Live Food Organisms Research Articles

Potentiality of natural live food organisms in shrimp culture: A review

The aquaculture industry is growing quickly due to increased fish consumption and a decline in wild fish catch. About half of the world's seafood demand for human consumption is now met by farmed seafood. The aquafeed market is expanding along with the aquaculture sector. Some of the elements in shrimp feed are derived from terrestrial plants and low-value forage fishes (fish meal). It is impossible to produce more fish meals since doing so would harm the ocean's environment and sustainability. The reduction in shrimp feed cost can also be done by introducing low-cost, environment-friendly ingredients in shrimp feed formulation. Therefore, new and ecologically friendly shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) feed component sources must be created. Live food organisms are a preferable option for this since they provide a variety of essential amino acids and beneficial triglycerides like fat, vitamins, and colors in their cell metabolites. Microalgae biomasses also represent feasible ingredients for shrimp feed sources. Their distinctive variety of bioactive chemicals can enhance color and pellet quality, act as a bulk element in shrimp feed, and boost the viability of farmed species. Live food organisms have a great economic potential since they have the highest biomass productivity of all photosynthetic organisms. In addition to giving farmers and exporters a better choice for feeding their fish, the availability of on-grown live food would also open up the prospect of improving the performance and quality of the fish and shrimp through bioencapsulation. This review study examines the possibility of generating natural food biomass as a component in shrimp feed.

The Effect of Difference Dose Quail Manure Fertilizer on The Population Growth of Daphnia sp. that Cultured in Soy Stew Water

Daphnia sp. is one of the alternative food organisms that potential to be developed on the availability of live food organisms in the hatchery cause has many benefits, like as easy to digest by fish larvae and being able to culture in massal. The study aims to know the effect of the different doses of quail manure on the growth pattern of Daphnia sp. that be cultured in soy stew water and to know the best dose of quail manure to increase the growth rate of Daphnia sp. The experimental method was employed in this research with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of four treatments and four replicates. The treatments tested were the different doses of quail manure organic, that is 0 g/L, 2.5 g/L, 3 g/L, and 3.5 g/L. Daphnia sp. is cultured in a 10L jar with a media volume of 5L. Observation and calculations were carried out for 16 days with the initial density of Daphnia sp. being 30 indv/L. This research result showed that different doses of quail manure had a significant effect (P<0,05) on the growth pattern of Daphnia sp. The time value of the adaptation phase and the specific growth rate in treatment with a dose of 2.5; 3; and 3.5 g/L were not significantly different but better than treatment with a dose of 0 g/L, each of which is 0.243/day, 0.315/day, 0.322/day, and 0.310/day. The maximum density of each treatment was significantly different with the best value obtained at a dose of 3 g/L which was 1725 ind/L and the lowest was obtained at a dose of 0 g/L, which was 475 ind/L. Based on the result of this research, it can be concluded the treatment with a dose of 3 g/L of quail manure was the dose that gave the best growth for Daphnia sp.

Growth-promoting and low-salt adaptation responses boosted by spermidine in Strombidium parasulcatum, a marine bacteriovorous ciliate potentially applied to live feeds for marine larviculture

Ciliates have been suggested as potential live food organisms for the first-feeding stage of various aquaculture animal larvae because of, among others, their wide range of body size and relatively good availability in the surrounding environment. Unfortunately, studies on the nutritional contents or large-scale cultivation methods of ciliates are relatively sparse. Here we report a novel approach to efficiently separate the spermidine-enriched bacterial feeds from marine planktonic ciliate Strombidium parasulcatum. We also report the role of spermidine (Spd) in the standard mass culture of this ciliate. Our method was able to concentrate the ciliates up to 1.22 × 105 cells/mL (approximately 12-fold higher than the normal cultivation) with a recovery rate of 63.89 ± 2.254%. Regarding the role of Spd, we have allowed the bacterial feeds to accumulate a high amount of intracellular Spd from the culture medium (4.10-fold that of the control group). The ciliates receiving Spd-enrich feed exhibited a significant increase in the growth rate (increased by 10.5% to 56.4%), cellular Spd (increased by 1.23-fold to 2.81-fold), and clearance rate (∼20% within 4 h). In terms of stress vulnerability, we observed that S. parasulcatum was still able to accumulate Spd under low-salt stress (10‰ salinity). Besides, the addition of Spd could also assist ciliates in overcoming oxidative stress. Taken together, we concluded that Spd has an important function in the cultivation of the ciliate S. parasulcatum and our novel method facilitated its mass production. Therefore, the applied concepts and findings provided in this study may serve as a baseline for the future development of S. parasulcatum as a commercial live feed.

