Livelihood Security System Research Articles

통합적 시민권 관점에서 기초생활보장의 재설계에 관한 시론

This paper discusses redesigning Basic Livelihood Security System(BLSS) in South Korea from an inclusive citizenship perspective. Considering citizenship has the dual nature of inclusion and exclusion, this topic was explored with the aim of mitigating its exclusionary nature and seeking a comprehensive welfare state. Especially considering the rise of the employment-centered reciprocity discourse that links citizenship eligibility to paid work conditions, in this paper, alternative approaches were examined by explored the redesign of BLSS from an inclusive citizenship perspective. Through the above review, it has appealed for the need to improved welfare accessibility and increase in benefits for guaranteeing social integration of disadvantaged as citizenship rights. In the dimension of social obligations, it proposes to move beyond the narrow view that only sees paid work as a social contribution from a productivist perspective, and to expand to include unpaid work essential for social reproduction such as care and volunteer activities. The arguments could contribute to political discussions and academic research that imagines ‘comprehensive welfare’and seeks to implement it in the real world.

Examination and Improvement of China's Medical Assistance System —Based on 964 Local Legislative Texts

Since medical assistance is a livelihood security system for the poor to obtain basic medical services, the construction and improvement of medical assistance system is an important component of social security and livelihood security of a country or region. This paper has selected 41 provinces and cities to investigate the effective local legislation of medical assistance since the current legal construction of medical assistance in China is basically led by local legislation. The total number of valid samples is 964 local legislative texts. This paper examines the local legislative model of medical assistance in China, local legislation hierarchy and legislative subjects, medical assistance handling service mechanism, Medical assistance fund raising, medical assistance objects and identification, methods of medical assistance, standards of medical assistance, and other aspects through samples analysis. It can be seen that under the administrative pattern of "multi-ministry co-governance", the local legislation of medical assistance is fragmented and has a low legislative level. At the same time, there are problems in various regions, for example extensive handling service mechanism, unclear financing responsibility, missing scope of aid objects, single aid method and great difference in aid standards. Then it summarizes the problems existing in local legislation and analyzes the hidden legal principles, while the unified medical assistance regulations should be formulated under the centralized and unified management system of the National Healthcare Security Administration, so as to improve the handling service mechanism, clarify the financing responsibility, undertake comprehensive standards to identify the recipients of assistance, and determine the scientific methods and standards of assistance.

유책배우자의 이혼청구에 관한 일고

Since the 1960s, the Supreme Court of Korea has consistently denied divorce claims by the party at fault. However, since the late 1960s, along with the influence of the adoption of active breakdown principal in the divorce laws of many Western countries and the revision in the direction of divorce liberalization, in accordance with the changes in our society, the Supreme Court has allowed the party at fault to file for divorce, exceptionally and limitedly since the late 1980s. And in 2015, the Supreme Court referred the divorce petition case of the party at fault to the consensus, and even held a public hearing to review whether the precedent was changed. In this judgment, compared to previous precedents, the enlargement of scope of exceptional allowance for divorce claims by the party at fault and the criteria for judgment were arranged. As a result, this means that the area where breakdown principal is carried out in our divorce law has become that much wider. 
 The problem is that even though the livelihood security system to protect the rights and interests of divorced spouses and children has been institutionalized to some extent through revisions and legislation of the Civil
 Act, etc. Whether the legal principle of 'dismissed in principle and permitted as an exception' for the divorce claim of the party at fault, taken from theories and precedents, should continue to be maintained in the future. It is not reasonable to force couples to continue to maintain the marital common life relationship even though the affection and trust according to the nature of marriage no longer exist between them. Therefore, if there is no marital communal relationship due to the breakdown of the marriage and there is no possibility of restoring the marital communal relationship suitable for marriage, in principle, even the divorce request of the party at fault should be allowed. However, even if the marriage is broken down, the constitutional issues of personal dignity and gender equality between husband and wife, the right to pursue happiness and the right to lead a
 humane life cannot be ignored. the solution to it must be considered.

