Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries Research Articles

Microporous Polyethylene and Cellulose Composite Separators for Reversible Lithium Electrode in Lithium Rechargeable Batteries

AbstractThe lithium metal anode is the best candidate for high energy density batteries because of its high specific capacity and low negative potential. Rechargeable lithium metal batteries (RLMB) have not yet been commercialized. The key factors that limit the practical use of RLMB are the formation and growth of lithium dendrites during the lithium deposition process and the reaction of the lithium anode with the organic solvent of the electrolyte, quantified by the Columbic efficiency (CE). To suppress the lithium dendrite formation and to improve CE, many approaches such as the formation of a protective layer on the lithium electrode and the use of additives to the electrolyte have been proposed. In this study, the effect of a thin cellulose film to improve CE of lithium deposition and stripping on the lithium electrode was examined. The cycle performance of a Li/Li symmetrical cell with a cellulose and polyethylene composite separator was examined for a carbonate electrolyte and an ether electrolyte. The improvements of CE were observed for both electrolytes with the cellulose film separator. The improvement could be explained by the good wettability of the cellulose film separator with the electrolyte.

Stabilization Strategies of Lithium Metal Anode Toward Dendrite-Free Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are considered as a most promising rechargeable lithium metal batteries because of their high energy density and low cost. However, the Li-S batteries mainly suffer the capacity decay issue caused by the shutting effect of lithium polysulfides and the safety issues arising from the Li dendrites formation. This review outlines the current issues of Li-S batteries. Furthermore, we comprehensively summarized the challenges encountered by Li anode in Li-S batteries, such as the heterogeneous deposition of the Li anode, the unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer, and volume expansion. Moreover, research progresses in the stabilization strategies of Li anodes (physical approaches, optimization of electrolyte, surface protection layer, and design of current collector) is discussed in detail. Lastly, the remaining challenges and future research directions of Li metal anode stabilization in Li-S batteries are also present.

Application of Noninvasive Imaging Techniques for High Energy Density Lithium Metal Rechargeable Batteries

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have the potential to exceed the energy density of current lithium‐ion batteries. Achieving this requires a thick positive electrode, a thin Li metal negative electrode, and minimal electrolyte‐loading. Despite their promise, high energy density LMBs with high‐loading positive electrodes, thin Li, and low electrolytes face significant challenges. A key issue is the high reactivity of Li metal with nonaqueous electrolytes, leading to the consumption of both during each cycle. This reaction causes insulating Li compounds to accumulate, increases electrode porosity and thickness, depletes the electrolyte, raises cell impedance, and reduces capacity. Therefore, understanding the interphase evolution of the Li metal electrode is crucial to addressing cell failure. While various ex situ and in situ techniques have been used to study these interphases, they often involve non‐practical cell configurations and sample‐damaging preparation processes. In this regard, noninvasive methods like X‐ray and neutron‐based imaging are beneficial as they do not damage samples, can be used both in situ and ex situ, employ practical cell configurations, and enable long‐term data collection. This review explores recent advancements in X‐ray and neutron‐based techniques for characterizing high‐energy LMBs, emphasizing their potential to improve understanding of interphasial dynamics and advance robust high‐energy‐density batteries.

Super SEI-Forming Anion for Enhanced Interfacial Stability in Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries.

The extremely high chemical reactivity of lithium metal (Li°) electrodes and its enormous volume change during repetitive cycles cause continuous interfacial degradations in prevailing organic electrolytes, thus deteriorating the cycling performances of rechargeable lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Herein, departing from traditional wisdom on the design of electrolyte components, a super SEI-forming anion (SSA), as an efficient percussor for building stable interphases on Li° electrode, is proposed. Comprehensive investigations related to the unique anion chemistry of SSA reveal that the sulfonate and polyfluoroalkyl functionalities synergistically contribute to uniform spatial distributions of designer interfacial species, greatly improving the surface coverage property and conformal ability of the resulting interphases. Consequently, the incorporation of SSA leads to significant improvements in the cyclability of Li° electrode (exceeding 575 mAh cm-2 before failure) and the corresponding rechargeable Li°||LiFePO4 cells [a five-time increase in lifespan as compared to the benchmark cell with the popular SEI-forming anion bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI)]. The present work offers a paradigm shift to tame the notorious interfacial issues via upgraded anion chemistry, which can promote the practical development of rechargeable LMBs and other kinds of metal batteries.