Review on n-3 HUFA and Live Food Organism for Marine Fish Larvae Nutrition

Marine fish farm industries face ongoing challenges due to a lack of quality seed, a low survival rate and a slow growth rate of marine fish larvae. One of the most sensitive problems is a nutritionally balanced quality feed for rearing these larval fish at the first feeding stage. Many studies have reported high requirements of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids, mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for proper development, which have also been reported to increase the survival and growth status of larval fish. Marine fish larvae have difficulties accepting artificial feed at their weaning stage, so live food plays a vital role in the rearing process. Artemia is one of the most commonly used live food organisms in marine fish larvae production systems. However, they are deficient in EPA and DHA, which are most critical for larval development. Recent advancements in live food production systems have developed several techniques of bio-encapsulation and enrichment of nutrients in live food. But the instability of DHA and the high cost of enrichment procedures remain-bottlenecks for supplying proper nutrients through live food. This short review emphasizes challenges in marine fish larvae culture in terms of HUFAs nutrition with a comparative study on DHA requirements of marine larval fish and its availability in live food organism Artemia. We also highlighted several factors affecting DHA enrichment process and its degradation following enrichment procedures.

Egg Hatching, Stocking, Larval Feeding, and Handling Mortality of Guinean FingerfishMonodactylus sebae

Experiments were conducted on Guinean Fingerfish Monodactylus sebae to evaluate egg and larval stocking densities, stocking methods, water quality effects on egg hatching success, and the effects of different live food organisms on larval growth and survival. Egg hatching percentage was determined for four egg stocking densities (10, 20, 30, and 40 eggs/L). The lowest stocking density, 10 eggs/L, had a significantly higher mean hatching percentage (65.0 ± 18.54%) than the 30- and 40-eggs/L treatments but did not vary significantly from the 20-eggs/L treatment. Eggs were incubated in salinities of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 45, and 50 g/L to evaluate the effect on hatching success. The hatching success was over 70% for salinities of 0–30 g/L. The highest hatching success (98%) occurred in the 5-g/L treatment, and the 40- and 50-g/L treatments had significantly lower hatching success than all other treatments. Three live food organisms were fed to larvae to determine effects on growth and survival over a 9-d period. Diets were enriched rotifers Brachionus plicatilis, nauplii of the copepod Parvocalanus crassirostris, and nauplii of the copepod Pseudodiaptomus pelagicus fed at equal densities of 10 organisms/mL once daily. Larvae were stocked at 20 fish/L. At 9 d posthatch (dph), survival was not significantly different among treatments and larvae fed P. pelagicus had a significantly longer SL (mean ± SD = 4.28 ± 0.42 mm). Larvae were netted and exposed to air as a stressor at 6, 14, 22, 30, 38, and 46 dph for durations of 30, 60, 120, and 240 s. The 30-dph treatment had the lowest survival among all treatments regardless of experimental duration, followed by the 38-dph treatment. Results suggest that to avoid high handling mortality, Guinean Fingerfish should not be handled during metamorphosis (30–38 dph).

