Livelihood Status Research Articles

Performance of cash transfer program on farmers’ livelihood: evidence from PM-KISAN scheme of India

IntroductionResearch into various aspects of vulnerability and poverty has played a key role in shaping cash transfer systems. Cash-based direct benefit transfers (DBT) are frequently discussed, as they help reduce corruption and limit intermediary involvement, which often impedes policy implementation in countries like India. Small and marginal farmers (SMFs), constituting 86% of India’s farming population, are essential for sustainable agricultural growth and ensuring food and nutrition security. The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) scheme provides Rs.6000 annually to the farmer families via DBT mechanism. Despite reports and information from various government sources, significant concerns remain regarding the performance of PM-KISAN scheme in improving living conditions of SMFs.MethodsFor having the highest number of SMFs, a research study was conducted in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Two cluster of villages from each of these two states were chosen by simple random sampling (SRS) method. An ex post facto research design was used; data was gathered from 240 SMFs, with 120 beneficiaries and 120 non-beneficiaries, using a stratified disproportionate simple random sampling technique. The study used 18 indicators related to livelihood assets—human capital, social capital, natural capital, physical capital, and financial capital—to generate a Livelihood Index (LI) through Principal Component Analysis (PCA).ResultsThe beneficiaries of the scheme had an average LI score of 0.396, while non-beneficiaries had a score of 0.366. Propensity Score Matching (PSM) was employed to compare the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries in order to determine the impact of the scheme. In the Livelihood Index of beneficiaries, in comparison to non-beneficiaries, there was a significant improvement of 3.34 to 4.13 percentage points, according to the analysis, which utilized a variety of matching algorithms.DiscussionImplications from the study suggests that PM-KISAN should be integrated into a broader rural development strategy to maximize multiplier effects. By combining cash transfers with complementary initiatives like modern technology adoption and high-yield seeds, farmers can make productive investments that could enhance their livelihood status.

Socio-ecological metabolism and rural livelihood conditions: Two case studies on forest litter uses in France and Poland (1875–1910)

Socio-ecological metabolism and rural livelihood conditions: Two case studies on forest litter uses in France and Poland (1875–1910)

The sustainable livelihood model of farmers in the peri-urban areas of Bandung city

Welfare is the goal of every endeavor undertaken by humans, including farmers. However, to achieve prosperity, it is necessary to ensure that the sustainable livelihood conditions of each farmer are in good condition, supported by good characteristics and mastery of the five development capitals. This research aims to · Analyze the sustainable livelihoods of farmers on the outskirts of Bandung City; · Analyze the dominant factors that influence the sustainable livelihoods of farmers in the outskirts of Bandung City; · Analyze the influence of sustainable livelihoods on the welfare of farmers on the outskirts of Bandung City. The method used in this research is a predominantly quantitative mixed method. Data analysis in this study used structural equation modeling (SEM) involving 177 samples of farmers in Andir Village, Baleendah District and Mekarwangi Village, Lembang District. The research results showed that: · Respondents perceived sustainable livelihoods in the quite high category with a score of (3.68); · Respondent characteristics, financial capital, social capital and physical capital have a significant influence on sustainable livelihoods, while natural capital and human capital do not have a significant influence on sustainable livelihoods; · Sustainable livelihoods have a significant influence on the welfare of farming households. Based on the research results, there is a need to increase control of the five development capitals through farmers' efforts and initiatives as well as intervention from the government.

Manure contribution to rural livelihoods at farm and landscape levels: a systemic approach in semi-arid Central Tunisia

ABSTRACT Manure valorization through on-farm use or market transactions is an ancient and widespread practice in the mixed crop-livestock systems of the semi-arid areas of North Africa. While research has long focused on the manure contribution to soil fertility at the plot level, little has been done concerning livelihood conditions. The present paper aims to assess the contribution of manure use and exchange on the livelihoods of rural communities using an original dataset collected in 2021 among 150 farmers in Central Tunisia. This analysis is carried out within the analytical agroecology framework combined with factor analysis methods. Results showed that manure use and valorization differ along the watershed, from a socioeconomic perspective in small farms operating under rainfed tree-pastoral systems, to an environmental and agronomic perspective in the mixed rainfed-irrigated systems downstream. Manure flow analysis confirmed that on-farm manure balance is positively correlated to economic wealth. However, the manure fluxes questioned the environmental sustainability of the vulnerable zones. Its use and management could significantly impact livelihood discrepancies in the future, with the increasing of demand and use of manure in more favorable zones such as irrigated lands at the detriment of the rainfed zones.

