Live Animal Markets Research Articles

Study on marketing pattern among the tribal livestock farmers of Wayanad district in Kerala

An ex post facto research was conducted among the tribal livestock farmers in Wayanad district of Kerala state to identify the marketing pattern existing among them. Official approval for conducting the study was obtained from the Directorate of Schedule Tribe Development Department as well as from The Integrated Tribal Development Project, Government of Kerala. Thirty tribal livestock farmers each from Vythiri, Sulthan Bathery and Manathavadi taluks were selected using random sampling method. A structured interview schedule was used as a tool to collect the information from the respondents. The result of the study inferred that all the farmers sold their milk to co-operative societies and more than one-half of the respondents did not prefer to sell the heifers. Male calves were sold through middlemen by two-thirds of the respondents. Nearly one-thirds of the respondents sold the manure directly whereas two-fifths of the respondents did not sell. None of the respondents sold the meat directly. In total, nearly two-thirds of the tribal goat farmers did not prefer selling the goats for breeding purpose, but the remaining one-thirds preferred the direct sale of goats for breeding purpose. In the live animal market of transacting goats for meat purpose, middlemen acted a very important role as it was evident in this study that nearly threefifths of the respondents utilised both direct channels as well as middlemen to sell their goats.

The relation between avian coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.

The coronaviruses (CoVs) are a family of ribonucleic acid viruses that are present in both mammals and birds. SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV originated in bats, and there is a possibility that this could be the case for SARS-CoV-2 as well. There is already evidence that a probable intermediary host is responsible for the emergence of viruses in humans as was the case for SARS-CoVs and MERS-CoV. As the SARS-CoV-2 originated from a live animal market, there is always the question if domestic animals are susceptible to these viruses and the possible risk of zoonotic transmission with mammals, including humans. This uncertainty of the transmission of the COVID-19 virus between humans and animals is of great significance worldwide. Hence, this paper focuses on the avian CoVs and their possible relation and interaction with SARS-CoV-2.

What Impacts Have Geographical Locations On The Cases And Deaths From Covid-19/ Sars-Cov-2 Pandemic In 36 States And Union Territories Of India:-Observational Analysis In India

Background: Curiosity and need are the major forces driving invention and discoveries. The covid-19 said to originated from Wuhan of Hubei province in china have raised so many questions and doubts about origin and spread of disease and the controversy is still going on. The geographical location of Wuhan in relation to sea is of significant value in relation to covid-19 pandemic as observed in this research. The city of Wuhan is located on both banks of the Changjiang (the Great River, a.k.a the Yangtze River) about six hundred miles upstream from Shanghai and the Pacific Ocean. It is about four hundred miles upstream from Nanjing. Its location is supremely strategic, being where the Hanshui (Han River) joins the Changjiang. The Wuhan Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market was in news and highlighted by several media and news agency as probable source of origin of covid-19. The Huanan Seafood Market located in Wuhan was a live animal and seafood market in Jianghan District, Wuhan City, and the capital of Hubei Province in Central China. My research aimed to assess the impact of geographical locations particularly coastal influence on the total/average/maximum/minimum confirmed cases and deaths from COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 36 states and union territories of India, during COVID-19 pandemic from the beginning of pandemic cases in January 2020 in India with special focus on coastal states and union territories of India. The coast is also known popularly as the coastline or seashore is the area where land meets the sea or ocean, or as a line that forms the boundary between the land and the ocean. The term coastal state and union territories is used to refer to a state where interactions of sea and land of states occur. The study also aims to find safest geographical location in covid-19 pandemic. Methods: The information on the number of cases and deaths due to COVID-19 pandemic in 36 states and union territories of India was obtained from Health Department, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), Government of India, and data were matched and analyzed from online websites as well. The impact of geographical locations on the total/average/maximum/ minimum confirmed cases and deaths from COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 36 states and union territories of India was analyzed with Microsoft office and stata 15.1 for windows (64bit) will be used with Microsoft office in next version-2 of article for epidemiological comparison by calculating incidence, prevalence, mortality rate and other indicators. The study for global correlation of this research is also under process by the author. For the purpose of research India is divided into four geographical areas, 1 Coastal states and union territories (total ten in numbers), 2 Island groups (three in numbers), 3 north eastern states and east area i.e. Laddakh 4 other states and union territories having plain areas (14 in numbers). Results: The findings showed that total numbers of death from covid-19 is highest in coastal states and union territories with a count of 240628 since beginning of the pandemic whereas the islands group reported the lowest total numbers of death from covid-19. The average death from covid-19 is highest in coastal states and union territories group with a count of 24062.8 followed by other states and union territories group with a count of 9754.07. The islands group reported the lowest average numbers of death from covid-19 with a count of 58.67. A similar trend was found for numbers of confirmed cases with coastal states on top having largest number of covid-19 cases. Conclusions: The research observation found that coastal states and union territories of India have larger number of daily cases of COVID-19 and mortality as compared to other geographical locations of the country. The observation also found that islands have least number of cases and deaths due to covid-19 pandemic. This study also gives rise to hypothesis that coastal locations are at greater risk of covid-19 infection and mortality whereas islands are safe places in covid-19 pandemics.

