Live Ammunition Research Articles

Design and application of inertia switch with the zero-time trigger sensor for projectile overload impulse

The paper introduces a novel inertial trigger sensor featuring a multi-layer stacked single-arm brass beam pendulum, aimed at applications in automotive and aerospace fields, etc. It employs the Lagrangian equation for dynamic modeling and finite element analysis to achieve precise inertia force measurements. The design incorporates advanced fabrication techniques and a high-precision latching mechanism that combines circuit self-locking with mechanical triggering. Validated through simulations and testing, The results of the live ammunition tests indicate that, apart from failures of the Inertia Switch due to errors in the manufacturing process, all other inertial switches functioned normally. This demonstrates that the inertial sensor provides an adjustable trigger time of 0–5 ms and reliably withstands extreme overloads of up to 15000 g. This work significantly enhances the performance of inertial sensors in high-stress environments.

Numerical simulation on the bomb case effects of non‐ideal aluminized explosive

AbstractThe detonation process of non‐ideal explosives is influenced by the casing of the bomb. Non‐ideal charges in the process of the explosion of live ammunition energy output mechanism and distribution ratio, the impact of the case on the explosion flow field, and other issues cannot be obtained through the existing theoretical analysis and testing techniques to obtain specific values. This paper establishes a “detonation+afterburning” energy output model to characterize the energy release characteristics of non‐ideal charges, using step‐by‐step numerical simulation of the near and middle, and far fields of the explosion, and verify simulation results through experiments, quantitative analysis the case of a type of earth penetrator on the normal particle size (4 μm) and two times the normal particle size (8 μm) of non‐ideal charges of aluminum powder explosion process. The results indicate that the presence of the casing enhances the energy output of aluminum powder with 4 μm by ≈5 %. When the particle size of aluminum powder is doubled, the maximum reaction rate and the peak of the shock wave are merely around 35 % and 75 %, respectively, compared to those of normal particle size. The detonation products, case fragments, and air constitute 49 %, 48 %, and 3 % of the overall explosion energy, respectively. The proportional equation of the conversion between the chemical energy of the explosion and the kinetic energy of the case fragments is obtained. These conclusions can provide data support for the design of non‐ideal charge warheads, lethality assessment, and establishment of engineering protection standards.

Camptown Dwelling: Environment and Survival in Memories of My Ghost Brother

Abstract: The representation of environmental injustice in Heinz Insu Fenkl's novel Memories of My Ghost Brother (1996) has yet to be examined. This neglect suggests a need to open up the dialogue between Fenkl's work, which is relatively invisible beyond Asian American and postcolonial studies, and ecocriticism. Memories of My Ghost Brother shows that the impoverished, noxious, and dangerous conditions and pervasive diseases in Korean camptowns are socially engineered by the United States-Republic of Korea neocolonial system that on the one hand disregards camptowns' infrastructural needs and on the other hand allows the US military to wreak environmental damage with impunity. Specifically, the novel portrays pervasive dust, flooding sewage, the noise from US military activities, and the dangerous live ammunition left by the US military after their training. Without reducing camptown residents to mere victims, the novel also depicts the survival strategies they have adopted. The novel further situates camptowns within the context of the ongoing environmental atrocities committed by the US military across Asia. Fenkl's depictions of the dire situation in camptowns and the toxic legacies from the atomic bomb and Agent Orange challenge the narrative of American benevolence in Korea.

Experimental air power: early British drone programs and Western violence in the interwar period

ABSTRACT In the 1920s, the British Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) was working on a weaponized pilotless aircraft called the Larynx. By the end of the decade, the Larynx project had produced a series of prototypes. These were put through a number of tests flights, including a set of flights in coordination with the RAF using live ammunition in Iraq in 1929. This paper examines the development of the Larynx and these tests to understand the role of experimental pilotless aircraft programs in shaping conceptualizations of airpower in the interwar period. In doing so, I argue that the case of the Larynx illustrates important intersections of scientific experimentation and colonial violence that influenced how the aircraft was envisioned and deployed, and points us towards the longer modern histories of scientific development and Western violence that contemporary practices of targeting killing emerge from. I focus this examination on the role of the ‘experiment’ and the ‘experimental’ in the development of the Larynx and how these concepts fit within a broader understanding of aerial bombing at the time. This case demonstrates the importance studying air power in the interwar period, not just for understanding the roots of contemporary air power in colonial air policing, but also for the role that scientific experimentation and development played in shaping these practices and imaginaries of Western air power.