Recent advances in functionalized separator for dendrites‐free and stable lithium metal batteries

AbstractLithium (Li) metal anode is considered the “Holy grail” for the most promising next‐generation rechargeable lithium metal batteries (LMBs) because of ultra‐high theoretical specific capacity, ultra‐low reduction potential and small density. However, uncontrolled lithium dendrite growth and inevitable side reaction seriously hindered the application of practical LMBs because of the deteriorating electrochemical performances and exacerbating the safety issues of LMBs. Thus, improving the electrochemical performances of LMBs by constructed of functionalized separator is promising for overcoming the above‐mentioned challenges due to its' significantly advantages, such as enhancing mechanical and thermal stability, regulating the diffusion and migration of Li ions, homogenizing Li ion flux, forming protective layer on Li anode surfaces, etc. The relational investigations have significantly increased since 2020, while the comprehensive reviews on this research direction are relatively rare, especially in the detailed mechanism aspects. In this review, an overview in functionalized separator for stable LMBs is discussed in detail. Firstly, the current issues of LMBs are in‐depth discussion and the general strategies are summarized. Subsequently, the requirements and limitations of separator, as well as the advantages of functionalized separator are summarized and reviewed. Most importantly, the protection mechanisms and research advances of advanced functionalized separator are comprehensively discussed and summarized. Furthermore, the applications of functionalized separator in rechargeable lithium metal‐based full cells are reviewed. Finally, the challenges and potential opportunities for the future development and rational design of functionalized separator are highlighted in rechargeable LMBs to obtain future research directions related to the significant strategy of constructing dendrite‐free and stable LMBs.

Advances in Functional Organosulfur-Based Mediators for Regulating Performance of Lithium Metal Batteries.

Rechargeable lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are promising next-generation energy storage systems due to their high theoretical energy density. However, their practical applications are hindered by lithium dendrite growth and various intricate issues associated with the cathodes. These challenges can be mitigated by using organosulfur-based mediators (OSMs), which offer the advantages of abundance, tailorable structures, and unique functional adaptability. These features enable the rational design of targeted functionalities, enhance the interfacial stability of the lithium anode and cathode, and accelerate the redox kinetics of electrodes via alternative reaction pathways, thereby effectively improving the performance of LMBs. Unlike the extensively explored field of organosulfur cathode materials, OSMs have garnered little attention. This review systematically summarizes recent advancements in OSMs for various LMB systems, including lithium-sulfur, lithium-selenium, lithium-oxygen, lithium-intercalation cathode batteries, and other LMB systems. It briefly elucidates the operating principles of these LMB systems, the regulatory mechanisms of the corresponding OSMs, and the fundamentals of OSMs activity. Ultimately, strategic optimizations are proposed for designing novel OSMs, advanced mechanism investigation, expanded applications, and the development of safe battery systems, thereby providing directions to narrow the gap between rational modulation of organosulfur compounds and their practical implementation in batteries.

Estimating the Values of the PDE Model Parameters of Rechargeable Lithium-Metal Battery Cells using Linear EIS

Abstract We introduce a partial-differential-equation model for rechargeable lithium-metal battery (LMB) cells whose parameter values are fully identifiable from cell-level experiments. From this model, we formulate a computationally tractable transfer-function (TF) model for use within optimization loops. A strategy is proposed for regressing the TF model to cell electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements to estimate parameter values. We validate the regression using a synthetic dataset before application to a single-layer LMB pouch cell. The voltage RMSE between the fully identified model's predictions and laboratory measurements is about 4 mV for a GITT profile. We provide MATLAB code to simulate the model in COMSOL, compute cell impedance from the TF model, and perform model regression.

