two treatment periods, 96 hours, and 21 days, in five groups exposed to varying concentrations of Clothianidin viz. 30mg/L, 50mg/L, 70mg/L, 90mg/L, 110mg/L and a control. Although no mortality was observed, Clothianidin exposure led to increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme, lipid peroxidation and decreased catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Treated groups also showed increased concentrations of liver enzyme alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP). These results indicate that Clothianidin causes disturbances in the hepatic function. A prominent decreasing trend observed in brain AChE shows that Clothianidin inhibits AChE in adult zebrafish. Further investigations on DNA damage and gene expression studies could be conducted to understand the exact mechanism of action of Clothianidin

Dietary Bacillus species modulate lipid metabolism-related parameters, growth, water quality, and bacterial load in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus )

This study examined the impact of supplementing Bacillus spp. mixtures at concentrations of 0.2 g/kg (PRO-0.2) and 0.5 g/kg (PRO-0.5) on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) for 90 days. Fish groups receiving PRO-0.2 and PRO-0.5 exhibited significantly lower water ammonia levels than the control group, in linear and quadratic patterns. Furthermore, their length and weight increased exponentially over time, peaking at the end of the experiment. After 90 days, the PRO-0.5 group displayed the highest mean weight gain. Additionally, both the PRO-0.2 and PRO-0.5 groups had the lowest food conversion ratios and highest protein efficiency ratios in a linear pattern. They also showed improved liver function, as indicated by lower levels of liver enzyme (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase) compared to the control group. In terms of the lipid profile, the PRO-0.2 and PRO-0.5 groups had significantly lower serum levels of low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, in linear and quadratic patterns, and cholesterol compared to the control group, with no significant differences in cholesterol levels. High-density lipoprotein increased significantly in both PRO-0.2 and PRO-0.5 groups after 90 days, following a linear pattern. Hepatic alkaline phosphatase levels decreased in both the PRO-0.2 and PRO-0.5 groups, following a significant linear pattern over time. After 30 days, the expression of hepatic fatty acid binding protein 3 (fabp3) significantly decreased in the PRO-0.5 group. Intestinal cluster of differentiation 36 (cd36) and fabp3 expression markedly increased, with cd36 showing the greatest rise. After 90 days, hepatic cd36 expression became prominent in both PRO-0.2 and PRO-0.5 groups. Expression of fas was significantly downregulated in both the PRO-0.2 and PRO-0.5 groups. Notably, hepatic lipoprotein lipase (lpl) expression significantly increased in the supplementation groups after 30 days but decreased significantly after 90 days. Overall, this study highlights the positive impact of dietary mixtures of Bacillus spp. on various aspects, including water quality, growth performance, feed utilization, survivability, expression of lipid metabolism-related genes, lipid profile, body composition, and bacterial load in both water and fish bodies.

Effects of combination of tramadol and sildenafil citrate (Viagra) on hepatic and renal function parameters in Male Albino Rats

Erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation and pleasure seeking have increased the use of sildenafil citrate, tramadol and their combination by youths who believe these drugs could positively impact their sexual life. Sildenafil citrate and tramadol are metabolized in the liver, and their by-products excreted through the kidneys, making these organs possible targets for toxicity. Aim: This study evaluates the effects of combination of tramadol and sildenafil citrate on hepatic and renal function parameters in male albino rats. Methodology: A total of forty-nine (49) male albino rats weighing between 150 to 180g were used for the study. Sildenafil citrate and tramadol were administered to the rats by means of oral gavage for 28 days. The liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined using the Reitman-Frankel method. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was determined using the Colorimetric endpoint method. Total protein (TP) was determined using the biuret method. Albumin (ALB) was determined using the bromocresol green method. Sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and chloride (CL-) were determined using ion selective electrode (ISE) method. Bicarbonate (HCO3-) was determined using titrimetric method. Urea was determined using Urease bertholet method. Creatinine was determined using Jaffe-Slot method. Results: There were no significant differences (P>.05) in the liver enzymes ALT, AST and ALP in all the treatment groups compared to the negative control. Total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) also showed no significant differences (P>.05) in the groups, compared to the negative control. there were no significant differences (P>.05) in the electrolyte levels in the treatment groups, compared to the negative control. Urea and creatinine levels were also not significantly different (P>.05) in the treatment groups, compared to the negative control. Conclusion: Administration of sildenafil citrate singularly and in combination with tramadol, at recommended and double doses for 28 days, did not impact the liver and was also non-toxic to the kidneys.