Experimental and numerical analyses of ballistic resistance evaluation of combat helmet using Hybrid III headform

Combat helmets are the primary system for protecting the head against ballistic impacts. Generally, combat helmets have been evaluated using a ballistic plasticine head surrogate based on international standards. More realistic human head models have recently been introduced to assess combat helmet performance considering biomechanical requirements. In this work, the Hybrid III dummy head and neck has been introduced to evaluate the performance of the combat helmet against the ballistic impact of live ammunition at different impact locations, considering two different thicknesses of the padding system. A numerical model including a helmet and a Hybrid III head and neck, is developed and validated with our experimental data. The results reveal the influence of the location, where the rear impact leads to the highest risk of brain damage. The effect of pad thickness is closely related to the energy absorbed by the helmet, the backface deformation (BFD), the contact force and the acceleration measured on the head.

The Inculcative Power of Australian Cadet Corps Uniforms in the 1900s and 1910s

The Inculcative Power of Australian Cadet Corps Uniforms in the 1900s and 1910s

Determination of thickness parameters of detonation shell and safety performance analysis

AbstractOn the premise of security, it is necessary to ensure good operational performance and technical indicators for nonlethal weapons such as flash detonation bombs. To make the weight of a flash detonation grenade more convenient for hand throwing and material costs save, the outer dimensions of the grenade body are fixed, and the optimal parameters of outer shell thickness of the vertigo grenade are explored. Based on the maximum deformation energy theorem, the strength of the shell with the obtained maximum thickness of 8 mm is checked, and then the optimal shell thickness under the ideal air explosion condition is obtained by reducing the thickness; Then check the thread strength to obtain the inner casing fracture, shock wave, and sound pressure level. The fragmentation performance test, detonation test, and sound pressure level test were carried out for the projectiles involving the shell thickness of 4 and 5 mm, and the simulation results were verified from three aspects of sound intensity, shell strength, and fragments. The results show that the maximum equivalent stress is 232.6 MPa and the maximum deformation is 1.07 × 10−4 mm when the outer shell thickness of the vertigo grenade is 5 mm, which is less than the material failure strength standard and no plastic deformation could occur. The structural connection strength of the missile body meets the standard. Most of the fragments are trapped in the cavity. The average sound pressure level at 1.5 m can reach 159.7 dB. The relative error between the sound pressure level at 3 m and the live ammunition test results is 4.8%, which meets the expected operational technical indicators and has good safety performance. The results of the numerical simulation can provide a reference for the design optimization and performance evaluation of similar vertigo grenades.

4월 혁명 이후 최루탄 도입과 그 성격

Since the April Revolution, police have faced strong urge to reform and purge. Urging of police reform and purge were concentrated on the intelligence police which were the main players of various evils during the Rhee Syngman regime, but were also raised against the police firing upon the protesting people during the April Revolution. However, the Chang Myon government tried to strengthen the police''s riot control ability to counter the unification movement with the United States from November 1960. The U.S. was deeply intervened in the police''s riot control training and the introduction of riot control equipment. In the process, tear gas was procured and riot control training using tear gas was promoted. The U.S. public safety advisors'' perception of tear gas was behind this process. Most of the public safety advisors in Korea have been veterans of police-related jobs for a long time in the United States since the 1930s. In the 1930s, the police reform movement emerged in the United States, and the modern police system was established, and in the process, a method of riot control using tear gas instead of live ammunition was widely used. Since then, tear gas has begun to use commonly in riot control as a “humanitarian” weapon that can suppress protests without bloodshed. The public safety advisors recommended the so-called “modernization” of riot control, which calls for the introduction of “humanitarian” methods using tear gas. In this process, the main weapon of police''s riot control has been turned into tear gas.