(Invited) A Facile Three-Dimensional Lightweight Current Collector Strategy for High Energy Density Lithium Metal Batteries

Despite the great achievement in the development of rechargeable lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs) with high energy densities, their practical application is still facing difficulties due to the intrinsic issues of Li metal anode (LMA) including high reactivity and dendritic Li formation which cause low Coulombic efficiency, constant loss of Li and electrolyte, and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, etc. Additionally, from the structural point of view, LMA which consists of Li foil on the two-dimensional copper (Cu) current collector brings the formidable loss of the areal capacity that leads to less specific energy density since Cu is non-faradaic and one of the heavy metals. Further, the “hostless” feature of LMA induces more issues like volume expansion and limited utilization of Li. To address such issues, a metal-coated polymeric three-dimensional (3D) scaffold is designed here. In this study, Cu is selected as an electronic conductivity provider, and electrospun polyimide (PI) is chosen as a 3D scaffold because of its high thermal stability and good mechanical properties. Cu-coated PI (Cu@PI) was produced via a facile electroless process. Driven by the structural/material uniqueness, the developed 3D Cu@PI current collector enables a uniform/continuous Li-ion conduction pathway thus leading to dense Li deposition and enhancing the electrochemical performance of LMBs containing the electrochemically deposited Li on Cu@PI and the specific energy density due to the great reduction in substrate weight. We anticipate the suggested new strategy of 3D structured LMAs would lead to a facile route toward the high energy density LMBs beyond the conventional technologies.

Enhancing Cycling Stability of Li Metal Batteries by a Bifunctional Fluorinated Ether

Passivation of both anode and cathode surfaces by the inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interphases (SEI) is a very efficient approach to extent the cycle life of rechargeable high-voltage lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs). In this work, a fluorinated ether with weakly-solvating ability, termed DB, was used as a diluent as well as a co-solvent in the localized high-concentration electrolyte (LHCE) system, which contains LiFSI salt, 1,2-dimethoxyethane solvent, and DB. Dissimilar to most reported inert diluents, DB is demonstrated to form an anion-rich solvation sheath and partially participate in the solvation structure as well, resulting in the relatively weakened FSI--Li+ coordination, which significantly enhanced anion decomposition kinetics at the Li metal surface, promoting the formation of inorganic-rich SEI. With an optimized electrolyte, the SEIs of both the anode and cathode consist of inorganic-rich components with F, N, S, and O-containing species. Consequently, the full-cell with Li metal and NMC811 cathode at 4.4 V achieved long cycle life of 478 cycles at 80% capacity retention, which provides new perspective toward practical high-voltage battery systems.

Reactive Solid Polymer Layer: From a Single Fluoropolymer to Divergent Fluorinated Interface

AbstractControlling the structure and chemistry of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) underpins the stability of electrolyte‐electrode interface, and is crucial for advancing rechargeable lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Here, we utilized photo‐controlled copolymerization to achieve the on‐demand synthesis of fluorosulfonyl fluoropolymers as unprecedented artificial SEI layers on Li metal anodes. This work not only enables instant formation of a hybrid polymer‐inorganic interphase that consists of a polymer‐enriched top layer and a LiF‐fortified bottom layer, originating from a single polymeric component, but also imparts various desirable physical properties (e.g., good mechanical strength and flexibility, high ion conductivity, low overpotential) to SEI via a single‐to‐divergent strategy. Model reactions and structural characterizations supported the formation of a divergent fluorinated interphase, which furnished prolonged stabilization of Li deposition, high coulombic efficiency and improved cycling behavior in electrochemical experiments. This work highlights the great potential of exploring reactive polymers as versatile coatings to stabilize Li metal anodes, providing a promising avenue to solve electrode‐electrolyte interfacial problems for LMBs.

Dynamically reversible cross-linked polymer electrolytes with highly ionic conductivity for dendrite-free lithium metal batteries