Enhancement of nutritional value on zooplankton by alteration of algal media composition: A review

In aquaculture, fish larvae regularly need a balanced diet according to the timescale because such diets essential for constant growth and reproduction and can avoid malnutrition. Thus, the use of live food organisms is critical as it will first feed for fish larvae. Studies have shown that zooplankton have more excellent digestibility and are suitable as live prey species for different sizes than other live foods (e.g. rotifer and Artemia). However, zooplankton nutrition still needs to improve to meet the nutritional requirement for fish larvae. Feeding zooplankton with well-nourished microalgae is important as it affects the nutritional value of the zooplankton. Algal growth is related to micronutrients (e.g. nitrogen, phosphorus or selenium) supply in the culture medium and the availability of nutrients affects the quality of the algal. Thus, by enriching the algal diet with micronutrients from the culture media, the nutritional value of zooplankton can be improved. This review focuses on the nutritional value of zooplankton through the manipulation of algal media composition as well as wastewater. The relation between the composition of algal media and nitrogen and phosphorus limitation are also discussed. The review links the microalgae nutrient essential with manipulating algal media composition and the change of zooplankton nutrients.

EFEK KOMBINASI PAKAN ALAMI (Artemia sp. dan Oithona sp.) TERHADAP TINGKAT KELULUSHIDUPAN LARVA UDANG VANAME (Litopenaeus vannamei)

The development of vaname shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture will affect the increasing need of live food organisms for shrimp larvae, especially Artemia sp. In shrimp hatchery, biotechnical constraints of culture of Artemia sp. and dependence on imported cysts is a limiting factor for success. Perhaps, the use of Oithona sp. is an alternative live food for L. vannamei larvae which has the potential to be combined with Artemia sp. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a combination of live foods, Artemia sp. and Oithona sp. on the survival rate of L. vannamei shrimp larvae and to determine the percentage of live food combinations that provide the best survival rate of L. vannamei shrimp larvae. The method used was an experiment carried out at the Coastal Area Development Laboratory, Jepara. The experimental design used CRD with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Those treatments were a combination of live food, Artemia sp. and Oithona sp. with the percentage ratio of each treatment A. 100%: 0%; B. 75%: 25%; C. 50%: 50%; D. 25%: 75%; and E. 0%: 100%. The results showed that the combination of live foods of Artemia sp. and Oithona sp. had a significant effect (p&lt;.05) on the survival rate of the L. vannamei shrimp larvae and the percentage of the combination of natural foods, Artemia sp. ranged of 50 -100% and Oithona sp ranged of 0% - 50% had given the survival rates of L. vannamei larvae (N-5/6 to PL-10) ranged of 41.71-43.00%.

Effects of Aeration Flow Rate in the Culture Medium on the Growth Performance and Egg Production of CopepodOithona similisFed with Fermented Organic Diet

The availability of copepodOithona similisas live food organism for shrimp and marine fish larvae is strongly influenced by the optimum feed and environment conditions. Optimization of dissolved oxygen (DO) forO. similiscan be carried out by providing proper aeration in culture media. Feeding with fermented organic diet besides phytoplankton is expected to support the individual growth, metabolism, and reproduction ofO. similis.The aim of this study was to examine the effect of different aeration flow rates on the growth performance and egg production ofO. similisand to determine the optimum aeration flow rate. Completely Randomized Design Experiment used in this study with 4 treatments and 4 replications. The treatment wasO. similisculture with different aeration flow rate of 0.00; 22.00; 45.67; 66.67 mL.second-1. The results showed that the difference aeration flow rate significantly affected (p &lt;0.05) the growth performance and egg production ofO. similis. The aeration flow rate of 45.67 mL.second-1provided the best growth performance with total density of 81.25 ± 2.99 ind.mL-1; population specific growth rate 0.220 ± 0.002 day-1; and egg production28.40 ± 0.48 eggs.ind-1. Moreover, the optimum aeration flow rate culture medium forO. similisis 45.70 mL.second-1.