The Path to Common Prosperity: Rising Social Construction and Livelihood Expenditure

Since 2000, China has undergone a “golden age” of livelihood security construction similar to that of the Western industrialized countries in the 1960s to 1980s. Nowadays, China has built up the world’s largest social security and housing support systems; the coverage of compulsory education has reached the average level of high-income countries; and the main health indicators are generally better than the average of middle- and highincome countries. Obviously, China is no longer a “low-welfare” country. Livelihood expenditure, with a share of GDP close to the level of developed countries around 1980, has become the principal part of public expenditure, and the central government is also playing an increasingly prominent role in ensuring people’s livelihoods. China is building a new livelihood security system with responsibility shared among multiple levels of government.

Livelihood Security and Land Tenure Systems in Ethiopia

The article investigates the factors behind the dwindling condition of communal lands and their legal status in Ethiopia in light of the country`s international and regional commitments. As the nation is comprised of an overwhelming proportion of agrarian community, who in addition to their individual farmlands for crop production, are highly dependent on communal land and resources such as timber, firewood, traditional medicine, fodder and thatching grass and places for ritual ceremonies. Currently, a nationwide, communal land on which the life of the rural mass is based on is admitted to be on the brink of literal disappearance. Even though a number of factors ranging from climate change, population growth and others may be ascribed to the dwindling of communal lands and landed resources, this study argues, through a doctrinal analysis, that the denial of legislative recognition on its part, categorically adds fuel to an unfettered extinction. Thus, the writer urges government both at federal and regional (state) level ought to accord sufficient legislative recognition of communal land tenure as well as protection of legitimate tenure rights of the rural poor which has survived for ages. Keywords : communal land; land tenure; land rights; indigenous peoples; rural community; livelihood DOI: 10.7176/JPID/56-01 Publication date: November 30 th 2020

The Influence of the 2015 Welfare Reform of the National Basic Livelihood Security System on Material Hardship among the Poor

The Influence of the 2015 Welfare Reform of the National Basic Livelihood Security System on Material Hardship among the Poor

Does poverty alleviation help enhance social investment? The case of South Korea

ABSTRACT Using the 2015 Korean Welfare Panel Study data and a regression discontinuity design, this study examines the effects of the National Basic Livelihood Security System (NBLSS) participation on social investment through evaluating its impact on changes in family consumption patterns. We find that NBLSS participation was associated with increased educational expenditures. The effects were larger for households with an elementary or junior-high school student than those with a high school or college student. We also find that NBLSS participation reduced medical expenditures for households with seniors, members with chronic diseases, and members with a physical disability, most likely due to the in-kind healthcare services.

Sustainability of the Jeju Haenyeo Fisheries System in the Context of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS)

According to the Brundtland Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), the concept of sustainability emerges from the expectation of development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This notion of sustainability is highly related to the implication of the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The haenyeo (women divers) fisheries system of Jeju Island, South Korea, serves as an empirical case that illustrates that the core meaning of GIAHS is placed on the concept of sustainability. The most important objective of this case study is to explore how the five main values of GIAHS—(i) food and livelihood security, (ii) agro-biodiversity, (iii) local and traditional knowledge systems, (iv) cultures, value systems, and social organizations, and (v) landscape and seascape features—can be interlocked, and how the concept of sustainability can emerge through this interlocked relationship. In doing this, the value of both GIAHS and the Jeju haenyeo fisheries system is illuminated.

The 2015 welfare reform of the National Basic Livelihood Security System in South Korea: Effects on economic outcomes

In July 2015, South Korea’s National Basic Livelihood Security System (NBLSS) was reformed for the purposes of eliminating welfare blind spots and reducing poverty. The reform is expected to affect the recipients’ economic behaviours and choices. In this study, we used changes in benefits and eligibility for the NBLSS under the customised benefit system to identify the effects of the change in the NBLSS on a proposed set of economic outcomes – income, labour supply, consumption, savings, poverty reduction. To estimate the effects, we used data from the 10th–12th waves of the Korea Welfare Panel Study and employed a difference‐in‐differences framework integrated with the propensity scores. We found that the NBLSS helps the poor to reduce financial and material hardships through income and consumption increments, but that it does not provide disincentives to the recipients from participating in the labour market or from saving.