Implications of COVID-19 relief packages on livelihoods of rural dwellers in border towns along Southwestern Ghana

The global efforts to curtail the livelihood crises brought about by the eruption of the COVID-19 pandemic witnessed the adoption of livelihood strategies in the form of relief packages. Using a quantitative analytic framework, the article sheds light on recipients’ perspectives on the various government interventions in Ghana, focusing on how socio-economic and political inequalities in Ghana shaped access to pandemic relief support for rural dwellers in border towns in Southwestern Ghana. The findings suggest that, despite the partisan twist, the relief packages positively impacted intended beneficiaries in their short-term income-generation activities. Furthermore, it reduced the vulnerability of rural start-up businesses and brought the establishment of new health facilities to augment the infrastructural development of the area. The article concludes that the pandemic provided insight into how rural communities can better leverage relief packages to improve their livelihood conditions.

Extreme weather events and disruptions to HIV services: a systematic review.

Extreme weather events pose a risk to health and disproportionately affect vulnerable groups, such as people living with HIV. We aimed to investigate the effects of extreme weather events on HIV testing uptake, HIV treatment and care, and HIV transmission. For this systematic review, we searched PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO for peer-reviewed studies published between database inception and Aug 31, 2023. Eligible studies were English-language qualitative, quantitative observational (retrospective, prospective, cross-sectional, longitudinal, case-control, and cohort), and mixed-method studies, and randomised controlled trials related to HIV and extreme weather events. We excluded reviews, mathematical models, and case reports. After exporting the search results, two authors independently screened the titles and abstracts of identified articles, reviewing the full text of those that met the inclusion criteria. We used systems thinking to develop a framework linking extreme weather events and HIV and summarised the results using thematic narrative synthesis. Of the 6126 studies identified by the search, 27 met the inclusion criteria and were eligible for analysis, of which 19 were quantitative, six were qualitative, and two were mixed-method studies. We identified five main themes linking extreme weather events to HIV: economic and livelihood conditions (12 studies), psychosocial factors (19 studies), infrastructure damage and operational challenges (17 studies), migration and displacement (ten studies), and associated medical conditions and health-care needs (12 studies). We showed how these themes interact in complex ways, resulting in a reduction in uptake of HIV testing, interruption of HIV care and subsequent disease progression, altered risk behaviours, and an increased prevalence of HIV. Extreme weather events are associated with disruptions to HIV services. Owing to the design of the included studies, we could not establish a causal relationship between extreme weather events and HIV incidence, highlighting a research gap. Appropriate adaptations and mitigation policies that protect the health and wellbeing of people living with HIV during and after extreme weather events are warranted. Such actions will be crucial to achieving the UNAIDS goal of ending HIV as a public health threat by 2030. None.

Livelihood, Poverty and Multiple Deprivation among Tribals in Odisha

The present study seeks to examine the livelihood pattern, incidence of poverty and multiple deprivation among the tribal communities or Scheduled Tribes (STs) of Odisha by using secondary data collected from the various rounds of the National Sample Survey (NSS), Census of India reports, District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLFS) reports, etc. It evaluates the contributions of the different sources of livelihood on level of living, quality of life and economic well-being of the tribals. Methodologically, the study employs the Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) class of poverty measures to examine the incidence and magnitude of poverty among the tribals. It finds a strong relationship between livelihood pattern and poverty among them. Though there has been a decline in the incidence of poverty (head count ratio) among the tribals over a period of time, the rate of decline has been slower among the tribal communities than the other social classes. The tribals are confronted with low levels of income and higher levels of poverty due to their subsistence level of livelihood. Most of them are engaged in low-paid works, and suffer from chronic poverty and multiple deprivation. Finally, the study concludes with suggestions on how potential policy options can improve the livelihood condition of the tribals and redress the problem of heavy incidence of poverty among them.