Environmental sampling for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus and peste des petits ruminants virus in a live goat market, Nepal.

Livestock markets are considered vital parts of the agricultural economy, particularly in developing countries where livestock keeping contributes to both food security and economic stability. Animals from diverse sources are moved to markets, they mix while they are there and are subsequently redistributed over wide geographic areas. Consequently, markets provide an opportunity for targeted surveillance for circulating pathogens. This study investigated the use of environmental sampling at a live goat market in Nepal for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), both of which are endemic. Five visits to the market were carried out between November 2016 and April 2018, with FMDV RNA detected on four visits and PPRV RNA detected on all five visits. Overall, 4.1% of samples (nine out of 217) were positive for FMDV RNA and 60.8% (132 out of 217) were positive for PPRV RNA, though the proportion of positive samples varied amongst visits. These results demonstrate that non-invasive, environmental sampling methods have the potential to be used to detect circulation of high priority livestock diseases at a live animal market and, hence, to contribute to their surveillance and control.

The Outbreak of Novel Coronavirus-a New Type of Threat in 2020: Genesis, Detection, Treatment, and Management

Background: COVID-19 is a new, health-threatening infectious disease in the world in 2020 and is caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. As of July 13, 2020, 4,881,579 active cases of COVID-19 were diagnosed, and 571,080 deaths were reported globally. In India, 301,850 active cases and 23,187 deaths were reported. To date, no effective treatment is available against the deadly virus SARS-CoV-2. Drug manufacturers, institutional laboratories, and other organizations have started developing vaccines to combat COVID-19 infection. Methods: Science Direct, Elsevier, PubMed, Scopus, and Nature databases were referred to know the current scenario of the disease. Moreover, recent data have been obtained from the World Health Organization, Centre of Disease Control, case studies, newspapers, and Worldometer reports. Data of Vaccine Centre at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Clinicaltrials.gov, and US National Library of Medicine have also been accessed to obtain the latest information about ongoing clinical trials. Results: The primary source of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak is connected to the Hunan seafood and live animal market in Wuhan city, Hubei Province, China. Like; SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV- 2 is also a zoonotic virus affecting the lower respiratory tract in humans. The pathogenesis of COVID- 19 involves attachment of its Spike (S) protein to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in the lower respiratory tract in humans. The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, cough, sore throat, fatigue, headache, myalgia, septic shock, and breathlessness. Few patients with COVID-19 infection experience diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Currently, FDA approved drugs being used to treat COVID-19. Conclusion: This review article presents the importance of traditional Indian herbs recommended by AYUSH as precautionary and curative measures of COVID-19 until vaccines and drugs are made available. Moreover, this article discussed the origin, symptoms, mode of transmission, management, and diagnostics techniques for the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

On the role of viruses in nature and what this means for the COVID-19 pandemic.

On the role of viruses in nature and what this means for the COVID-19 pandemic.