An Alternative Live Food for Fish Larvae; Vinegar Eels (Turbatrix aceti) Enriched with Bacterial Protein

Especially at commercial rearing of marine and ornamental fish species, the achievement of early stage feeding operations is very significant for reducing larval loses. For this reason, it is necessary to produce and use of live food organisms that appropriate for first mouth gap sizes of fish larvae. Widely used in this regard rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis) has got uneasy culture procedures, so evaluating alternative live food organisms is very important. In this study, we have assessed the feasibility of vinegar eels in early stage feeding of altricial fish larvae. Zebra fish (Danio rerio) have got smaller mouth gap size than other fish species have been used in feeding trials and acceptabilities of vinegar eels by larvae was evaluated. And also, an increase in protein contents of vinegar eel evaluated using bacterial proteins (Lactococcus garvieae).

Influence of food concentration and abiotic parameters on population density growth of the ciliated marine protozoan Euplotes sp. under controlled conditions

High mortality is common when culturing most marine fish larvae, especially during the transition from endogenous to exogenous feeding. In aquaculture, many species of marine fish are not able to survive when only fed enriched rotifers and Artemia spp. nauplii. Ciliates are a potential alternative live food organism for first-feeding larvae, because they can grow to high population densities, accept inert diets, and are natural prey organisms of marine fish larvae. The range of culture parameters to optimize population growth of the ciliate Euplotes sp. are unknown. Five experiments were conducted to determine the effects of food concentration and abiotic factors including salinity, aeration rate, temperature and photoperiod on population growth of the ciliate Euplotes sp. Results indicated the optimal ranges for population growth of Euplotes sp. was a temperature between 26 and 32°C, salinities from 20 and 35 g/L, food (Protein Selco®) concentrations of 250 and 500 mg/million ciliates, absence of or low aeration (8.5 cm3/min) and the photoperiod 0L:24D. Euplotes sp. can tolerate high ammonia and very low dissolved oxygen concentrations, and population growth can occur in these conditions for at least 7 days.

Bioencapsulation efficacy of sulfated galactans in adult Artemia salina for enhancing immunity in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Live food organisms like Artemia have been used for delivery of different substances such as nutrients, probiotics and immune-stimulants to aquatic animals. Previously, we reported that sulfated galactans (SG) from the red seaweed Gracilaria fisheri (G. fisheri) increased immune activity in shrimp. In the present study we further investigated the capacity and efficiency of bioencapsulation of SG in adult Artemia for delivery to tissues and potentially boosting the expression of immune genes in post larvae shrimp. SG were labelled with FITC (FITC-SG) for in vivo tracking in shrimp. Bioencapsulation of adult Artemia with FITC-SG (0–100 μg mL−1) was performed and the fluorescence intensity was detected in the gut lumen after enrichment periods of 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 6 h and 24 h. The results showed the Artemia took up SG over time in a concentration-dependent manner. Shrimp were fed with the bioencapsulated Artemia (FITC-SG, 20 μg mL−1) and the shrimp were evaluated under a stereo-fluorescent microscope. At 24 h after administration, FITC-SG was located in gills and hepatopancreas and also bound with haemocytes. With daily SG administration, the genes IMD, IKKβ were up-regulated (after 1 day) while genes dicer and proPO-I were up-regulated later (after 7 days). Moreover, continued monitoring of shrimp fed for 3 consecutive days only with SG at the dose of 0.5 mg g−1 BW showed increases in the expression of IMD, IKKβ genes on day 1 and which gradually declined to normal levels on day 14, while the expression of dicer and proPO-I was increased on day 3 and remained high on day 14. These results demonstrate that bioencapsulation of SG in adult Artemia successfully delivers SG to shrimp tissues, which then bind with haemocytes and subsequently activate immune genes, and potentially increase immunity in shrimp. In addition, the present study suggests that a 3-consecutive-day regimen of SG supplemented in Artemia (0.5 mg g−1 BW) may boost and sustain the enhanced immune functions in post larvae shrimp.