Attitude of Onion Growers towards Drip Irrigation System in Tamil Nadu, India

The drip irrigation system is a kind of micro-irrigation system that has the potential to salvage the water and other nutrients by entrance water to drip gradually to the main roots if plants and other plant parts, which is from on the soil surface or buried inside the soil surface. The main aim of drip irrigation is to place water directly into the main root zone and decrease the water vapour. This study investigates the attitude of Onion growing farmers towards drip irrigation system. The survey was conducted to collect primary data from 119 onion growing farmers in Thondamuthur block of Coimbatore district. Findings reveal that less than three-fifths (57.14%) of the respondents expressed neutral attitude level towards drip irrigation system followed by 21.85 per cent had favourable and 21.01 per cent of the respondents had un-favourable attitude level towards drip irrigation system respectively. This study recommends the implementation of an extensive agricultural institution with more prevalent and periodic visits to drip owners should be established in order to provide regular technical advice and valuable data on the maintenance and repair of the drip irrigation scheme. Such initiatives could enhance the livelihood status of the onion growing farmers in Tamil Nadu.

Bangladesh Ship Breaking Industry and Livelihood Assessment of Out-Migrant Workers: A Study of Southern - Northern Region in Bangladesh

Since 1971, the shipbreaking industry in Bangladesh has grown rapidly, employing approximately 40,000 to 50,000 underprivileged workers from the most underdeveloped regions of Bangladesh. After working for 15-20 years, they leave this industry for different sorts of physical problems, which lead to a low quality of life. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the livelihood status of the out-migrant workers in the shipbreaking industry of Bangladesh. The instruments used for this research were a semi-closed-ended survey questionnaire, in-depth interviews, ethnographic participant observation, and secondary research. The respondents are from the southern and northern parts of Bangladesh, aged 18 years and older. This study has discovered no significant differences between northern and southern out-migrant workers in asset ownership, goods, or housing quality. However, the southern out-migrant population earned relatively more than the northern migrants due to better access to capital and institutional support. This study also shows that after working a few years, young people desire to do external migration for better income opportunities. Despite minimal overall improvement in livelihood status, southern migrants earn comparatively better. Therefore, the government and other stakeholders must bridge the gap of unequal socio-economic development between the southern and northern regions.

An Overview of Socio-Economic Situation of Fishing Community Nearby Dorsha River of Bangladesh

The study was performed to assess the livelihood condition of fishing community nearby Dorsha River of Bangladesh. It was found that most of the fishermen belonged to the age groups of 31-40 years (30%), represented by 78.33% Married. Most of the fishing family (61.67%) is usually consisted of 4-5 members and they engaged in fishing for 6-10 (53.33%) years. Among the fishing community about 10% was illiterate, 23.33% was primary group and 61.67% was secondary group. About 46.07% of the fishermen received health advices from rural community doctors, 35% from upazila health complex and 18.33% got health service from MBBS doctors. The current survey showed that the average annual income by fishing was 13000±3000 BDT and mostly 51.67% are engaged in secondary jobs. The findings also showed that 91.67% of fishermen had electrical facilities and 86.67% drank safe water from tube well though they had homes made of wood and tin (70%). This assessment suggest that they need more institutional, organizational and technical and credit support for their socio-economic betterment and sustainable livelihood.

Biophysical Resource Characterization, Identification and Prioritization of Major Constraints and Potentials of Gara Ebanu Community Watershed in Sululta District, Ethiopia

Baseline characterization helps to understand the initial livelihood condition of the people in the watershed before and after the intervention of the project to measure the amount of change attained by the project. The objective of the study was to characterize baseline information on the existing biophysical resource used as benchmark for planning and impact monitoring and to identify and major constraints and potential in the watershed. The watershed was selected depending on agro-ecological representation, prevalence of resource management and land degradation problems and accessibility for intensive follow-up. Based on the preliminary outlet identified during the watershed selection process, the watershed boundary was delineated using GPS data and the map of watershed was geo-referenced and digitized for its contour, roads, rivers, and other features. Both primary and secondary data were used for the study and primary data was collected through field observation, household survey, focus group discussion and interview of the key informants. From the total 103 household heads living in the watershed, 62 household heads were selected as a respondent for the study. The collected data was managed and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft excel 2010. The results of the study showed that about 29.4% of the watershed slope was characterized by flat lands, 45.7% moderate slope and 24.9% steep lands. As well as soil fertility status of cultivated land in the watershed were 33.9% low, 55.9% moderate and 10.2% high. The results of the study showed that the major constraints identified by sampled household heads were decline of soil fertility, soil erosion, climate change, land shortage, and deforestation were significantly contributed to the low crop yield in the watershed. About 27.4% of the sampled households had encountered decline of soil fertility problems, 25.8% of sample farmers encountered soil erosion problem, and 22.6% of sample farmers encountered climate change problem in the watershed. From the identified major constraints, the highest priorities were given for decline of soil fertility, soil erosion problem, shortage of feed and fodder, and decline of crop productivity respectively. In the watershed, immediate short-term actions should be taken particularly participatory integrated watershed management were recommended.

