Liver Cancer Death Rates Research Articles

Liver cancer in Hidalgo State, Mexico: analysis of the status, risk factors and regional public health policy requirements: a cross-sectional correlational study.

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: In Latin America, liver cancer is one of the top causes of cancer mortality. It is the fifth most common cause of death among malignant tumors in Mexico and is the leading cause in Hidalgo State (43.8% of the population living in poverty).OBJECTIVE: To conduct a correlational analysis on the main risk factors for liver cancer in Hidalgo State, Mexico, including municipal disaggregation and comparison with the national level.DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional, correlational, descriptive and comparative epidemiological study using Mexican governmental databases covering 1990-2019.METHODS: A comprehensive review of the databases of the General Directorate of Health Information (DGIS) was performed to analyze official death figures, hospital discharges and national and municipal population projections, using specific search criteria defined in the Global Burden of Disease classification, based on the risk factors for liver cancer.RESULTS: Liver cancer rates showed an evident rise in Hidalgo (183%), moving from 21st place in Mexico in 1990 to 9th place in 2019. This increase was correlated with alcoholism. An increasing trend for liver cancer deaths, of 133.89%, is projected for 2030. Females and the population over 60 years of age are more affected. There are some critical regions with liver cancer death rates twice the national rate or more.CONCLUSION: Targeted effective public health strategies should be structured by identifying, characterizing and regionalizing critical marginalized municipalities that are vulnerable to alcoholism and other risk factors for liver cancer. This approach may be helpful for other states in Mexico or similar countries.

Abstract PO-243: A community-engaged hepatitis B and C screening intervention in medically underserved African, Asian and Hispanic American communities

Abstract Background Liver cancer incidence and death rate are on the rise in the US. racial/ethnic populations are disproportionally affected by liver cancer; from 1994 to 2014, liver cancer death rate rose by 57% in black/African Americans and 69% in Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans’ liver cancer mortality rate is 60% higher than that of non-Hispanic White. About 65% to 70% of liver cancer cases are caused by hepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV). Limited studies or programs have focused on addressing liver cancer in multiple disparity racial/ethnic populations. Methods The Community Outreach Core team of NCI funded U54 TUFCCC/HC Partnership engaged ten community-based organizations (CBOs) and jointly initiated a community-based HBV/HCV liver cancer prevention initiative, aimed to increase HBV and HCV screening in African, Asian and Hispanic American Communities using training community peer educators to co-implement the education. 503 community participants living in New York City and Greater Philadelphia areas participated in this initiative, and completed pre-, and post-education tests. Paired t test was used to measure the knowledge change from pre- to post-education, and Chi square test was conducted to detect the HBV/HCV testing among different racial/ethnic groups. A p value lower than 0.05 is considered statistically significant. All data analysis was conducted in Stata 15. Results All participants were from liver cancer disparity populations, including Asian (54.94%), African American (15.10%), and Hispanic (29.95%) Americans. Overall, significantly improved knowledge on HBV/HCV and liver cancer prevention were observed after the education. Participants’ average knowledge score on HBV/HCV increased significantly from pre- to post-education (7.14/10 vs.9.02/10, p<0.001), implying that they overall had better understandings on HBV/HCV transmission, prevention, and treatment (detailed information on HBV/HCV knowledge measurement will be presented in the poster). Moreover, participants were able to identify significantly more liver cancer risk factors after the intervention (1.5/5 vs. 3.1/5, p<0.001). Importantly, findings of the study revealed alarming results on low screening with HBV and HCV among participants; majority of the participants never had HBV (75.66%) or HCV testing (90.62%). Hispanics (82.05%) reported the highest rate of never had HBV test, followed by Asians (73.91%) and African Americans (73.21%). Asians (95.65%) were most likely to never had HCV test, followed by Hispanics (88.46%) and African Americans (75%). Furthermore, more than two thirds of the participants had never been recommended by their doctors to do HBV (68.77%) or HCV (73.31%) tests. Conclusions Our findings indicated that engage community to promote liver cancer prevention among disparity populations is an effective approach. HBV/HCV screening and liver cancer prevention should involve physicians’ effort. Citation Format: Wenyue Lu, Kerry Traub, Safe Ibrahim, Lin Zhu, Evelyn Gonzalez, Ada Wong, Nathaly Rubio-Torio, Grace Ma, Olorunseun Ogunwobi, Marilyn Fraser, Ming-Chin Yeh, Yin Tan. A community-engaged hepatitis B and C screening intervention in medically underserved African, Asian and Hispanic American communities [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-243.