163 Investigating relationships between life history events, carcass quality and price of cull dairy cows sold through auction markets

Abstract Cull dairy cows comprise almost 10% of the national beef production in the United States and contribute with an important additional income source for farmers. However, cull dairy cows present high variation due to many reasons, which affect live animal characteristics, carcass traits, and market price. The objectives of this study were 1) to assess relationships between price and carcass quality of cull dairy cows sold through auction market, and 2) to investigate the effect of animal life history events on price, as an indicator of carcass quality. Data from four dairy operations in Wisconsin included 3,375 cull dairy cow records during the period of 2015 to 2019. Life history events data were collected from Dairy Comp software; live weight and price were obtained periodically from an auction barn, and the carcass data were provided by a local packing plant. Price ($/cwt) and adjusted price (price divided by the national average price) were the two outcome variables. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and multiple linear regression were used to investigate the relationship between variables. On average (standard deviations within parenthesis), live weight was 701.54kg (123.15kg), carcass weight of 324.97kg (68.92), dressing of 46.26% (4.92%), and price of $56.98/cwt (5.57$/cwt). CCA between adjusted price and carcass quality traits was 0.76, indicating that price is a good indicator of carcass quality. Lactation number, culling reason, month, and year of sale drastically affect price (R2 0.7532) and adjusted price (R2 0.4706). Higher live weight and days open led to higher adjusted price, and longer days dry and high milk production decreased price ($/cwt). A large variation between farms was noted. In conclusion, culling and marketing decisions should consider these factors, as an attempt to increase the price received for cull cows, and ultimately improve carcass quality.

A Review of the Preclinical and Clinical Efficacy of Remdesivir, Hydroxychloroquine, and Lopinavir-Ritonavir Treatments against COVID-19.

In December of 2019, an outbreak of a novel coronavirus flared in Wuhan, the capital city of the Hubei Province, China. The pathogen has been identified as a novel enveloped RNA beta-coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus SARS-CoV-2 is associated with a disease characterized by severe atypical pneumonia known as coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Typical symptoms of this disease include cough, fever, malaise, shortness of breath, gastrointestinal symptoms, anosmia, and, in severe cases, pneumonia.1 The high-risk group of COVID-19 patients includes people over the age of 60 years as well as people with existing cardiovascular disease and/or diabetes mellitus. Epidemiological investigations have suggested that the outbreak was associated with a live animal market in Wuhan. Within the first few months of the outbreak, cases were growing exponentially all over the world. The unabated spread of this deadly and highly infectious virus is a health emergency for all nations in the world and has led to the World Health Organization (WHO) declaring a pandemic on March 11, 2020. In this report, we consolidate and review the available clinically and preclinically relevant results emanating from in vitro animal models and clinical studies of drugs approved for emergency use as a treatment for COVID-19, including remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir combinations. These compounds have been frequently touted as top candidates to treat COVID-19, but recent clinical reports suggest mixed outcomes on their efficacies within the current clinical protocol frameworks.

A Critical Review on Immune-Boosting Therapeutic Diet Against Coronavirus (Covid-19)

Now a days the news of coronavirus is on all news paper’s headline. Coronavirus is spreading from animal market of Wuhan in central China. There are several types of coronavirus but all are not dangerous but this new coronavirus is very dangerous. It is a group of RNA viruses that cause a variety of disease in animal and animal to human. The efficiency of this new coronavirus found in the live animal market of Wuhan in central China, circulate in a range of animals and spread from animal to animal and animal to human also which is called Spillover. Mild symptoms of coronavirus are cough, shortness of breath and severe problems are pneumonia, kidney failure and death also. Basically corona virus effects on immune systems and decrease the immune power. There are no specific treatments or vaccines for this disease still now. So in this condition, people have to maintain immunity and should increase immune power to fight against coronavirus. Only washing hand and wearing a mask are not enough to fight against this virus, people have to modify their daily diet. This article summarizes the immuneboosting therapeutic diet against coronavirus (COVID-19).

Bioaerosol Sampling at a Live Animal Market in Kunshan, China: A Noninvasive Approach for Detecting Emergent Viruses.

From October to December 2018, periodic bioaerosol sampling was conducted at a live bird market in Kunshan, China. Sixty-six (55%) of 120 samples had molecular evidence of avian influenza viruses. Four yielded live H9N2 virus after egg culture.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): An overview of viral structure and host response

Background and aimAs a result of its rapid spread in various countries around the world, on March 11, 2020, WHO issued an announcement of the change in coronavirus disease 2019 status from epidemic to pandemic disease. The virus that causes this disease is indicated originating from animals traded in a live animal market in Wuhan, China. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 can attack lung cells because there are many conserved receptor entries, namely Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2. The presence of this virus in host cells will initiate various protective responses leading to pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. This review aimed to provide an overview related to this virus and examine the body’s responses and possible therapies. MethodWe searched PubMed databases for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. Full texts were retrieved, analyzed and developed into an easy-to-understand review. ResultsWe provide a complete review related to structure, origin, and how the body responds to this virus infection and explain the possibility of an immune system over-reaction or cytokine storm. We also include an explanation of how this virus creates modes of avoidance to evade immune system attacks. We further explain the therapeutic approaches that can be taken in the treatment and prevention of this viral infection. ConclusionIn summary, based on the structural and immune-evasion system of coronavirus, we suggest several approaches to treat the disease.