Research on the Impact of the County Administrated by Province Reform on the Improvement of County Economic Performance: Taking Sichuan Province as an Example

In the process of further transferring to the county of the space of economic and social development, how to solve the financial predicament at the county level, stimulate the vitality of county development and improve the people’s livelihood security system at the county level through the adjustment of the financial system have become the core content of the financial system reform below the province level. Finance is a kind of distribution system of “controlling finance by government and administrating through finance” with the state regime system as the main body. It has great significance for the government to perform and transform its functions. Financial reform will inevitably become an important part of the overall reform. Based on the decentralized reform mode under the province, this paper investigates the economic performance of the reform of the County Administrated by Province and the transmission mechanism of the reform from the two aspects of economic growth speed and industrial structure adjustment.

RETRACTED: Model of the influencing factors of the withdrawal from rural homesteads in China: Application of grounded theory method

Nowadays withdrawal from rural homesteads (WRH) is an important part of China's rural land system reform. The aim of this study is to explore the core and comprehensive influencing factors model of WRH through assessment of the policy system of WRH. Grounded theory approach has been used for this study. Besides, a case study has been done in Enshi city, China to confirm the theory. The study reveals that the livelihood, adaption, and security system are the core factors affecting the farmers’ withdrawal from rural homesteads in Enshi City. “livelihood-adaptation-security” model has been developed for focusing the comprehensive influencing factors, and the policy system of WRH. This study also reveals that the major influencing factors are employment support system, withdrawal compensation system, social adaptation system, and rural social security system. These factors are beneficial for accelerating the process of urbanization in less developed areas and also help poor farmers to establish a sustainable livelihood security system which can ensure the poor peasants out of poverty.

국민기초생활보장 제도 수급장애인의 역량강화와 근로욕구의 관계 연구-지체 및 뇌병변장애인을 중심으로-

국민기초생활보장 제도 수급장애인의 역량강화와 근로욕구의 관계 연구-지체 및 뇌병변장애인을 중심으로-

미취학자녀가 있는 국민기초생활보장제도 수급 대상 다문화가족 결혼이주여성의 생활만족도 관련 변인

This study examined the related factors of life satisfaction of married immigrant women with preschool children who are recipients of the National Basic Livelihood Security System. For this purpose, we drew data from the 2015 National Survey on Multi-cultural Families (NSMF). The target group was married immigrant women with preschool children who benefited from the National Basic Livelihood Security System (N=114). We used OLS regression to analyze the related factors of life satisfaction of the target group with the SPSS 23.0 program. The results are as follows. First, married immigrant women with preschool children who benefited from the National Basic Livelihood Security System were in their 30s and had maintained their marriage for about 8 years. The average monthly family income was below $900 and over half of them were not employed. They thought that they were healthy and were satisfied with their everyday lives. Even thought they had conflict with their spouses, they were satisfied with their spousal relationship and their spouse’s child care roles. They supported assimilation to Korean culture and their level of Korean language proficiency was at an intermediate level. Second, all independent variables explained 56% of life satisfaction in married immigrant women with preschool children who benefited from the National Basic Livelihood Security System. Satisfaction with spousal relationship and subjective health were positively associated with life satisfaction for married immigrant women. However, assimilation to Korean culture was negatively associated with life satisfaction for them. Findings of this study can provide implications for family life education programs and family policy within a multi-cultural society.

A Study on Living Conditions of the Elderly Receiving National Basic Livelihood Security System: Focusing on Comparing them with Other Elderly Not Receiving It

A Study on Living Conditions of the Elderly Receiving National Basic Livelihood Security System: Focusing on Comparing them with Other Elderly Not Receiving It

A Study on the Improvement Transforming Characteristics of the Revised Housing Benefit