Optimization method for detection a flying bullet

Abstract With the rapid development of modern high technology and continuous improvement of production technology, stringent requirements have been imposed on modern barrel weapons in terms of precision, range, power, and mobility. This needs a substantial improvement and optimization of the detection equipment used to test the performance of barrel weapons. In the present work, an optimization method based on a light screen with a reflection for effectively and economically detecting bullets from barreled weapons within a large detection area is proposed. First, the detection principle of this system is described in detail. Next, the mathematical model of system detection performance is established. Then, the system is simulated, and the simulation results show the ability to realize the effective detection of a small projectile with a diameter of 5.8 mm through an area of 10 m × 10 m. The detection performance at different coordinates of the detection area is symmetrically distributed about the diagonal. Besides, the detection performance is improved with an increase in the bullet diameter and the laser power, respectively. Finally, an equal-scale reduction system with a detection area of 4 m × 4 m is constructed to perform a live ammunition shooting experiment. The distribution and variation of detection performance obtained experimentally are consistent with the simulation. Consequently, the proposed optimization method can meet the requirements concerning high detection performance, large detection area, and low cost.

Sleep and Infantry Battle Drill Performance in Special Operations Soldiers.

BACKGROUND: Although multiple studies have documented the impact of insufficient sleep on soldier performance, most studies have done so using artificial measures of performance (e.g., tablet or simulator tests). The current study sought to test the relationship between sleep and soldier performance during infantry battle drill training, a more naturalistic measure of performance.METHODS: Subjects in the study were 15 junior Special Operations infantry soldiers. Soldiers wore an actigraph and reported their subjective sleep duration and quality prior to close quarter battle (CQB) drills. Experienced leaders monitored each iteration of the CQB exercise and recorded the number of errors committed.RESULTS: The number of errors committed during the live ammunition iterations was negatively correlated with subjective number of hours slept and subjective sleep efficiency/quality during the month prior. Soldiers with subjective sleep duration ≥7 h had a significantly lower number of errors than soldiers with subjective sleep duration <7 h (1.71 vs. 0.63 errors), and soldiers with sleep quality <85% committed more errors than those with sleep quality ≥85% (1.50 vs. 0.40 errors).DISCUSSION: These data preliminarily suggest that sleep quality and duration may influence subsequent performance on infantry battle drill training, particularly for soldiers with limited experience in battle drill conduction who have not yet perfected battle drill techniques. Future studies should enact sleep augmentation to determine the causal influence of sleep on performance in this setting.Mantua J, Shevchik JD, Chaudhury S, Eldringhoff HP, Mickelson CA, McKeon AB. Sleep and infantry battle drill performance in Special Operations soldiers. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2022; 93(7):557-561.