Enhancing women's empowerment as an effective strategy to improve food security in rural Bangladesh: a pathway to achieving SDG-2

IntroductionWomen play an important role in maintaining household food security; unfortunately, their food security is frequently neglected. This type of phenomenon has become common in developing nations such as Bangladesh, particularly in its rural areas. The objective of this study is to investigate the variables that lead to the empowerment of rural women and its impact on their food security. In acknowledging women's significant contribution to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG-2)- Zero Hunger, this study investigates how access to resources, social support, and policy perceptions impact women's empowerment and food security.MethodsA total of 480 rural women from the southern part of Bangladesh were questioned, and their responses were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling.ResultsWe found that access to resources, social support, and policy perceptions explain 74% of women's empowerment variance and women's empowerment explains 70% variance of women's food security. Access to resources and social support has significant positive impacts on women's empowerment. However, policy perceptions have a positive but not significant impact on women's empowerment. We also observed that women's empowerment significantly improved their food security.Practical implicationsTo empower women and improve their food security, the accessibility of resources and support from social networks must be improved. The study emphasizes the importance of strengthening the government's policies, which aim to improve the livelihood conditions of vulnerable people through regular monitoring to overcome underlying obstacles. Our study offers empirical data that policymakers can use to address complex food affordability and security challenges during global crises, enabling the achievement of SDG-2 in rural areas of Bangladesh and similar societies.

An Investigation on Livelihood Status of Tea Workers at Doldoli Tea Garden, Sylhet

Doldoli Tea Garden is situated in Sylhet Sadar Upazila of the Sylhet district and is one of the 163 tea gardens in Bangladesh. The purpose of the study was to investigate the livelihood status of tea workers at Doldoli. A field survey was conducted and 60 tea workers were chosen randomly. The study revealed almost half of the workers had no formal education (48.3% %). Regarding monthly income, 55% of workers earn only 4500-5500 Taka. Most of the workers gave positive attitudes toward getting living facilities like electricity, sanitation, medical care, and hygiene maintenance. Though most workers have job security they don’t have bank deposits (80%). A low percentage (only 40%) of workers know human rights. Maximum workers (70%) agreed that trade union is not playing their role properly. About 86.7% of the workers have no inclusion in politics. Homestead practices and livestock farming are done by workers for both family and selling purposes but to a lesser extent. The study revealed that low wages are the main problem of the workers (30% agreed) and the possible solution given by most of the workers was increasing the wages which was 36%. For elevating socioeconomic standards, tea garden workers’ daily wages should be prioritized appropriately. The study's findings can assist in understanding and improving the livelihood of the Doldoli tea workers through policy recommendations for government and stakeholders, and approaches aimed at promoting labor rights, education, health, and overall well-being.

Flood‑Induced Health Vulnerability: A Case Study of Nirmal Char in Murshidabad District, West Bengal

The chars (riverine sand bars) are poorly connected to the mainland and are prone to natural hazards like floods. Char lands are occupied by people from lower-income groups who have been living in an ecologically fragile landscape. The frequent floods affect the char dwellers’ health and health infrastructures and limit access to health care services. A study has been conducted to assess the health vulnerability of char dwellers in Nirmal Char in the Murshidabad district. The current study explores the impact of floods on the health of char dwellers during pre-flood season which differs from or is similar to flood season. The health vulnerability of the char dwellers was measured in terms of flood exposure, flood sensitivity and flood adaptive capacity. The primary data collected from selected households reveals that the livelihood conditions of most of the char dwellers have been severely affected during the flood, introducing different health-related diseases (i.e. typhoid fever, malaria, diarrhea and dengue) catalysed due to the lack of accessibility to health care facilities. The present study showed that up to 97.87% of households had a high level of vulnerability and 2.13% had a moderate level of vulnerability. We concluded that early flood warning, flood prevention measures and long-term mitigation strategies must be strengthened for char dwellers as they face greater health problems. Therefore, a context-specific sustainable health policy intervention is required to improve the adaption capacity of char dwellers.