A Polyherbal Mixture with Nutraceutical Properties for Ruminants: A Meta-Analysis and Review of BioCholine Powder.

BioCholine Powder is a polyherbal feed additive composed of Achyrantes aspera, Trachyspermum ammi, Azadirachta indica, and Citrullus colocynthis. The objective of this study was to analyze published results that support the hypothesis that the polyherbal product BioCholine Powder has rumen bypass choline metabolites through a meta-analysis and effect size analysis (ES). Using Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and university dissertation databases, a systematic search was conducted for experiments published in scientific documents that evaluated the effects of BioCholine supplementation on the variables of interest. The analyzed data were extracted from twenty-one publications (fifteen scientific articles, three abstracts, and three graduate dissertations available in institutional libraries). The studies included lamb growing-finishing, lactating ewes and goats, calves, and dairy cows. The effects of BioCholine were analyzed using random effects statistical models to compare the weighted mean difference (WMD) between BioCholine-supplemented ruminants and controls (no BioCholine). Heterogeneity was explored, and three subgroup analyses were performed for doses [(4 (or 5 g/d), 8 (10 g/d)], supplementation in gestating and lactating ewes (pre- and postpartum supplementation), and blood metabolites by species and physiological state (lactating goats, calves, lambs, ewes). Supplementation with BioCholine in sheep increased the average daily lamb gain (p < 0.05), final body weight (p < 0.01), and daily milk yield (p < 0.05) without effects on intake or feed conversion. Milk yield was improved in small ruminants with BioCholine prepartum supplementation (p < 0.10). BioCholine supplementation decreased blood urea (p < 0.01) and increased levels of the liver enzymes alanine transaminase (ALT; p < 0.10) and albumin (p < 0.001). BioCholine doses over 8 g/d increased blood glucose, albumin (p < 0.10), cholesterol, total protein, and globulin (p < 0.05). The ES values of BioCholine in retained energy over the control in growing lambs were +7.15% NEm (p < 0.10) and +9.25% NEg (p < 0.10). In conclusion, adding BioCholine Powder to domestic ruminants' diets improves productive performance, blood metabolite indicators of protein metabolism, and liver health, showing its nutraceutical properties where phosphatidylcholine prevails as an alternative that can meet the choline requirements in ruminants.

Hepatotoxic Effect of Hydrogen Cyanamide (Dormex®) in Albino Rats and the Ameliorative Effect of Melatonin

Background: Hydrogen cyanamide (Dormex®) is used as a fertilizer sprayed on fruits, especially grapes to stimulate buds’ opening. It causes oxidative stress leading to hepatic, renal, and lung damage. Melatonin is derived primarily from the amino acid tryptophan, produced from the pineal gland, and has antioxidant effects. This study aimed to examine the effects of acute hydrogen cyanamide (Dormex®) exposure on the liver of albino rats and evaluate the biochemical and histological changes caused by Dormex® toxicity. Additionally, the study evaluated the potential ameliorative role of melatonin in these harmful effects. Methods: Forty adult male albino rats were divided into four groups; group I: Negative control, group II: Melatonin-treated (100 mg/kg/day), group III: Dormex®-treated (100 mg/kg) as a single dose, and group IV: Receiving melatonin (100 mg/kg/day)+Dormex® (100 mg/kg). After 24 hours, all animals were evaluated for liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin), hepatic markers for oxidative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) and histopathological examination was done for hepatic tissues. Results: The Dormex®-treated group showed significantly elevated liver enzymes, elevated MDA, and decreased GSH and SOD. Histopathological examination revealed normal structure in groups 1 and 2 while group 3 showed several histopathological changes characterized by inflammation and hepatic necrosis. Administration of melatonin with Dormex® in group 4 caused a decrease in liver enzymes and MDA and an increase in GSH and SOD with improvement in liver histopathology. Conclusion: Melatonin showed an ameliorative effect and can be used as a protective agent against Dormex®-induced hepatic injury.