The Effects of Microalgal Diet With Enrichment of Fermented Organic Matters (Tofu Waste, Rice Bran and Fish Meal) on Growth and Reproduction of Diaphanosoma brachyurum

Diaphanosoma brachyurum is one of cladocerans that potentially used as live food organism for larval rearing in fish and shrimp hatcheries. In the culture of D. brachyurum, it usually uses live food from phytoplankton cells, but researches on the diet enrichment from fermented organic matters has not been widely informed. This study was aimed to investigate the different effects among different microalgal diets and a combination of the best microalgal diet with fermented organic matters on growth and reproduction of D. brachyurum. Two experiments were carried out in this study and those designs applied Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The first experiment, the different microalgal diets divided into four treatments with four replication and those were C. vulgaris (A); C. calcitrans (B); N. oculata (C); and T. chuii (D). The second experiment, the combination of the best microalgal diet and fermented organic matters (FOM) divided into five treatments with three replication and those were 100% T. chuii (A); 75% T.chuii and 25% FOM (B); 50% T.chuii and 50% FOM (C); 25% T.chuii and 75% FOM (D); and 100% FOM (E). The results showed that T. chuii has significant different (P<0,05) than another algal cells, which as the best algal diet based on its total density (25,875±1,142 ind.mL-1); population growth rate (0,163±0,022 d-1); and egg production (3,446±0,363 eggs.ind-1) was better than N. oculata (P<0,05). The results of the second experiment showed that with 50%:50% combination of T. chuii and FOM was confirmed as the best treatment (P<0,05) based on its total density (38,183±3,595 ind.mL-1); population growth rate (0,82±0,005 d-1); and egg production (2,418±0,031 eggs.ind-1).

Growth response of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (B.), larvae and fingerlings fed protease‐incorporated diets

African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (B.), is one of the promising freshwater fish species in African aquaculture but the expansion of its farming needs more production of its larvae. The use of live food organisms at first feeding for larvae is still obligatory. That increases the cost of larvae production. Hence, the incorporating of exogenous enzymes especially protease in artificial microdiets may provide affordable alternatives for enhancing the larvae performance. The present study was carried out to evaluate the growth and survival of larvae or fingerlings of African catfish fed artificial diets incorporated with different protease levels. Four artificial diets were formulated and enriched with protease enzyme at levels of 0.0, 750, 1,000, and 1,250 unit/kg diet; after that diets were made into crumbles (100–200 µm diameter). After absorption of the yolk sac, diets were offered to fish larvae (3.6 ± 0.2 mg) in triplicates as a starter feed up to apparent satiation every two hours for 30 days. In another treatment, fish larvae were fed on newly hatched Artemia nauplii (2,500 Artemia/L) as a starter food. In another experiment, African catfish fingerlings (10.1 ± 1.6 g) were fed on the same diets up to satiation twice a day for 2 months. It was noticed that the dietary protease improved larval growth and survival but not as Artemia nauplii did where fish larvae fed on Artemia nauplii showed highest growth and survival followed by those fed a diet enriched with 1,250 unit/kg diet of protease. The mortality of larvae fed protease-enriched diets as well as the control diet was occurred mostly at the first week reaching its maximum at the third week. The poor growth was observed with fish larvae fed the control diet. Meanwhile, catfish fingerlings fed protease-enriched diets showed higher growth over those fed the control diet. The larvae survival (11.0%–41.7%) was enhanced by increasing protease levels and it was lower than that of fingerlings (95.6%–100.0%). Furthermore, protein retention and digestibility were significantly improved with protease supplementation over the control diet especially at a level of 1,000 unit/kg diet. As compared with the previous studies, live food should be used in larvae rearing for the first week after that a starter diet enriched with protease at levels of 1,250 unit/kg diet should be used. In case of fish fingerlings, the dry diets should be enriched with 1,100 unit/kg diet to improve diet digestibility and subsequently enhance their growth.