본 논문은 지난 1여년간 개편된 주거급여의 제도적 특성은 무엇이며 그로 인해 변화한 결과, 그리고 한계와 미비점은 무엇인가를 밝히는 것이다. 제도 개편 후 주거급여는 지원 대상자의 범위가 확대되고 주거급여 보장수준도 확대되어 수급자의 임대료 부담 완화와 주거 수준 향상에 기여하였다. 그러나 당초 시행 전 예상했던 주거급여 수급자 97만 가구 목표 지원에 비한다면 실제 급여 수급자는 80만 가구여서, 제도 개편 전에서 비하여 10만 가구의 증가에 그치고 있다. 제도 개편의 가장 큰 목적 중의 하나였던 정책 사각 지대를 좁이는 문제는 아직 해결되지는 않고 있다고 볼 수 있으며, 탈주거빈곤문제도 과제로 남겨져 있다. 임차 급여의 임대료 부담 완화 효과는 있었지만 아직까지 수급자의 절반 가량이 임대료 과부담이라는 점에서 향후 임대료 부담 수준을 더 완화하는 방안이 필요하다. 또한 개편 제도의 시행 1년차에 사용대차 지급 원칙, 임차료 검증문제, 수선유지급여의 실시와 관려한 부분들이 제도적 미비점을 나타났다. 따라서 향후 주거급여는 이러한 제도적 미비점을 개선해 나가면서 주거급여 제도의 난해성, 임대료 부담 기준 부재, 열악한 거주 여건은 향후 주거급여의 성장과 발전을 위한 선결 과제라 할 수 있다. 공공협력형 주거급여 전달 체계는 보장기관과 전담기관간의 원활한 협력과 교류로 주택 조사의 범위를 넘어 수급자의 상향 주거이동 연계 지원과 탈주거빈곤을 유도하여 주거 자립화를 지원할 수 있도록 보다 강화할 필요가 있다.The purpose of this study is to examine the transforming characteristics of the housing benefit system that was revised with the introduction of customized benefit system and to investigate the revised housing benefit s changed effect and limitations over the past one year. The revised housing benefit system has redesigned for expanding the coverage of beneficiaries eligibility criteria, alleviating rent overburden and improving their housing quality. Though increasing the number of recipients over the past year, the number of recipients receiving housing benefit (800,000 households) falls short of the government target of 970,000 households. One of the main purposes of the revision was to reduce the blind spot of National Basic Livelihood Security System, but these transformation has done little to achieve that goal. Housing poverty is another problem to be solved. Although the revised housing benefit system has helped alleviate rent overburden for recipients to some extent, about half of the housing benefit recipients are still suffering the pressure of rent burden. Poor housing conditions did not also be improved. Limitations such as rent-free recipients, rent verification, and in-kind support revealed in the implementation. To resolve these issues, central government need to simplify the current housing benefit system, define affordable rent burden criteria, improve housing quality and institutional imperfections. In addition, local government and LH as authorized housing inspector involved in the delivery of housing benefit services should actively cooperate and communicate with one another for not only conducting housing investigation, but also assisting housing benefit recipients out of housing poverty and help them move up the housing ladder.

Disability, poverty, and role of the basic livelihood security system on health services utilization among the elderly in South Korea

With rapid aging, many of the elderly suffer from poverty and high healthcare needs. In Korea, there is a means-tested and non-contributory public assistance, the National Basic Livelihood Security System (NBLSS). The purpose of this study is to show older population's condition of disability and poverty, to evaluate the impact of NBLSS on health services utilization, and to examine the differential effect of the NBLSS by disability status among the elderly. This study used the Korea Welfare Panel Study data 2005–2014 with the final sample of 40,365, who were 65 years and older. The participants were divided into people with mild disability, severe disability, and without disability according to the Korean disability registration system. The income-level was defined to the low-income with NBLSS, the low-income without NBLSS, and the middle and high income, using the relative poverty line as a proxy of the low-income. The dependent variables were the number of outpatient visits and inpatient days, experience of home care services, total healthcare expenditure, and financial burden of healthcare expenditure. We performed Generalized Estimating Equations population-averaged model using the ten years of panel data. The result showed that within the same disability status, the low-income without NBLSS group used the least amount of inpatient care, but their financial burden of health expenditure was the highest among the three income groups. The regression model showed that if the elderly with severe disability were in the low-income without NBLSS, they reduced the outpatient and inpatient days; but their financial burden of healthcare became intensified. This study shows that the low-income elderly with disability but without adequate social protection are the most disadvantaged group. Policy is called for to mitigate the difficulties of this vulnerable population.