Effects of prazosin treatment on liver enzymes are moderated by alcohol withdrawal symptoms in individuals with alcohol use disorder.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is associated with significant liver pathology marked by elevated liver enzymes. Prazosin, an alpha1-noradrenergic antagonist significantly improves alcohol drinking outcomes in individuals with alcohol withdrawal symptoms (AW), but effects on liver enzymes are unknown. We assessed the effects of prazosin treatment on the liver enzymes alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) in individuals with AUD. Participants (N=100) with AUD were enrolled in a 12-week randomized controlled trial and received either placebo or 16 mg/day of prazosin. Whole blood was drawn from 92 participants to measure liver enzyme levels every 4 weeks, and severity of AW was assessed weekly. Analysis predicting liver function outcomes used linear mixed effects models. Controlling for alcohol consumption, a significant AW × treatment effect was seen for ALT (p < 0.05), AST (p < 0.05) and GGT (p < 0.01). Additionally, AST (b = 0.2, p < 0.01), ALT (b = 0.2, p < 0.05), and GGT (b = 0.3, p < 0.01) were elevated in individuals with higher AW in the placebo but not in the prazosin group (AST: p > 0.66; ALT: p > 0.65). Only in the prazosin group were lower GGT levels associated with higher withdrawal severity (b = -0.16, p < 0.05). We found an interaction of alcohol withdrawal symptoms and prazosin treatment on liver enzyme levels, which were not influenced by week in the trial or the amount of alcohol consumed. Together, these findings suggest that prazosin treatment reduces liver enzymes over the course of AUD treatment among individuals with significant AW, though replication to establish clinical utility is needed.

Toxicological evaluation of chronic oral administration of Justicia schimperiana (Hochst. ex Nees) T. Anderson leaf 80% methanolic extract in Wistar albino rats

BackgroundJusticia schimperiana has been widely used for the treatment of various human ailments without scientific proof for chronic toxicity. Thus, this study is aimed to evaluate the chronic toxicity of 80% methanolic extracts of the leaves of Justicia schimperiana in rats. MethodsAn 80% crude methanolic extract of the plant leaves was orally administered to Wistar albino rats for 6 months. The experiment was conducted in accordance with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development's guideline number 452. Twenty rats per group and sex were randomly assigned to three treatment groups and a control group. Daily doses of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg of the extract diluted with distilled water were administered orally to the rats. Rats in the control group received distilled water orally. Weekly body weight and daily food intake were measured. At the end, rats were sacrificed for histopathological, biochemical and hematological tests. The statistical analysis was done using the Kruskal-Wallis test and one-way analysis of variance. ResultsSix months daily oral administration of the plant extract did not significantly affect the rats’ food consumption, organ weight, and histopathology. Rats treated with 1000 mg/kg extract, however, significantly increased liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase), and kidney function tests (creatinine and urea). Additionally, the high dose extract administered rats showed significantly lower red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit compared to the control group. ConclusionSix months oral administration in Wistar albino rats in this experiment indicated that Justicia schimperiana is relatively safe at lower and medium doses. However, increased liver enzymes, increased kidney function tests and decreased red blood cell indices was observed in rats treated at higher doses. To obtain a thorough understanding of the plant's toxicity profile, it is advised that future studies be conducted on teratogenicity and reproductive toxicity.

Non-linear association of liver enzymes with cognitive performance in the elderly: A cross-sectional study.

Although liver metabolic dysfunction has been found to potentially elevate susceptibility to cognitive impairment and dementia, there is still insufficient evidence to explore the non-linear association of liver enzymes with cognitive performance. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the non-linear relationship between liver enzymes and cognitive performance. In this cross-sectional study, 2764 individuals aged ≥ 60 who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES) between 2011 and 2014 were included. The primary data comprised liver enzyme levels (alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), AST/ALT ratio, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)), and cognitive performance was the major measured outcome. The associations were analyzed using weighted multivariate logistic regression, subgroup analysis, a generalized additive model, smooth fitting curves, and threshold effects. The results of the fully adjusted model indicated that ALP was negatively associated with the animal fluency test (AFT) score (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.11-1.98), whereas ALT demonstrated a positive association with the consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD) test score (OR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.53-0.97). Additionally, the AST/ALT ratio was negatively associated with the global cognitive test (OR = 2.39, 95% CI: 1.53-3.73), CERAD (OR = 2.61, 95% CI: 1.77-3.84), and digit symbol substitution test (DSST) scores (OR = 2.51, 95% CI: 1.57-4.02). GGT was also negatively associated with the AFT score (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.01-1.33) in unadjusted model. A non-linear relationship was observed between liver enzymes and the risk of cognitive impairment as assessed by the global cognitive test. Specifically, when ALP > 60 U/L, 0.77 < AST/ALT < 1.76, and 25 < GGT < 94 U/L, higher liver enzyme levels were significantly associated with an elevated cognitive impairment risk, while a lower cognitive impairment risk when ALT level was > 17 U/L. There is a non-linear relationship between liver enzymes and cognitive performance, indicating that liver enzyme levels should be maintained within a certain level to mitigate the risk of cognitive impairment.