Improved protocol for rapid zebrafish growth without reducing reproductive performance

Despite widespread use of zebrafish Danio rerio (Hamilton) as a model organism for finfish aquaculture, genetics and molecular biology, husbandry methods and nutrition have not been standardised. We characterise a protocol for rearing zebrafish using a recently developed combination of environmental parameters that yield rapid growth rates: high densities of live food organisms (marine rotifers and brine shrimp nauplii), low salinity, continuous light and algal turbidity during larval and early juvenile stages (5–21 days post fertilisation, dpf) followed by a transition to conventional rearing methods (dark/light photoperiod, freshwater). We assessed a range of larval fish densities in a stagnant water system with continuous ad libitum feeding until 21 dpf and periodic water changes. Fish stocking densities of 12–22 fish/L gave maximum growth rate and growth rate declined as stocking density increased past this threshold. Survival rates during 5–21 and 21–42 dpf were 87 ± 9 and 98 ± 3% respectively. Mean ± SD weight and length were 64 ± 9 mg and 19.4 ± 1.0 mm at 21 dpf and 245 ± 28 mg and 30.4 ± 1.5 mm at 42 dpf. Fertility was assessed at 66 ± 3 dpf. Mean clutch size was 232 ± 124 oocytes/female and fertilisation rate was 72 ± 16%. This protocol will significantly increase productivity in zebrafish facilities.

Ovoviviparously produced Artemia nauplii are a suitable live food source for the larvae of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus : Burchell, 1822)

Brine shrimp Artemia, the most common live food organism used in larviculture, can reproduce either oviparously (production of dormant cysts) or ovoviviparously (direct production of nauplii), depending on environmental conditions. Ovoviviparous Artemia nauplii have seldom been considered as a source of live food in aquaculture, partly due to the convenience and the developed techniques associated with the production and use of the dormant cysts. In many countries in Africa, however, hatchery managers do not have access to a reliable supply of affordable good quality cysts. In this study, we therefore demonstrated the potential of a system designed for the continuous ovoviviparous production of nauplii at low salinity, using Great Salt Lake Artemia franciscana and micronized agricultural material as feed. The suitability of the produced nauplii was tested by feeding them directly to Clarias gariepinus larvae in comparison with oviparous nauplii and decapsulated cysts. Higher survival (100%), better protein efficiency ratio (2.6 +/- 0.1) and food conversion ratio (1.0 +/- 0.1) was observed in larvae fed with the ovoviviparous nauplii (p < 0.05). Overall, we conclude that the ovoviviparous nauplii could serve as an alternative live food for larval fish. If optimized, the system could be validated for integration in hatcheries.

Biosecure Shrimp Feeds and Feeding Practices: Guidelines for Future Development

AbstractFor the purposes of this paper, biosecure shrimp feeds and on‐farm feeding strategies refer to the “feed, whether live, fresh, or formulated, and the management of the feed on the farm, should not be an entry point of potential pathogens to the shrimp and/or to the culture system.” The paper reviews the different feeds commonly used for the production of farmed shrimp and discusses their potential risks from a disease perspective, including the use of live hatchery and nursery feeds, the use of live and/or fresh food organisms for the production of broodstock, and the use of dry formulated shrimp feeds for shrimp growout operations. In addition, the paper discusses the critical role played by feed‐processing techniques for the pasteurization and destruction of pathogens within shrimp feeds and the need for nutritionists to formulate feeds for optimal nutrition and health, and not just for optimal growth. The importance of the development and implementation of good on‐farm feed management practices by farmers is discussed, including the prohibition of the top‐dressing of pelleted feeds on farm by farmers with unapproved feed additives such as antibiotics. Finally, the paper discusses the responsibilities of farmers, feed manufacturers, and traders regarding the development and use of recommended biosecure shrimp feeds and feeding practices.