Spatial clustering analysis and trend of liver cancer death rate in Shandong province, 1970-2013

Objective: To explore the spatial clustering and trend of liver cancer mortality in different counties of Shandong province from 1970 to 2013, and provide scientific basis for the development of liver cancer prevention and control plan. Methods: Cancer mortality data were obtained from Shandong Death Registration System and three national death cause surveys in China. Mortality rate and age adjusted mortality rate were used to describe the trend of liver cancer in different years. Difference decomposing method was applied to estimate the contribution of demographic and non-demographic factors to the change of mortality. Software ArcGIS 10.2 was used for spatial analysis, and software SaTScan 9.4 was used for spatial clustering analysis on liver cancer mortality. Results: From 2011 to 2013, the crude mortality rate of liver cancer (29.89/100 000) in Shandong increased by 208.00% and 35.37% respectively compared with that during 1970-1974 (9.72/100 000) and 1990-1992 (22.08/100 000) and was similar to that during 2004-2005 (30.44/100 000). While age standardized mortality rate (ASMR) increased first and then decreased. The ASMR during 2011-2013 (12.62/100 000) increased by 60.97% compared with that during 1970-1974 and decreased by 22.38% and 21.81% compared with that during 1990-1992 and 2004-2005, respectively. According to the difference decomposition analysis on liver cancer mortality in different years, the contribution of population factors to the liver cancer mortality rate increased from 3.38% during 1990-1992 to 29.36% during 2004-2005 and 46.16% during 2011-2013. However, the contribution of non-population factors to the increase of liver cancer mortality decreased. According to the spatial distribution of liver cancer mortality, the crude mortality rate of liver cancer in different counties were quite different, ranging from 9.33/100 000 to 65.33/100 000. Using the spatial scanning statistical software to analyze the spatial clustering of liver cancer mortality, multi areas with high mortality rate of liver cancer were found, and they were mainly distributed in Jiaodong peninsula from 2011 to 2013, covering 20 counties (cities, districts) in Qingdao, Yantai and Weihai. The risk of liver cancer mortality in this area was 1.54 times higher than that in other areas. The spatial clustering distribution of liver cancer mortality during 1970-1974 was significantly different from that during 2011-2013, the areas with high mortality rate during 1970-1974 were mainly distributed in central and western Shandong. Conclusions: There were significant temporal and spatial distribution changes in the mortality rate of liver cancer in Shandong from 1970 to 2013. According to these trends and their geographical and spatial distribution, we should further explore the risk factors of liver cancer, and formulate feasible and area specific prevention and control measures for liver cancer.

Abstract B027: Reducing liver cancer disparities through culturally tailored educational messages: A city-wide bus campaign in Philadelphia City

Abstract Background: Liver cancer increased 72 percent between 2003 and 2012 in the US. Similarly, the liver cancer death rates in the US are increasing faster than for any other cancer, having doubled since the mid-1980s. People with hepatitis B and C have the greatest risk of liver cancer. In the US, approximately 65 percent of liver cancer cases are related to hepatitis B or C (HBV or HCV), with nearly 50 percent attributable to hepatitis C alone. Objective: The Community Outreach Core (COC) Program is a part of the NCI funded TUFCCC/HC Regional Cancer Health Partnership Program and targets areas of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York City. One of the most important goals of the COC is engaging community partners in cancer outreach research to reduce cancer disparities among underserved minority populations in the Partnership targeted geographic areas using Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) approaches.The purpose of this project is to mobilize the community to increase awareness of hepatitis B and C, and empower community members to talk to their trusted doctors about hepatitis B and C and to be tested. Method: The campaign features an educational advertisement on SEPTA buses (Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority) in Philadelphia City, PA. The promotional messages included culturally tailored educational messages targeting high risk residents with HBV or HCV related liver disease. The central message of the ad calls for action of “getting screened for HBV and HCV”. The Campaign ad poster (21”x22”) posted in 115 buses traveling in the City of Philadelphia for 4 weeks. In total, 938,280 bus riders had a chance to view the ad information. 173 survey forms were collected from diverse racial/ethnicity bus riders both men and women during the campaign period. Results: Among the 173 respondents, 22.7% of them reported “saw advertisement on the bus.” Specifically, riders who saw the advertisement are significantly more likely to get screened for HBV/HCV than those who did not see the advertisement (86.5% vs 58.3%). Conclusion: The findings of the project suggested that culturally tailored educational messages can effectively promoting HBV/HCV screening. The next steps of community outreach strategies will also be discussed. Citation Format: Kerry L Traub, Jean Marie Kouassi, Evelyn González, Elizabeth Yi, Safa Ibrahim, Wenyue Lu, Yin Tan, Ming-Chin Yeh, Olorunseun O Ogunwobi, Marilyn A Fraser. Reducing liver cancer disparities through culturally tailored educational messages: A city-wide bus campaign in Philadelphia City [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2019 Sep 20-23; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl_2):Abstract nr B027.