Nursery pigs fed with feed contaminated by aflatoxin B1 (Aspergillus flavus) and anti-mycotoxin blend: Pathogenesis and negative impact on animal health and weight gain

The present study aimed to evaluate whether a moderate dose of aflatoxin B1 in pigs' diet interferes with pigs' growth and health in the nursery phase and whether an anti-mycotoxin mixture minimizes the adverse effects of the toxin. One blend with Saccharomyces cerevisiae lysate, zeolite, silicon dioxide, propylene glycol, Carduus marianus extract, soy lecithin, and carbonate was used as an anti-mycotoxin. Four treatments, with six repetitions per treatment and three pigs/pen: Afla0-AntiMyc0 - negative control (without aflatoxin); Afla500-AntiMyc0 - positive control (500 ppb of aflatoxin); Afla0-AntiMyc1000 - 1000 mg/kg of anti-mycotoxin blend; Afla500-AntiMyc1000 - 500 ppb aflatoxin +1000 mg/kg of anti-mycotoxin blend. It was observed that pigs in the positive control (Afla500-AntiMyc0) had lower body weight and weight gain when compared to the other treatments during the experimental period. Also, pigs from Afla500-AntiMyc0 had lower feed intake between days 1–20 and 1 to 30 than Afla0-AntiMyc0. The pigs from Afla500-AntiMyc0 had higher levels of liver enzymes aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase compared to other treatments. The pigs from Afla500-AntiMyc0 had higher villus height than the other treatments, while the folded size was smaller in this treatment. Crypts were deeper in the intestines of pigs in both treatments that consumed aflatoxin. In general, it is concluded that the intake of aflatoxin B1 by nursery pigs has negative impacts on the health and, consequently, the animals' growth performance; however, the addition of the contaminated feed with an anti-mycotoxin blend was able to protect the pigs, minimizing the adverse effects caused by the mycotoxin.

Assessment of the liver biochemical status of carpenters occupationally exposed to wood dust in Enugu metropolis South-East Nigeria.

Liver disease has a global distribution and ranks as the twelfth leading cause of mortality. This cross-sectional study carried out between June and November 2021 aimed to assess the liver biochemical status of carpenters occupationally exposed to wood dust in Enugu metropolis South-east Nigeria. The Ethical Committee of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital in Enugu gave its approval. A total of one hundred and twenty-four (124) participants; sixty-two (62) carpenters (exposed) and sixty-two (62) age and sex-matched (males) control (unexposed) were recruited for this study. Study participants were chosen by simple random sampling. Spectrophotometric method was used to test participants’ blood samples for liver enzymes alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). A statistically significant increase (p&lt;0.05) was observed in the liver biochemical enzymes of the carpenters (exposed) in comparison to the controls (unexposed). The carpenters do not use any form of personal protective equipment (90.32%) or have a good knowledge of any occupational risk (83.87%) they are exposed to. A statistically significant positive correlation (p&lt;0.05) was observed between ALT, AST and ALP enzyme activity and the duration of exposure to wood dust (in years) of the exposed. This study suggests that occupational exposure to wood dust may cause metabolic changes in the Liver. Constant use of personal protective equipment when at work, personal hygiene and regular health check is recommended.

Anti-fibrotic Effect of Oral Versus Intraperitoneal Administration of Gold Nanoparticles in Hepatic Schistosoma mansoni-Infected Mice.

Schistosomiasis significantly impacts public health, as it causes severe morbidity. Infections caused by Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) can be treated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). This study aims to determine the most effective route of AuNPs administration and the magnitude of its anti-fibrotic effect. In the five groups' in vivo assay design, AuNPs were administered intraperitoneally (1mg/kg) and orally (1mg/100g) to S. mansoni-infected mice. Biochemical parameters (serum levels of albumin and liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured. The histological changes of the liver in distinct groups were evaluated using Hematoxylin and Eosin, Masson's trichrome, and immunohistochemical stains. Infection with S. mansoni was associated with substantial changes in the histological architecture of liver tissue and abnormal levels of hepatic function tests (albumin, AST, and ALT). Schistosoma infected hepatocytes exhibited an abnormal microscopic morphology, granuloma formation and aggressive fibrosis. AuNPs restored the liver histological architecture with a highly significant anti-fibrotic effect and significantly corrected hepatic function test levels. Intraperitoneal administration of AuNPs resulted in the most significant anti-fibrotic effect against hepatic S. mansoni infection as observed in all histological sections with Masson's trichrome being the best stain to represent this fact. For treating S. mansoni-induced chronic liver fibrosis, intraperitoneal administration of AuNPs is a successful and effective route of administration that can be recommended.