Examining Livelihood Status of Migrants: A Case Study of Barpeta Road Town, Assam

The objective of this article is to examine the life realities of the rural urban migrants of Barpeta Road town, who came from the different adjoining villages of the Barpeta town. In the present study, we have randomly taken 100 respondents and age of the most of the respondent is around 22 to 65. The approach of the present study is explanatory. The research was designed to discover and to describe the hopes of the rural urban migrants at the village level and the experience of the migrants at destination, Barpeta Toad Town. The characteristics of primary data collection are qualitative and quantitative and based on empirical study as well as ground survey.The study focuses on the phenomenon of rural to urban migration into Barpeta Road Town that had taken place and which continues till date, despite the existence of massive unemployment in the city. The result of the study shows the migrants happens for push and pull factors for their movement to the urban environment.The study identifies the factor affecting rural to urban migrants and problems in settlements. The study demonstrates that the pull factor among many include income, education and better health facilities andthe push elements were conflicts, quarrels, absence of farmland to manage the need of the household and other multitudes of crime though they do not want to disclose the details.The present study reveals that the realities and the qualities of the life for the migrants of their destination was extremely different and sometimes challenging for independent survival and they had unofficial network to cope up with most challenging problems. Only few of migrants have an opportunity to enjoy quality life and others remain in trouble.

Averting the Old Age Crisis in Fiji: Policy, Providence, and the Crisis of Livelihood

This article investigates the livelihood condition and income security concerns of Fijian seniors, retirees, and older persons, with a particular emphasis on the services provided by the Fiji National Provident Fund (FNPF). The report focuses on essential components of Fiji’s society and economy, such as population aging, retirement provisions, and the FNPF’s role. It also investigates the potential and conditions of poverty in the country, notably the poverty and health crisis among the elderly. The data for the study is gathered using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies. A questionnaire survey is administered to 439 retirees, 45% of whom are female and 55% of whom are male. In-depth interviews and focus group sessions are also done to acquire a better understanding of the challenges and requirements of the elderly. Desk research is used to analyses numerous records received from the FNPF, publicly accessible yearly reports, and Department of Social Welfare pertinent resources on social services. The study highlights the FNPF’s general services to assure efficiency in financial obligation to pensioners, as well as the crucial relevance of economic stability for pensioners based on their monthly pension receipts. The data analysis and conversations shed light on the issues that Fijian retirees confront and potential areas for improvement in the FNPF’s services. Finally, the article emphasizes the importance of increased support and targeted measures to address the livelihood challenges of Fijian pensioners. The study’s findings can help policymakers and stakeholders devise effective methods to ensure the well-being and financial security of the country’s aging population.

Socio-Economic Problems of Agricultural Laborers in Punjab (Pakistan)

The development of the agriculture sector is one of the most imperative factors for fulfilling basic human needs, alleviating poverty, boosting shared prosperity, and becoming a significant contributor to national development for most developing countries. Over one billion of the world's labour force is engaged directly and indirectly in this sector, one-third of the world's workforce. Unfortunately, the laborers working in the agriculture sector face multidimensional socioeconomic problems such as poor livelihood conditions, meagre employment circumstances, long working hours, fewer rewards, unavailability of basic safety facilities, remuneration and pitiable nutrition, among others. To understand the contributing factors responsible for socioeconomic problems, this study was conducted in three divisions of Punjab province: Gujranwala, Faisalabad, and Dera Ghazi Khan. For this purpose, a multistage simple random sampling procedure was applied to approach the participants. The interview schedule was used as a tool for data collection and validated through pilot testing. The study's findings revealed that the laborers’ employment conditions could have been more conducive while agricultural laborers were receiving lesser wages. The agricultural laborers have to face many health hazards. In contrast, the majority of the laborers were exploited only due to their illiteracy and ignorance about Government policies and laws related to them. Many participants reported chronic socioeconomic problems significantly associated with their working environment, amenities and available facilities.