0014 Insufficient sleep is related to poor infantry battle drill performance in special operations Soldiers

Abstract Introduction Although multiple studies have documented the impact of insufficient sleep on Soldier performance, most studies have done so using artificial measures of performance (e.g., tablet or simulator tests). The current study sought to test the relationship between sleep and Soldier performance during infantry battle drill training, a more naturalistic measure of performance. Methods Fifteen junior special operations infantry Soldiers participated in the study. Soldiers wore Phillips Actiwatch Spectrum and reported their subjective sleep duration and quality during the week prior to Close Quarters Battle (CQB) drills. CQB training emphasizes close quarter combat tactics and requires a diverse range of cognitive skills (e.g., memory, decision-making, scanning). Each team of Soldiers performed six iterations of CQB – three using Ultimate Training Munitions (UTM; non-lethal rounds of munition) and three with live ammunition. Experienced leaders monitored each iteration and recorded errors on scorecards that are regularly used by the unit during CQB trainings. Results Participating Soldiers were all male and were 24.3 ± 3.82 years old. Soldiers slept an average of 6.6 hours per night leading up to the exercise and had an average sleep efficiency of 82/100%. The average number of errors committed during the UTM trials was 2.5 ± 1.9, and the average number of errors during the live ammunition trials was 1.1 ± 1.1. The number of errors committed during the live ammunition iterations was negatively correlated with subjective number of hours slept (r = -.67, p = .006) and subjective sleep efficiency/quality (r = -.55, p = .03). A t-test showed those with subjective sleep duration ≥ 7 hours had a significantly lower number of errors than Soldiers with subjective sleep duration &amp;lt; 7 hours (t(14) = 2.26, p = .04). Conclusion Enhancing infantry battle drill performance during training may directly translate to greater success in combat scenarios. These data preliminarily suggest that sleep quality and duration may influence subsequent performance on infantry battle drill training, particularly for Soldiers with limited experience in battle drill conduction who have not yet perfected battle drill techniques. Future studies should enact sleep augmentation to determine the causal influence of sleep on performance in this setting. Support (If Any) Support for this study came from the Military Operational Medicine Research Program (MOMRP) of the United States Army Medical Research and Development Command (USAMRDC). Material has been reviewed by the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. There is no objection to its presentation and/or publication. The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors, and are not to be construed as official, or as reflecting true views of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense. The investigators have adhered to the policies for protection of human subjects as prescribed in AR 70–25. The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Shoot or Don't Shoot? Tactical Gaze Control and Visual Attention Training Improves Police Cadets' Decision-Making Performance in Live-Fire Scenarios.

Police officers often encounter potentially dangerous situations in which they strongly rely on their ability to identify threats quickly and react accordingly. Previous studies have shown that practical experience and targeted training significantly improve threat detection time and decision-making performance in law enforcement situations. We applied 90-min traditional firearms training as a control condition (35 participants) and a specifically developed intervention training (25 participants) to police cadets. The intervention training contained theoretical and practical training on tactical gaze control, situational awareness, and visual attention, while the control training focused on precision and speed. In a pre- and posttest, we measured decision-making performance as well as (tactical) response preparation and execution to evaluate the training. Concerning cognitive performance training (i.e., decision-making), the number of correct decisions increased from pre- to posttest. In shoot scenarios, correct decisions improved significantly more in the intervention group than in the control group. In don’t-shoot scenarios, there were no considerable differences. Concerning the training of response preparation and execution in shoot scenarios, the intervention group’s response time (time until participants first shot at an armed attacker), but not hit time, decreased significantly from pre- to posttest. The control group was significantly faster than the intervention group, with their response and hit time remaining constant across pre- and posttest. Concerning the training of tactical action control, the intervention group performed significantly better than the control group. Moreover, the intervention group improved the tactical handling of muzzle position significantly. The results indicate that a single 90-min session of targeted gaze control and visual attention training improves decision-making performance, response time, and tactical handling of muzzle position in shoot scenarios. However, these faster response times do not necessarily translate to faster hit times – presumably due to the motor complexity of hitting an armed attacker with live ammunition. We conclude that theory-based training on tactical gaze control and visual attention has a higher impact on police officers’ decision-making performance than traditional firearms training. Therefore, we recommend law enforcement agencies include perception-based shoot/don’t-shoot exercises in training and regular tests for officers’ annual firearm requalification.

Analysis on the speed properties of the shock wave in light curtain

Abstract In this study, we propose an improved measurement method based on light-curtain sensor, and it can obtain the hitting coordinates of supersonic projectile in a larger dispersion area. First, we analyze the speed properties of the shock wave in an effective detection area (also called light curtain in our field), and then find their change rules related to several key factors, including flight speed of the projectile, its attitude, shape, and the temperature in the testing environment. Next we improve a measurement system using wide-angle light-curtain sensor combined with calibration device of the shock speed; especially, this device with three parallel laser beams can effectively measure the shock speed in the light curtain. According to the related structural relation, we derive several computational formulas combined with the shock speed to obtain the hitting position of the measured projectile. Through live ammunition experiments, the results show that the proposed method is feasible and reliable for the supersonic projectile. Besides high accuracy, it also has many advantages, such as fewer sensors, lower requirement for installation, and larger detection area, by comparison with previous measurement systems.