High-safety PEO-based electrolytes have attracted widespread attention, but their inefficient conduction of Li ions and poor contact with electrode interfaces deteriorate the performances of rechargeable lithium metal batteries. Herein, we design a vitrimer polymer electrolyte (V-SPE-PEG) with abundant dynamic imine bonds via Schiff base reaction between aldehyde and ammonia, which achieves high ionic conductivity and good interfacial compatibility with lithium anode. The dynamic polymer network in V-SPE-PEG exhibits solid-state plasticity because reversible imine bonding reactions enable the integrity of the polymer network to be maintained while altering the cross-linked points under external stimuli. Therefore, this 3D dynamic cross-linked network effectively facilitates the polymer chain dynamics and meanwhile enhances ionic conductivity. Additionally, dynamic bond exchange fosters electrolyte flowability and self-healing during lithium deposition, promoting a tightly integrated electrode/electrolyte interface while inhibiting lithium dendrites growth. Consequently, lithium symmetric cells utilizing the V-SPE-PEG electrolyte demonstrate exceptional long-term cycling stability, surpassing 1100 h and exhibit outstanding ionic conductivity of 2.7 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 30 °C. The LiFePO4||Li battery maintains stable cycling performance at both 40 °C and 60 °C. This study introduces an innovative approach to designing solid-state electrolytes for lithium-metal batteries.

An ultrathin and robust single-ion conducting interfacial layer for dendrite-free lithium metal batteries

The practical application of rechargeable lithium metal batteries (LMBs) encounters significant challenges due to the notorious dendrite growth triggered by uneven Li deposition behaviors. In this work, a mechanically robust and single-ion-conducting interfacial layer, fulfilled by the strategic integration of flexible cellulose acetate (CA) matrix with rigid graphene oxide (GO) and LiF fillers (termed the CGL layer), is rationally devised to serve as a stabilizer for dendrite-free lithium (Li) metal batteries. The GCL film exhibits favorable mechanical properties with high modulus and flexibility that help to relieve interface fluctuations. More crucially, the electron-donating carbonyl groups (C=O) enriched in GCL foster a strengthened correlation with Li+, which availably aids the Li+ desolvation process and expedites facile Li+ mobility, yielding exceptional Li+ transference number of 0.87. Such single-ion conductive properties regulate rapid and uniform interfacial transport kinetics, mitigating the growth of Li dendrites and the decomposition of electrolytes. Consequently, stable Li anode with prolonged cycle stabilities and flat deposition morphologies are realized. The Li||LiFePO4 full cells with CGL protective layer render an outstanding cycling capability of 500 cycles at 3 C, and an ultrahigh capacity retention of 99.99% for over 220 cycles even under harsh conditions. This work affords valuable insights into the interfacial regulation for achieving high-performance LMBs.

Earth-Abundant Kaolinite Nanoplatelet Gel Electrolytes for Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries are the leading energy storage technology for portable electronics and vehicle electrification. However, demands for enhanced energy density, safety, and scalability necessitate solid-state alternatives to traditional liquid electrolytes. Moreover, the rapidly increasing utilization of lithium-ion batteries further requires that next-generation electrolytes are derived from earth-abundant raw materials in order to minimize supply chain and environmental concerns. Toward these ends, clay-based nanocomposite electrolytes hold significant promise since they utilize earth-abundant materials that possess superlative mechanical, thermal, and electrochemical stability, which suggests their compatibility with energy-dense lithium metal anodes. Despite these advantages, nanocomposite electrolytes rarely employ kaolinite, the most abundant variety of clay, due to strong interlayer interactions that have historically precluded efficient exfoliation of kaolinite. Overcoming this limitation, here we demonstrate a scalable liquid-phase exfoliation process that produces kaolinite nanoplatelets (KNPs) with high gravimetric surface area, thus enabling the formation of mechanically robust nanocomposites. In particular, KNPs are combined with a succinonitrile (SN) liquid electrolyte to form a nanocomposite gel electrolyte with high room-temperature ionic conductivity (1 mS cm-1), stiff storage modulus (>10 MPa), wide electrochemical stability window (4.5 V vs Li/Li+), and excellent thermal stability (>100 °C). The resulting KNP-SN nanocomposite gel electrolyte is shown to be suitable for high-rate rechargeable lithium metal batteries that employ high-voltage LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) cathodes. While the primary focus here is on solid-state batteries, our strategy for kaolinite liquid-phase exfoliation can serve as a scalable manufacturing platform for a wide variety of other kaolinite-based nanocomposite applications.