Genotyping of Novel SNPs in BMPR1B, BMP15, and GDF9 Genes for Association with Prolificacy in Seven Indian Goat Breeds

ABSTRACTGoats form the backbone of rural livelihood and financial security systems in India but their population is showing decreasing trend. Improvement of reproductive traits such as prolificacy offers a solution to stabilize the decreasing goat population and to meet the nutritional needs of growing human population. In the present study, six novel SNPs in three candidate genes for prolificacy (BMPR1B, BMP15, and GDF9) were genotyped in seven breeds of Indian goats to evaluate their association with litter size. Tetra primer ARMS-PCR and PCR-RFLP based protocols were developed for genotyping six novel SNPs, namely, T(-242)C in BMPR1B; G735A and C808G in BMP15; and C818T, A959C, and G1189A in GDF9 gene. The effect of breed was highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) on litter size but the effect of genotype was nonsignificant. The effect of parity on litter size was also significant in the prolific Black Bengal breed. The litter size differences observed between breeds are attributed to breed differences. Novel mutations observed at different loci in GDF9, BMP15, and BMPR1B genes do not contribute to the reproductive capability of the investigated breeds. Further studies with more number of breeds and animals exploring association of these novel SNPs with reproductive traits may be fruitful.

Applying Regression Discontinuity Design to Social Policy: An Evaluation of the Welfare-to-Work Program in South Korea

Social policy studies focusing on poverty reduction attempt to measure poverty reductions rates and poverty gaps, but they do not provide criteria to determine whether a given social policy is a success or failure. In this study, we suggest using regression discontinuity design to establish evaluation criteria and validate estimation results in social programs. Using the dataset from the Korean Welfare Panel, first we conduct, first, a difference-in-differences comparison between welfare recipients under the National Basic Livelihood Security system and nonrecipients whose income falls under the minimum cost of living. Secondly, we establish the counterfactual effects of the program among nonrecipients whose income is below the minimum cost of living and among nonrecipients whose income is above the minimum cost of living. Last, we analyze treatment effects by comparing welfare recipients with income below the minimum cost of living and nonrecipients with income above the minimum cost of living using the regression distribution design method. We argue that the National Basic Livelihood Security system as a welfare-to-work program has positive effects on labor market participation, which has not been established by previous studies.

SOCIAL SERVICES FOR THE PEOPLE AND COLLEGE STUDENTS IN SOUTH KOREA

The main aim of the present study is the consideration of social services for population and students in South Korea. This article, on the basis of the research literature and the policy of South Korea government, contains information about the universality of social services for the National Basic Livelihood Security System and the Department of Population Health, as well as providing care for children and infants, student’s scholarship policy and the future of the problems in this area. The study identified the following challenges for the future: improvement of the quality of service and the expansion of services; improvement of the systems for mobilizing resources for the provision of social services; the role of the government and the private sector in the quality and efficiency of the social services; improvement of the working conditions and creating new workplaces.

Factors Influencing Intentions of Recipients with Disability of National Basic Livelihood Security System to Break Away From Receiving Services

본 연구에서는 제6차 장애인고용패널 자료를 이용하여 장애인 수급자를 대상으로 기초생활보장제도 수급탈피 의향에 미치는 영향요인들을 분석하고 정책적 시사점을 탐색하고자 하였다. 분석결과, 남성이 여성에 비해서 수급탈피 의향이 높으며, 고등학교졸업이상의 학력이 중졸이하의 학력에 비해 수급탈피의향이 높고, 고용서비스경험이 있을수록 수급탈피의향이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 연령이 높을수록 수급탈피의향이 낮으며, 장애유형이 정신장애일 때는 신체외부장애에 비해서 수급탈피 의향이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 아울러 고용서비스경험이 수급탈피의향에 미치는 효과는 학력이 높을수록 더 크게 나타나는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 분석을 토대로 장애인의 수급탈피 의향을 고양하기 위한 근로연계복지정책 강화, 교육 접근성 제고, 고용 서비스 확충방안 등을 제언하였다.The study analyze factors influencing intentions of recipients of National Basic Livelihood Security System with disability to break away from receiving the social welfare services using data of the 6th Panel Survey of Employment for the Disabled(PSED) and explores policy implications. The results indicate that a high level of education positively influences intention of recipients to break away from receiving the social welfare services, and a rise of age negatively influences. In addition, the experience of job training and the number of certificates positively influence intention of recipients to break away from receiving services. Based on these results, the study suggests reinforcing welfare to work policies, enhancing access to education, and expending programs for job training in order to promote intention of recipients to break away from receiving services.