Calculation model and uncertainty analysis of projectile explosion position based on acousto-optic compound detection

The random uncertainty of a projectile explosion position at the terminal trajectory makes testing difficult. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a measurement method of projectile explosion position acousto-optic compound detection using acoustic sensors and compound-eye photoelectric detection sensor. A test layout mode is designed in which the compound-eye photoelectric detection sensor is at the center of the square test array, four acoustic sensors are at the four corners of the square test array.The compound-eye photoelectric detection sensor is used as the synchronous triggering device for the projectile explosion acoustic signal. A calculation model of the projectile explosion position is established based on the acousto-optic sensors compound detection test method. The influence of time delay uncertainty, array layout uncertainty and acoustic velocity uncertainty on the projectile explosion position are analyzed. Based on the test array platform, live ammunition tests were carried out, and the test results of the projectile explosion position are consistent with the theoretical calculation and the influence law of uncertainty, which shows the feasibility of the proposed measurement method.

Analysis on the Characteristics of the Damage Area around the Shrapnel Penetration Part of Titanium Alloy Skin of Aircraft

The paper analyzes the characteristics of the damage area around the shrapnel penetration part of titanium alloy OT4 skin of the aircraft during the live ammunition damage test. The skin of a bullet hole in a certain model of aircraft is cut as a test sample. Through micro-hardness (DPH), metallographic structure (OM), microstructure (SEM), and microscopic analysis of energy spectrum (EDS), it makes statistics and analyzes the microstructure of damage area of skin, verifies the damage scope and influence area of the shrapnel penetration area, determines the damage repair boundary around the missile shrapnel penetration area, and lays a theoretical foundation for carrying out in-situ growth repair of titanium alloy structure based on micro-arc additive technology in future.

No Rank in the OR: A Guide to Improving Communication

Residents' Review| September 2021 No Rank in the OR: A Guide to Improving Communication Thomas R. Gedulig, DO Thomas R. Gedulig, DO Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar ASA Monitor September 2021, Vol. 85, 42. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASM.0000791656.77781.43 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Search Site Citation Thomas R. Gedulig; No Rank in the OR: A Guide to Improving Communication. ASA Monitor 2021; 85:42 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASM.0000791656.77781.43 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentAll PublicationsASA Monitor Search Advanced Search Topics: safety, work teams, internship and residency, medical residencies, aviation, crew resource management, healthcare, surgical procedures, operative A routine training mission of a three-ship formation of F-16s to drop live ammunition came to an abrupt end. An inexperienced wingman pilot missed key radio calls during our first dive to the drop zone and a “knock it off” call was made by the flight lead, so we returned to base ending the mission prematurely. This call halts any in-flight maneuvers and the jets ascend or descend to briefed deconflicting altitudes when flight safety is compromised. An emphasis is made during pre-flight briefings that there is no rank in the cockpit, meaning that any aircrew of any rank or position can call “knock it off” if flight safety is compromised. Task saturation is defined as having too much work without enough time, tools, or resources to accomplish the task, causing a degradation in performance. Often the first clue that someone is task saturated is when they miss radio transmissions... You do not currently have access to this content.