Amplifying the Differences in Aluminum‐Based Eutectic Electrolytes Through Electrodeposition on MXenes

AbstractTraditionally, rechargeable lithium metal battery systems relied on simple metal cationic species to enable metal nucleation and deposition. However, this mechanism is less applicable to room‐temperature rechargeable aluminum batteries (RABs), which utilize complex ionic species. This work takes advantage of two different MXenes, Mo2Ti2C3Tx and Ti3C2Tx, which have different metal‐termination group bond strengths, interlayer spacings, and surface termination compositions, to amplify and visualize the differences between two promising RAB electrolytes (i.e., urea/AlCl3 and EMImCl/AlCl3). This work allowed us to deduce the following: 1) despite lower coulombic efficiencies, smoother Al deposits are observed when the urea/AlCl3 electrolyte is used; 2) unknown side reactions occur in all the different scenarios, however, they are likely less reversible in the EMImCl/AlCl3 electrolyte; 3) metal‐halogen exchange reactions can occur in all scenarios, forming Al(OF)x and AlFx species; 4) the free urea in urea/AlCl3 electrolyte behaves differently from the urea in aqueous solutions. Overall, due to the characteristics of aluminum, RABs involve vastly different internal mechanisms, resulting in the need for audacious attempts toward system understanding.

Coconstruction of Supramolecular Lithium-Conducting Cross-Linked Networks Based on PVDF and Triblock Polymer Nanomicrosphere Solid-State Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium-Metal Batteries.

Uneven lithium plating and low ionic conductivity currently impede the realization of high-capacity rechargeable lithium metal batteries. And the conventional poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) solid-state electrolytes are unsuitable for high-energy-density Li anode applications due to their low lithium-ion transference number and high reactivity with Li metal, leading to detrimental dendrite formation and potentially hazardous exothermic reactions with the electrolyte. In this study, we employ a supramolecular approach to develop a novel polymer solid-state electrolyte based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and a novel triblock polymer nanomicrosphere, (poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone), (PCL-PEG-PCL). The abundance of carbonyl and ether-oxygen functional groups in PCL-PEG-PCL enhances the lithium coordination environment within the polymer solid-state electrolyte. Additionally, the original C-F moieties of PVDF form hydrogen bonds with C-H and terminal hydroxyl groups in PCL-PEG-PCL, collectively creating a multichannel fast Li+-conducting supramolecular cross-linked network. The resulting electrolyte demonstrates a high ionic conductivity of 1.4 × 10-3 S cm-1 and an extended electrochemical window of 5.2 V. Moreover, the electrolyte exhibits a high lithium-ion transference number (tLi+ = 0.63) at room temperature and exhibits excellent interfacial compatibility with the lithium metal anode. For the resulting electrolyte utilized in LiFePO4 batteries, the capacity retention of the cells assembled with this electrolyte exceeds 91.3% after 1000 cycles at 25 °C and 2 C (0.281 mA cm-2).

Scalable Customization of Crystallographic Plane Controllable Lithium Metal Anodes for Ultralong-Lasting Lithium Metal Batteries.

A formidable challenge to achieve the practical applications of rechargeable lithium (Li) metal batteries (RLMBs) is to suppress the uncontrollable growth of Li dendrites. One of the most effective solutions is to fabricate Li metal anodes with specific crystal plane, but still lack of a simple and high-efficient approach. Herein, a facile and controllable way for the scalable customization of polished Li metal anodes with highly preferred (110) and (200) crystallographic orientation (donating as polished Li(110) and polished Li(200), respectively) by regulating the times of accumulative roll bonding, is reported. According to the inherent characteristics of polished Li(110)/Li(200), the influence of Li atomic structure on the electrochemical performance of RLMBs is deeply elucidated by combining theoretical calculations with relative experimental proofs. In particular, a polished Li(110) crystal plane is demonstrated to induce Li+ uniform deposition, promoting the formation of flat and dense Li deposits. Impressively, the polished Li(110)||LiFePO4 full cells exhibit unprecedented cycling stability with 10000 cycles at 10 C almost without capacity degradation, indicating the great potential application prospect of such textured Li metal. More valuably, this work provides an important reference for low-cost, continued, and large-scale production of Li metal anodes with highly preferred crystal orientation through roll-to-roll manufacturability.

Porous Organic Framework Materials (MOF, COF, and HOF) as the Multifunctional Separator for Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries.