COVID-19 from veterinary medicine and one health perspectives: What animal coronaviruses have taught us

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses displaying an exceptional genetic plasticity driven by accumulation of point mutations and recombination events. This genetic variation is responsible for continuous emergence of viral strains with increased virulence, different tissue tropism and/or expanded host range (Buonavoglia et al., 2006). CoVs are currently classified within four genera, Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus, that recognise bats, birds and likely rodents as natural reservoirs. In December 2019, cases of undiagnosed pneumonia started being reported in Wuhan, Hubei, China. On January 9 2020, the Chinese authorities indicated that a novel CoV was associated with the severe respiratory disease. The first patient with unexplained pneumonia, identified in December 8 2019, came from Wuhan South China Seafood Market. Initially, other patients were linked to the same seafood and live animal market, suggesting an animal origin for the initial spread to humans. Subsequent investigations revealed that the crowded seafood market only boosted circulation of the novel CoV and spread it to the whole city in early December 2019, whereas based on the genome data the virus likely began spreading from person to person in early December or even as early as late November. The first documented human case has been dated back to November 17 2019. The novel human CoV (HCoV) is a betacoronavirus genetically related to Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) CoV and only distantly related to Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) and it was designated as SARS type 2 CoV (SARS-CoV-2). Similar to the other hypervirulent HCoVs, SARS-CoV-2 has a putative animal origin, likely descended from a related bat CoV that spilled over to humans either directly or after adaptation in another animal species, such as the Malayan pangolin (Lam et al., 2020). SARS-CoV-2 is highly related genetically (96% nt) to a SARS-like bat CoV (Zhou et al., 2020) The SARS-CoV-2 induced disease, referred to as CoronaVirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), affects the respiratory tract, with a number of patients displaying severe pneumonia and requiring hospitalisation and admission to intermediate or intensive care units. Unlike SARS and MERS, COVID-19 is characterised by low lethality rates and high frequency of asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic infections that likely favoured the spread of this new pandemic (Lai et al., 2020). As SARS-CoV-2 started spreading globally, between February and March 2020, potential spill over exposure (viral RNA) was noted in companion animals, likely due to their strict social interactions with humans. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in two dogs and a cat without clinical signs in Hong Kong and in a cat with gastroenteric and respiratory signs in Bruxelles, all which lived in close contact with infected COVID-19 human patients.1 , 2 This noted analogous findings observed during the 2002–2003 spread of SARS-CoV.3

Coronavirus disease 2019: Implications of emerging infections for transplantation.

The recent identification of an outbreak of 2019- novel Coronavirus is currently evolving, and the impact on transplantation is unknown. However, it is imperative that we anticipate the potential impact on the transplant community in order to avert severe consequences of this infection on both the transplant community and contacts of transplant patients.

The Novel Coronavirus - A Snapshot of Current Knowledge.

SummaryAnother animal to human transmission of a coronavirus occurred in December 2019 on a live animal market in the Chinese city of Wuhan causing an epidemic in China, reaching now different continents. This minireview summarizes the research literature on the virological, clinical and epidemiological aspects of this epidemic published until end of February 2020.

Pandemic: examining readiness for infectious disease outbreaks

Pandemic was released a few days before WHO declared the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a public health emergency of international concern. Fortuitous timing, but if there is one lesson from Netflix's thorough new documentary series, it is that the world is always on the brink of an epidemic of catastrophic potential. Pandemic largely focuses on influenza, though a visit to a live animal and seafood market in Vietnam offers a reminder of the range of zoonotic diseases that can emerge from all those creatures kept in close quarters.

COVID-19: what is next for public health?

COVID-19: what is next for public health?

Genetic diversity of influenza A viruses circulating in pigs between winter and summer in a Minnesota live animal market.