Serum biochemical parameters profile of Wistar rats following daily administration of some food spices

Garlic, ginger, and turmeric are widely used together or individually as spices in food or for their different medicinal purposes all around Nigeria. This study was conducted to assess the effects of consuming either of the three samples on the livers of wistar rats. Standard methods of analyses were employed for the study. A set of fifteen male Wistar Rats divided equally into three groups of which group I served as control and groups II and III as test groups were used for each of the samples; a total of 45 wistar rats were used for this study. The rats in the test groups for each of the samples were placed on different concentrations (group II: 100 mg/kg Body Weight and group III: 200 mg/kg BW) of the sample extract for 21 days. Results obtained reveal that ethanol extracts (100 mg/kg BW and 200 mg/kg BW) of garlic significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced the liver enzymes Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), and the bilirubin levels but significantly (p &lt; 0.05) reduced Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) against the control. However, ginger extracts and turmeric extracts significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased ALT and AST in the test groups against the control, and while ginger extracts significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased the levels of bilirubins, turmeric extracts significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced the levels of bilirubins in the attest groups against the control. The significant decrease in the levels of ALT, ALP, total and conjugated bilirubin levels by garlic extracts shows garlic hepatoprotective potential while the significant increase in the levels of ALT and AST by ginger extracts and turmeric extracts shows their hepatotoxic potential to the body of the experimental animals employed.

Pathophysiologic effects of waterpipe (shisha) smoke inhalation on liver morphology and function in mice

AimsThe global prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking is increasing. Although the cardiorespiratory, renal, and reproductive effects of waterpipe smoking (WPS) are well-documented, there is limited knowledge regarding its adverse impact on the liver. Therefore, our study aimed to assess the effects and potential mechanisms of WPS inhalation for one or four weeks on the liver. Main methodsMice were exposed to WPS for 30 min per day, five days per week, while control mice were exposed to clean air. Key findingsAnalysis using light microscopy revealed the infiltration of immune cells (neutrophils and lymphocytes) accompanied by vacuolar hepatic degeneration upon WPS inhalation. At the four-week timepoint, electron microscopy analysis demonstrated an increased number of mitochondria with a concomitant pinching-off of hepatocyte plasma membranes. WPS exposure led to a significant rise in the activities of liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in the bloodstream. Additionally, WPS inhalation elevated lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species levels and disrupted the levels of the antioxidant glutathione in liver tissue homogenates. The concentration of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β, was significantly increased in the WPS-exposed group. Furthermore, WPS inhalation induced DNA damage and a significant increase in the levels of cleaved caspase-3, cytochrome C and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α along with alterations in the activity of mitochondrial complexes I, II, III and IV. SignificanceOur findings provide evidence that WPS inhalation triggers changes in liver morphology, oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage, apoptosis, and alterations in mitochondrial activity.

Is there any hepatic impact associated with rice bran arabinoxylan compound supplementation? A systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Rice Bran Arabinoxylan Compound (RBAC) results from an enzymatic modification of rice bran, which is reported to have immunomodulatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects by regulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The current systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the hepatic adverse effects of RBAC by assessing the effect through liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). In the present study, the Medline (PubMed), Web of Sciences, and Scopus databases were searched for relevant publications from the beginning to October 2022. The meta-analysis was based on the Mixed effect model to generate the mean effect sizes in weighted mean differences (WMD) and the 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). The heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochrane Chi-squared test, and the analysis of Galbraith plots was applied. Subgroup meta-analysis on five eligible randomized controlled trials (n=239) showed a significant decrease in serum AST regarding RBAC supplementation in powder form (WMD (95%CI)=-3.52 (-5.62,-1.42) U/L; P-value=0.001, I2 (%)=46.9; P heterogeneity=0.170), three months and more supplementation duration (WMD (95%CI)=-3.71 (-5.95,-1.48) U/L; P-value=0.001, I2 (%)=29.9; P heterogeneity=0.240) and studies with a good quality (WMD (95%CI)=-3.52 (-5.62,-1.42) U/L; P-value=0.001, I2 (%)=46.9; P heterogeneity=0.170). In conclusion, RBAC supplementation seems to not have any hepatic adverse effects and its supplementation as powder or for three months and more may decrease serum AST levels. However, we need further studies to confirm the results. CRD42022361002, registration time: 29/09/2022.