The separator is an important component in batteries, with the primary function of separating the positive and negative electrodes and allowing the free passage of ions. Porous organic framework materials have a stable connection structure, large specific surface area, and ordered pores, which are natural places to store electrolytes. And these materials with specific functions can be designed according to the needs of researchers. The performance of porous organic framework-based separators used in rechargeable lithium metal batteries is much better than that of polyethylene/propylene separators. In this paper, thethree most classic organic framework materials (MOF, COF, and HOF) are analyzed and summarized. The applications of MOF, COF, and HOF separators in lithium-sulfur batteries, lithium metal anode, and solid electrolytes are reviewed. Meanwhile, the research progress of these three materials in different fields is discussed based on time. Finally, in the conclusion, the problems encountered by MOF, COF, and HOF in different fields as well as their future research priorities are presented. This review will provide theoretical guidance for the design of porous framework materials with specific functions and further stimulate researchers to conduct research on porous framework materials.

Electrospun MoS2-CNTs-PVA/PVA Hybrid Separator for High-Performance Li/FeS2 Batteries.

As a promising candidate for high-energy-density rechargeable lithium metal batteries, Li/FeS2 batteries still suffer from the large volume change and severe shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides during cycling. To improve the electrochemical performance, great efforts have been made to modify FeS2 cathodes by constructing various nanocomposites. However, energy density is sacrificed, and these materials are not applicable at a large scale. Herein, we report that the electrochemical performance of commercial FeS2 can be greatly enhanced with the application of a double-layer MoS2-CNTs-PVA (MCP)/PVA separator fabricated by electrospinning. The assembled Li/FeS2 batteries can still deliver a high discharge capacity of 400 mAh/g after 200 cycles at a current density of 0.5 C. The improved cycling stability can be attributed to the strong affinity towards lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) of the hydroxyl-rich PVA matrix and the unique double-layer structure, in which the bottom layer acts as an electrical insulation layer and the top layer coupled with MoS2/CNTs provides catalytic sites for LiPS conversion.

Engineering a lithium silicate-based artificial solid electrolyte interphase for enhanced rechargeable lithium metal batteries

The main motivation for replacing lithium-ion batteries with lithium metal batteries is to achieve a higher energy density by using the metallic lithium anode. One of the major challenges with rechargeable lithium metal batteries is the formation of lithium dendrites and dead lithium during repeated cycling. Another challenge is the formation of the unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the surface of the lithium metal electrode, which can reduce battery efficiency and cycle life. In the present work, two different lithium silicates (Li2Si2O5 and Li2SiO3) are successfully synthesized and implemented as an artificial SEI layer via a simple dry coating method. The lithium silicate coating acts as a protective barrier that prevents direct contact between the lithium metal and the electrolyte, which can cause undesirable side reactions and reduce the efficiency and lifetime of the battery. The lithium silicate artificial SEI layer improves the stability of lithium metal batteries by reducing unwanted surface reactions, optimizing ion transport kinetics, and protecting the lithium metal anode from mechanical deformation and unstable SEI formation during extended cycling. This laminated lithium anode structure can be an effective design for the future development of rechargeable lithium metal batteries.

Designing an Air-Stable Interphase on Lithium Metal Anode to Improve Cycling Performance.

The application of rechargeable lithium metal batteries is challenged by intractable issues of uncontrollable Li dendrite growth that result in poor cycle life and safety risks. In this work, an air-stable interphase is developed to protect the lithium metal anode (LMA) via a facile solution-based approach. The Ag-embedded fluoride-rich interphase not only creates abundant lithiophilic sites for homogenizing Li nucleation and growth but also resists severe air erosion to protect the LMA beneath and enable decent cycling stability. As a result, the Ag-F-rich interphase enables flat Li deposition on LMA, which is clearly observed in the operando Li plating experiments. Paired with a LiFePO4 cathode (11.8 mg cm-2), the Ag-F-rich interphase-modified LMA enables 300 stable cycles at 0.5 C, delivering a capacity retention ratio as high as 91.4%. Even after being exposed to air for 1 h, the modified LMA still runs smoothly for over 120 cycles with ignorable capacity decay, exhibiting great air stability. This work proves the concept of functionalizing the interphase on the LMA to enable good cycling performance even under severe air erosion.