There has been little surveillance of influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulating in swine at live animal markets, particularly in the United States. To address this gap, we conducted active surveillance of IAVs in pigs, the air, and the environment during a summer and winter season in a live animal market in St. Paul, Minnesota, that had been epidemiologically associated with swine-origin influenza cases in humans previously. High rates of IAV were detected by PCR in swine lungs and oral fluids during both summer and winter seasons. Rates of IAV detection by PCR in the air were similar during summer and winter, although rates of successful virus isolation in the air were lower during summer than in winter (26% and 67%, respectively). H3N2 was the most prevalent subtype in both seasons, followed by H1N2. Genetically diverse viruses with multiple gene constellations were isolated from both winter and summer, with a total of 19 distinct genotypes identified. Comparative phylogenetic analysis of all eight segments of 40 virus isolates from summer and 122 isolates from winter revealed that the summer and winter isolates were genetically distinct, indicating IAVs are not maintained in the market, but rather are re-introduced, likely from commercial swine. These findings highlight the extent of IAV genetic diversity circulating in swine in live animal markets, even during summer months, and the ongoing risk to humans.

Pathogenic Rickettsia in ticks of spur‐thighed tortoise ( Testudo graeca ) sold in a Qatar live animal market

The dissemination of vector arthropods harbouring zoonotic pathogens through the uncontrolled transboundary trade of exotic and pet animals poses an important threat to Public Health. In the present report, we describe the introduction of pathogenic Rickettsia africae and R.aeschlimanni in ticks removed from imported tortoises in Qatar. A total of 21 ticks were collected from pet spur-thighed tortoises (Testudo graeca) from Doha, May 2018, and studied for species identification and characterization of Rickettsia spp. Morphological and molecular analysis of ticks allowed their identification as Hyalomma aegyptium. Molecular analysis of partial ompA and gltA genes showed that Rickettsia sequences found on these ticks clustered with sequences classified as R.aeschilimanii and R.africae. Since pre-adult stages of H.aegyptium also feed on humans, this tick species may play a role in the transmission of R.aeschilimanii and R.africae. We alert for the introduction of non-native pets as vehicles for tick importation, known vectors for animal and human pathogenic agents. Importation of exotic species into non-autochthonous countries deserves strict control to enforce robust surveillance and mitigate potential exotic diseases epidemics.

Risk Factors for MERS-CoV Seropositivity among Animal Market and Slaughterhouse Workers, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2014-2017.

Camel contact is a recognized risk factor for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. Because specific camel exposures associated with MERS-CoV seropositivity are not fully understood, we investigated worker–camel interactions and MERS-CoV seroprevalence. We assessed worker seroprevalence in 2 slaughterhouses and 1 live-animal market in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, during 2014–2017 and administered an epidemiologic survey in 2016 and 2017. Across 3 sampling rounds during 2014–2017, we sampled 100–235 workers, and 6%–19% were seropositive for MERS-CoV at each sampling round. One (1.4%) of 70 seronegative workers tested at multiple rounds seroconverted. On multivariable analyses, working as a camel salesman, handling live camels or their waste, and having diabetes were associated with seropositivity among all workers, whereas handling live camels and either administering medications or cleaning equipment was associated with seropositivity among market workers. Characterization of high-risk exposures is critical for implementation of preventive measures.

First report of camel contagious ecthyma in Nigeria.

Camel contagious ecthyma (CCE) is a viral disease of camelids that is caused by a Parapoxvirus (PPV) which is a DNA virus of the viral family: Poxviridae. Diseases affecting camels in Nigeria are scarcely reported. CCE or the laboratory detection of camel PPV (CPPV) has not been reported in Nigeria. This study investigated and described the clinical presentation of CCE and molecular detection of CPPV in Nigeria. Suspected cases of CCE were reported in a farm, live animal market and abattoir, in three different states (Bauchi, Plateau and Zamfara) in Northern Nigeria. Skin scabs, lungs, liver and intestine samples were collected. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out using the primers which targets the RPO30 gene fragment of the genus PPV. The clinical signs observed from the suspected cases of CCE were proliferative skin lesions, papules, scabs on the lips and nares. CPPV was detected in 80.0% (4/5) of the samples collected by PCR. CCE was diagnosed based on clinical signs and PCR results. This is the first report of CCE in Nigeria. Further studies should be carried out to genetically characterize the CPPV circulating in Nigeria.