Using Airlifts to Collect and Concentrate Copepod Nauplii

Airlifts are simple and inexpensive and not new to aquaculture. The buoyancy of rising bubbles within a pipe or tube generates an upward flow of water that are often used as part of water treatment design in recirculating aquaculture systems, but can also be used to collect and concentrate live food organisms fed to marine fish larvae. Airlifts are more gentle and efficient than sieving. This 3-page fact sheet provides protocols and designs for harvesting and feeding copepod nauplii to marine fish larvae, but these methods can be adapted for use with many live feed organisms. Written by Eric Cassiano, Matthew DiMaggio, Cortney Ohs, and John Marcellus, and published by the UF Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, May 2015. (Photo credit: Jason S. Broach)&#x0D; FA188/FA188: Using Airlifts to Collect and Concentrate Copepod Nauplii (ufl.edu)

Comparative Studies on Population Growth of Two Brachionus calyciflorus Sibling Species

Rotifers are the most important live food organisms for use as starter food in aquaculture. The population growth and resting egg production dynamics of Brachionus calyciflorus sibling species BNA13 from lake Baixiang and BNB3 from lake Kongque, in Xishuangbanna city, Yunnan, China at four temperatures (16, 20, 24, and 28 °C) and four algal (Scenedesmus obliquus) densities (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 × 106 cells/ml) were studied. The results showed different responses with rotifer sibling species. Sibling species, temperature, algal density and their interactions significantly affected the maximum population density, population growth rate and resting egg production except that both the interactions of temperature and algal density and the interaction of sibling species and temperature as well as algal density did not significantly affect maximum population density. Regardless of the effects of temperature and algal density, maximum population density, population growth rate and resting egg production of the B. calyciflorus sibling species BNA13 were greater than those of BNB3, suggesting that B. calyciflorus sibling species BNA13 was more suitable than BNB3 for fish larviculture. The maximum population density and resting egg production of sibling species BNA13 were the highest at the combination of 20 °C and 4.0 × 106 cells/ml algal density and 28 °C and 4.0 × 106 cells/ml algal density, respectively, indicating that the two combinations of temperature and algal density represented the optimum conditions of mass culture and resting egg production of B. calyciflorus sibling species BNA13 for fish larviculture respectively.

Abundance of anemone fishes in North Bay Island and mass culture of live food organisms for their larval rearing

Understanding the transect survey for abundance of anemone fishes and other living organisms is important to asses reef associated fish diversity in North Bay island. The percentage distribution of 10 different substratum from the disturbed, semi-disturbed and undisturbed areas was recorded during the survey in North Bay islands during November 2009 to April 2010. The survey observations reveal that the fishes were the dominant groups followed by mollusks, lobsters and octopus. There are 5 different anemone fishes were collected during the transect survey and their distribution is more in undisturbed area. We are standardizing the different mass culture techniques for production of phytoplankton and zooplankton for the nutritional source for the anemone fish larvae. Monitoring the water quality parameters and culture the phytoplankton and zooplankton used in different culture media with 2 adjustment studies like with and without salinity adjustment. The results of this experiment indicate that zooplankton was rich in protein and fat content and it will be used as high nutritional source for feeding fish larvae.

Abundance of anemone fishes in North Bay Island and mass culture of live food organisms for their larval rearing

Understanding the transect survey for abundance of anemone fishes and other living organisms is important to asses reef associated fish diversity in North Bay island. The percentage distribution of 10 different substratum from the disturbed, semi-disturbed and undisturbed areas was recorded during the survey in North Bay islands during November 2009 to April 2010. The survey observations reveal that the fishes were the dominant groups followed by mollusks, lobsters and octopus. There are 5 different anemone fishes were collected during the transect survey and their distribution is more in undisturbed area. We are standardizing the different mass culture techniques for production of phytoplankton and zooplankton for the nutritional source for the anemone fish larvae. Monitoring the water quality parameters and culture the phytoplankton and zooplankton used in different culture media with 2 adjustment studies like with and without salinity adjustment. The results of this experiment indicate that zooplankton was rich in protein and fat content and it will be used as high nutritional source for feeding fish larvae.