Temporal trends in liver cancer mortality by educational attainment in the United States, 2000-2015.

Liver cancer is the most rapidly rising cause of cancer death in the United States. However, it is unclear whether the mortality trend differs by socioeconomic and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection status. Joinpoint analyses and Poisson regression modeling were performed to examine trends in death rates from liver cancer by education and HCV infection status among persons aged 25 to 74years from 2000 to 2015. Disparities in liver cancer mortality were measured as a relative index of inequality by education. From 2000 to 2015, the overall liver cancer death rate (per 100,000persons) increased from 7.5 to 11.2 in men and from 2.8 to 3.8 in women. The increase was generally steeper in less educated groups for women and was confined to persons with ≤15years of education for men. Consequently, the relative disparity increased until 2006 and then levelled off in women, whereas it continued to increase from 3.49 (95% CI, 3.08-3.97) to 7.74 (95% CI, 7.13-8.40) in men, with the increase more pronounced for HCV-related liver cancer than HCV-unrelated liver cancer. The increases in liver cancer death rates in the United States have largely been confined to less educated persons, especially among men. Enhanced and targeted efforts are needed to halt and reverse the undue growing burden of liver cancer in lower socioeconomic groups.

Treatment of Liver Tumors with Transarterial Chemoembolization.

Liver cancer is the fifth most common cancer among men and the ninth most common cancer among women worldwide, and is the second most common cause of cancer mortality for men and women combined.[1] Moreover, liver cancer death rates currently have the most rapid rise of all cancer deaths among both sexes worldwide.[2] Chemotherapy treatment options have also been limited by general insensitivity to systemic chemotherapy.[3]

Clustering Asian Countries According to the Trend of liver cancer Mortality Rates: an Application of Growth Mixture Models

Background: Liver cancer is considered as the 6th common cancer from which people are suffering all around the world. Poor prognosis is the main challenge regarding this disease. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the changing trends in the liver cancer death rate in Asian countries from 1990 to 2015. Methods: This ecological longitudinal study was performed to compare the death rate resulting from liver cancer. The data were gathered from all Asian countries provided by the global burden of disease’s (GBD) online database in the global health research center at the University of Washington published in October 2016. The classification was done based on the death rate using the growth mixed model (GMM). Results: The rate of liver cancer death in men was higher than women, there were 2 optimal classes. Both classes had an increasing trend. The first class had a steeper slope by a higher intercept. Taiwan, Thailand, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, China, and Japan were countries classified in this class. The mean of the intercept was estimated as 21.1 deaths per 100,000 people and the mean of the slope was 2.4. The other class had an increasing rate with a lower slope. Conclusions: In general, our statistical analyses showed that most Asian countries had an increasing trend in the rate of their liver cancer mortality. Therefore, it is highly recommended that officials in the health policy-making identify the reasons for the increase in the mortality rate and take due actions such as interventional programs of countries which have succeeded in taking under control the ramifications of liver cancer.

Disparities in liver cancer occurrence in the United States by race/ethnicity and state.

Liver cancer is highly fatal, and death rates in the United States are increasing faster than for any other cancer, having doubled since the mid-1980s. In 2017, it is estimated that the disease will account for about 41,000 new cancer cases and 29,000 cancer deaths in the United States. In this article, data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program and the National Center for Health Statistics are used to provide an overview of liver cancer incidence, mortality, and survival rates and trends, including data by race/ethnicity and state. The prevalence of major risk factors for liver cancer is also reported based on national survey data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Despite the improvement in liver cancer survival in recent decades, only 1 in 5 patients survives 5 years after diagnosis. There is substantial disparity in liver cancer death rates by race/ethnicity (from 5.5 per 100,000 in non-Hispanic whites to 11.9 per 100,000 in American Indians/Alaska Natives) and state (from 3.8 per 100,000 in North Dakota to 9.6 per 100,000 in the District of Columbia) and by race/ethnicity within states. Differences in risk factor prevalence account for much of the observed variation in liver cancer rates. Thus, in contrast to the growing burden, a substantial proportion of liver cancer deaths could be averted, and existing disparities could be dramatically reduced, through the targeted application of existing knowledge in prevention, early detection, and treatment, including improvements in vaccination against hepatitis B virus, screening and treatment for chronic hepatitis C virus infections, maintaining a healthy body weight, access to high-quality diabetes care, preventing excessive alcohol drinking, and tobacco control, at both the state and national levels. CA Cancer J Clin 2017;67:273-289. © 2017 American Cancer Society.