Socio-Economic Impact on Host Communities in Adamawa and Borno States, Nigeria

The Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria has become a protracted war characterised by humanitarian and socioeconomic consequences for the survivors due to displacements that rendered many people refugees in Niger, Chad, and Cameroon while internally displacing several people across state capitals and environs. Thus affecting the livelihood condition of the survivors as well as striking negatively on Nigeria’s national development. The paper utilised both primary and secondary sources of data collection as methodology. Primary data were sourced from key informant interviews (KII) and focus group discussions (FGD) with major stakeholders in the state capitals of Maiduguri and Yola, which served as host to most of the displaced persons. Secondary data were also sourced through content analysis of relevant archival materials while relying on state fragility theory as the theoretical framework of the study. It was argued that the displacement of many inhabitants away from their abode negatively affected the socioeconomic well-being of the people and human security in Maiduguri and Yola, the state capitals of Adamawa and Borno States. The study recommends that the federal and state governments, as well as private individuals and other philanthropists, should increase their level of intervention and support for the survivors of insurgencies by providing food supplies in addition to shelter for them in Maiduguri and Yola. It further recommends that the Nigerian government expedite action on the resettlement of the survivors by securing their communities with early warning, detection, and response commands. This will give room for genuine reconstruction and resettlement of IDPs in their localities, thereby reducing the pressure on existing infrastructure and lowering the cost of living in the cities of Maiduguri and Yola

Livelihood status of the fishing community of Mahakanadarawa reservoir in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka

Mahakanadarawa reservoir located in Anuradhapura is one of the major, perennial reservoirs in Sri Lanka, extending over 1,457 ha. It provides livelihood opportunities through fisheries, irrigation for agriculture, and fostering economic growth in the surrounding region. Yet the fisheries-based livelihoods of the Mahakanadarawa reservoir have not been fully assessed. Hence, this study investigated the fishery and fisher profile of the reservoir. Primary data were collected from eight landing sites. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to interview 72 fishermen using a mixed method. Main variables including social, human, physical, natural, and financial capitals, fishery profile, fish and fisheries-based post-harvesting techniques, market chain analysis, and fisheries management practices, catch per unit effort for the gillnet fishery were calculated. Secondary data including stocking fish fingerlings and species-wise harvesting data for the past 10 years were collected from the district aquaculture extension office (Anuradhapura) of the NAQDA. A secondary study on the length-weight relationship of Oreochromis niloticus along with its condition factor value was performed. It was revealed that O. niloticus had negative allometric fish growth (b = 2.6667) with a condition factor value of 1.9092. The female fish had a higher mean total length compared to the male fish. In the fishing community, 95.83% of males and 4.17% of females were engaged in fishery activities. Mainly gill nets and non-mechanized fiberglass canoes were used for fishing. The average CPUE was 0.000339 kgm-2day-1. A strong positive (r =0.841) correlation was reported for fish stocking and fish production. Fish smoking and sun drying were the common fish processing techniques. The fish supply chain targeted the regional market. A cooperative level co-management system was identified among the reservoir fishing community. The current study discloses the livelihood capitals of the fishing community along with the existing supply chain which can be utilized for the sustainable management strategy of the Mahakanadarawa reservoir in the long run.

Examining the links between household livelihood resilience and vulnerability: disaster resettlement experience from rural China

Livelihood status of rural households is the focus of disaster resettlement research. Influenced by various factors, rural households face multiple environmental and social pressures after relocation, and the study of livelihood resilience and vulnerability provides a new framework for research into the livelihoods of relocated households. There has been a call for more quantitative evidence about the links between livelihood resilience and livelihood vulnerability in the context of disaster resettlement. This study uses data from a sample of 657 individuals from the relocation area of Ankang prefecture in southern Shaanxi, China. The resilience of rural household livelihood systems is quantified in terms of two dimensions of general resilience and specific resilience using the spatial vector method from systems engineering. The IPCC framework was used to measure three dimensions of livelihood vulnerability: exposure, sensitivity, and adaptability, and a threshold regression model was applied to investigate the impacts of livelihood resilience on livelihood vulnerability. Results show that: (i) livelihood vulnerability of relocated households (−0.042) was significantly lower than that of local households (0.091), while relocated households in the process of livelihood reconstruction had a certain degree of vulnerability risk. (ii) there is a significant threshold effect of livelihood resilience on livelihood vulnerability of rural households. (iii) increasing livelihood resilience significantly reduced the degree of vulnerability of rural households, and the marginal effect of general resilience on livelihood vulnerability shows a decreasing trend. Specific resilience has a positive influence on livelihood vulnerability before it exceeds the threshold, but the effect disappears above the threshold of resilience. (iv) The threshold value of livelihood resilience of local households (0.5039) is generally lower than that of relocated households (0.6548), and relocation does improve the ability of rural households to resist uncertainty risks. It is necessary for local governments to formulate more targeted policies to reduce the livelihood vulnerability of rural households and thereby promote sustainable livelihood development.