Health attacks and protection strategies during Gaza's Great March of Return: a mixed methods study using data from WHO's Surveillance System for Attacks on Healthcare

BackgroundWHO defines an attack on health care as “any act of verbal or physical violence or obstruction or threat of violence that interferes with the availability, access and delivery of curative and/or preventive health services during emergencies.” Gaza's Great March of Return (GMR) began on Mar 30, 2018, with 322 Palestinians killed and 33 141 injured by December, 2019, and first-response health-care teams exposed to high levels of violence. The aims of this study were threefold: to explore the vulnerabilities of health workers to attacks during the GMR; to understand the effectiveness and comprehensiveness of systems for monitoring health attacks; and to identify potential strategies and interventions to improve protection. MethodsWHO's Surveillance System for Attacks on Healthcare (SSA) verifies and records health attacks. We analysed SSA data for the Gaza Strip from Mar 30, 2018, to Dec 31, 2019, examining the number and type of attacks, the mechanisms of injury, and the distribution of attacks by gender, time, and location. We analysed the correlation of health worker injuries and deaths with total injuries and deaths of Palestinians during the GMR. We held interviews and focus groups with individuals working for organizations defined as partners contributing to the SSA in the Gaza Strip, to understand data comprehensiveness, the nature and impact of violence, and protection gaps and strategies. FindingsDuring the study period, there were 567 confirmed incidents, in which three health workers were killed, 845 health workers were injured, and 129 ambulances and vehicles and 7 health facilities were damaged, including one hospital and three medical field stations. Of the total health personnel killed and injured, 166 of 848 (20%) were in the Gaza governorate, 274 (32%) were in the Khan Yunis governorate, 119 (14%) were in the middle governorate, 192 (22%) were in North governorate, and 96 (11%) were in the Rafah governorate. Of 845 injuries, 743 (88%) were in men, 45 (5%) were live ammunition injuries, 62 (7%) were rubber bullet injuries, 151 (18%) were gas canister injuries, 41 (5%) were shrapnel injuries, and 533 (64%) were gas inhalation injuries. Injuries and deaths among health workers correlated moderately (R2=0·54) with and accounted for 2% of the total. Qualitative findings highlighted the incidental and structural nature of violence, normalisation and under-reporting of attacks, the need for improved coordination of protection for health care, and gaps in the availability of protective equipment. InterpretationHealth-care workers function at great personal risk. The correlation of attacks against health care with total injuries and deaths points to the need for alignment of efforts to protect health care with strategies to safeguard civilian populations, including protection of populations living under occupation and those engaged in civil demonstrations. Health-care workers identified the need for systemic measures to improve protection through training, monitoring, and coordination, and through linking of monitoring and documentation of health attacks with stronger accountability measures for prevention. FundingIn 2017 and 2018, WHO's Right to Health Advocacy programme received funding from the Swiss Development Cooperation and the oPt Humanitarian Fund.

A line laser detection screen design and projectile echo power calculation in detection screen area

A line laser with high power as the background light source for the design of a new photoelectric detection target is proposed in this paper, aiming to improve the detection ability of the traditional photoelectric detection target under low background illumination. The laser emitted pulse waveform function and the laser echo pulse response function were used to establish the mathematical model of the reflected echo power of projectile in the detection area and derive the calculation function of minimum detectable echo power in the line laser detection screen, according to information of the line laser emitted power, incident angle of projectile, duration time and detection distance of projectile passing through the line laser detection screen. Calculations and experimental results showed that the design method of line laser detection screen and calculation model of laser echo power are reasonable, and the detection ability of line laser detection screen is obviously higher than that of traditional photoelectric detection screen, especially in low background illumination; at the same time, the designed line laser detection screen was used to combine a six line laser detection screen intersection test system, based on live ammunition for shooting. The test system is stable and able to obtain the dynamic parameters of the flying projectile, verifying that the design of the line laser detection screen in new photoelectric detection target can be suitable for shooting range test applications.