Liver Cancer Death Rate Increases as Overall Cancer Deaths Decline

Liver Cancer Death Rate Increases as Overall Cancer Deaths Decline

The transmembrane transporter ABCC3 participates in liver cancer progression and is a potential biomarker

The poor prognosis, few available treatment options, and multidrug resistance present in hepatocellular carcinoma are major problems, and new early biomarkers are needed to reduce the liver cancer death rate. ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3 (Abcc3) is overexpressed in different cancers and is associated with multidrug resistance and a carcinogenic stem cell phenotype. We present evidence for the first time that ABCC3 is a potential sanguine biomarker and anticancer target in hepatocellular carcinoma. Abcc3 mRNA expression was elevated in liver nodules and tumors in rat hepatocarcinogenesis model. Accordingly, the ABCC3 protein was preferentially overexpressed within the nodules and tumors during hepatocellular carcinoma progression and was secreted into the bloodstream of rat hepatocarcinogenesis model. The ABCC3 protein was expressed in human hepatoma cells and, importantly, was also present in HepG2- and Huh7-conditioned media. Furthermore, ABCC3 was overexpressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma. This report is the first to describe liver overexpression of Abcc3 during the cancer initiation, promotion, and progression periods in rat hepatocarcinogenesis model and in human hepatocellular carcinoma.

Premature mortality in Belgium in 1993-2009: leading causes, regional disparities and 15 years change.

BackgroundReducing premature mortality is a crucial public health objective. After a long gap in the publication of Belgian mortality statistics, this paper presents the leading causes and the regional disparities in premature mortality in 2008–2009 and the changes since 1993.MethodsAll deaths occurring in the periods 1993–1999 and 2003–2009, in people aged 1–74 residing in Belgium were included.The cause of death and population data for Belgium were provided by Statistics Belgium , while data for international comparisons were extracted from the WHO mortality database.Age-adjusted mortality rates and Person Year of Life Lost (PYLL) were calculated. The Rate Ratios were computed for regional and international comparisons, using the region or country with the lowest rate as reference; statistical significance was tested assuming a Poisson distribution of the number of deaths.ResultsThe burden of premature mortality is much higher in men than in women (respectively 42% and 24% of the total number of deaths). The 2008–9 burden of premature mortality in Belgium reaches 6410 and 3440 PYLL per 100,000, respectively in males and females, ranking 4th and 3rd worst within the EU15. The disparities between Belgian regions are substantial: for overall premature mortality, respective excess of 40% and 20% among males, 30% and 20% among females are observed in Wallonia and Brussels as compared to Flanders. Also in cause specific mortality, Wallonia experiences a clear disadvantage compared to Flanders. Brussels shows an intermediate level for natural causes, but ranks differently for external causes, with less road accidents and suicide and more non-transport accidents than in the other regions.Age-adjusted premature mortality rates decreased by 29% among men and by 22% among women over a period of 15 years. Among men, circulatory diseases death rates decreased the fastest (-43.4%), followed by the neoplasms (-26.6%), the other natural causes (-21.0%) and the external causes (-20.8%). The larger decrease in single cause is observed for stomach cancer (-48.4%), road accident (-44%), genital organs (-40.4%) and lung (-34.6%) cancers. On the opposite, liver cancer death rate increased by 16%.Among female, the most remarkable feature is the 50.2% increase in the lung cancer death rate. For most other causes, the decline is slightly weaker than in men.ConclusionDespite a steady decrease over time, international comparisons of the premature mortality burden highlight the room for improvement in Belgium. The disadvantage in Wallonia and to some extent in Brussels suggest the role of socio-economic factors; well- designed health policies could contribute to reduce the regional disparities. The increase in female lung cancer mortality is worrying.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2049-3258-72-34) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Liver cancer mortality among male prison inmates in Texas, 1992–2003

Objectives Prevalence estimates for several liver cancer risk factors–hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and history of alcohol abuse–are substantially higher in U.S. prison populations than in the general population. However, liver cancer mortality data from these populations are lacking. The primary aims of this study were to examine trends in liver cancer mortality rates from 1992 to 2003 among male prisoners in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) and to compare these rates to general population rates. Methods TDCJ data on male decedents ( N = 4026) were linked with Texas Vital Statistics multiple-cause-of-death data. Crude average annual liver cancer death rates, average annual percent changes, and standardized mortality ratios were estimated. Results Crude liver cancer death rates increased by an average annual 6.1% among male prisoners, which was considerably higher than the average annual percent change among similarly aged males in Texas (2.0%) and the U.S. (2.9%). The number of liver cancer deaths among male prisoners was 4.7 (4.0–5.6) and 6.3 (5.3–7.5) times higher than the expected number of deaths estimated using age-specific rates from these reference populations. Conclusions From 1992 to 2003, liver cancer death rates and rate increases were elevated among Texas male prisoners. Findings support previous recommendations for targeted prevention, screening, and treatment of liver cancer risk factors in prison populations.

Long-term trends in cancer mortality in the United States, 1930-1998.

Progress against cancer can be examined by analyzing long-term trends in cancer incidence and mortality. The recent directive from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to adopt the 2000 U.S. standard population for the age adjustment of death rates prompted the American Cancer Society to update historical cancer mortality statistics using the new standard. Mortality data were abstracted by race, gender, year, and age at death for 1930 through 1959 from annual volumes of Vital Statistics of the United States. For 1960 through 1998, these data were obtained from data tapes provided by the National Center for Health Statistics. Two U.S. standard million populations (1970 and 2000) were used to calculate age-adjusted rates. Average annual percent change was estimated for each decade by site, gender, and age, and the statistical significance of the change was assessed at p < 0.05. After long-term increases or mostly level trends that date from the 1930s for some sites, death rates for cancers of the lung (in males), prostate, female breast, colon-rectum, pancreas, leukemia, and ovary were decreasing in the 1990s. Liver cancer death rates were increasing in the 1990s. Throughout the study period, death rates for female lung cancer increased, while death rates for stomach and uterine cancers declined. The trends of decreasing cancer death rates for the leading cancer sites in the 1990s are encouraging. However, surveillance researchers must continue to monitor these declines to assess whether the progress seen in this decade persists. Efforts also must be made to study the sites with increasing trends and identify potential underlying causes.

Relationship between hepatitis B surface antigen prevalence, per capita alcohol consumption and primary liver cancer death rate in 30 countries

The relationships between the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), mean annual per capita alcohol consumption and primary liver cancer (PLC) death rates were explored in 30 countries. HBsAg prevalence was associated, significantly, with the logarithm of the primary liver cancer death rate (simple correlation coefficient = 0.44, p < 0.05). This significant association increased following adjustment for a country's mean annual per capita alcohol consumption (partial correlation coefficient = 0.53, p < 0.01). A logarithmic linear relationship was also found between per capita alcohol consumption and the primary liver cancer death rate after adjustment for the country's prevalence of HBsAg (partial correlation coefficient = 0.38, p < 0.05). Results from both correlation and regression analyses showed that prevalence of HBsAg was more significantly associated with PLC death rates than was alcohol consumption. However, these two variables were independently related to the PLC death rate in a stepwise multiple regression model. We could not demonstrate an interaction between the two variables. These findings are consistent with the prevailing view that chronic hepatitis B infection is the major factor in the most common form of primary liver cell cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition, they support the notion that alcohol consumption contributes significantly and independently, although probably to a lesser extent than hepatitis B, to deaths from that disease.

Primary liver cancer mortality in the United States

We analyzed time trends and regional differences in mortality from primary liver cancer in the United States in order to explore possible effects of several factors which have been suggested as causes for liver cancer. Age-adjusted liver cancer death rates have been stable over time except for nonwhite males among whom there has been a 45% increase in liver cancer mortality between 1958 and 1975. The rates for nonwhite males are twice those for white males, and geographic trends in liver cancer mortality differ by race. The rates for white males are greatest in two southern regions, whereas rates for nonwhite males in these same regions are lower than they are elsewhere. Cirrhosis mortality trends parallel those for liver cancer among nonwhite males but not among white males. The similarities in trends for cirrhosis and liver cancer mortality among nonwhite males suggest that cirrhosis may be a major risk factor in this group. For white males, we must look to some other factor to explain the geographic differences that were observed.