Front and Back Covers, Volume 37, Number 2. April 2021

Front and back cover caption, volume 37 issue 2Front coverTHE CAPITOL INSURRECTIONThousands of people marched toward the US Capitol building on 6 January 2021. The rally that day was part of an attempt to overturn the outcome of the presidential election. The attempted coup was carried out by multiple means. While the violent attack on the Capitol building that day has captured the world's attention, attempts to undermine democratic processes in the United States have a longer, more insidious history, including multiple forms of voter suppression, some of which are built into the system.The US has never been a direct democracy. In fact, in 2000 and 2016, candidates who lost the popular vote ‘won’ the election. The 2020 presidential election was perhaps outstanding because the unabashed attempts to disenfranchise voters – primarily minority voters – were suddenly on full display. The losing candidate tried to strong‐arm state election officials into fraudulently changing the vote count and pressured the vice president to overturn the lawful outcome of the elections – all of which happened in full view of the public.When it became clear that the vice president would not undermine the election result, the losing candidate called on his supporters to come to Washington, DC to demonstrate their belief that the election had been stolen from him and from them. The ensuing violent attack on the Capitol building was a spectacular display of a larger failed attempt at a coup.In this issue, Gregory Starrett and Joyce Dalsheim narrate their eye witness fieldwork accounts of the ‘March to save America’ rally earlier on that fateful day.Back coverTHE MYANMAR COUPOn 2 March 2021, police shot Kyal Sin, a 19‐year‐old protester, in the head from behind with live ammunition while she was engaged in peaceful civil disobedience in Mandalay against the Myanmar military, which seized control through a violent coup on 1 February. The artwork depicts Kyal Sin, whose name means ‘pure star’, as one of the martyrs of the democracy movement. Prior to attending the rally, Kyal Sin had posted on Facebook her wish for her organs to be donated should she die during the protest.Since the coup, millions of civilians across Myanmar have taken to the streets in protest. Civil servants, along with the general public, have participated in a nationwide strike. In response, the military have fired weapons into crowds of peaceful protesters, engaged in extrajudicial killings, raided civilian homes and businesses, kidnapped and illegally detained protesters, strikers, political and civil society leaders, tortured detainees and terrorized countless other civilians.In this issue, Seinenu M. Thein‐Lemelson reviews the history of violence and persecution perpetrated by the Myanmar military against participants in the Burmese democracy movement. The persecution of activists has included repression of their cultural and ritual life. The democracy movement possesses its own list of saints, martyrs (azarni) and heroes (thuyegaung). Between 1988 and 2012, keeping photographs or artistic depictions of these martyrs and heroes constituted an illegal act. During that time, owning or publishing this artwork of Kyal Sin could have resulted in imprisonment and torture. Indeed, even now the Myanmar military is so concerned about her martyrdom that they exhumed her body and filled her grave with cement.When Kyal Sin was shot, she was wearing a black T‐shirt emblazoned with the words: ‘Everything will be OK’, revealing a youthful hope and innocence. This sense of child‐like purity has deepened the poignancy and loss felt by all those who mourn her death. Kyal Sin's nickname was ‘Angel’ and a halo hovers above her head. She holds the Myanmar flag, shredded with bullet holes, in her left hand. Behind her are the outlines of other protesters or perhaps past martyrs of the movement, giving the three‐fingered salute, in approval and solidarity.

Sounds of February, Smells of October: The Russian Revolution as Sensory Experience

Abstract Temporally speaking, the Russian Revolution of 1917 was not a news item, not even a rumor, but first and foremost a novel sensory impression—gunshots with live ammunition from unusual places, the smell of burnt police files. This article explores the sensory history of the revolution through ego-documents like diaries and memoirs. It tracks in detail how people of various backgrounds in Petrograd and Moscow lived the olfactory class struggles after February and the taste excesses of the post-October “wine pogroms,” how they expressed a new experience of time in a sensory idiom, and how they ultimately became habituated to the new sounds and sights of revolutionary Russia. Historiography is at a propitious moment to move beyond a dichotomy of discourse versus “raw” experience: conjoining the histories of experience, the senses, and the emotions, the article probes what is to be gained from interpreting a world-historical event with a concept of experience as an integrated, multimodal, simultaneous sensory-emotional-cognitive process. Avant-garde artists, contemporaries of the Russian Revolution, foreshadowed such a holistic concept of experience by a century.