Anode For Lithium-ion Batteries Research Articles

A Robust Network Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Epichlorohydrin Binder for Silicon Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Silicon (Si), as an ideal anode component for lithium-ion batteries, is susceptible to substantial volume changes, leading to pulverization and excessive electrolyte consumption, ultimately resulting in a rapid decline in the cycle stability. Herein, a new sodium carboxymethyl cellulose-epichlorohydrin (CMC-ECH) binder featuring a three-dimensional (3D) network cross-linked structure is synthesized by a simple ring-opening reaction, which can effectively bond the Si anode through abundant covalent and hydrogen bonds to mitigate its pulverization. Benefitting from the merits of the CMC-ECH binder, the electrochemical performance is significantly enhanced compared to the CMC binder. The CMC-ECH binder is applied to Si anodes, a specific capacity of 1054.2 mAh g-1 can be maintained at 0.2 C following 200 cycles under an elevated Si mass loading of around 1.0 mg cm-2, and the corresponding capacity retention is 65.6%. In the case of the LiFePO4//Si@CMC-ECH full battery, the cycle stability exhibits a substantial enhancement compared with the LiFePO4//Si@CMC full battery. Furthermore, the CMC-ECH binder demonstrates compatibility with micron-Si anode materials. Based on the above, we have successfully developed a facilely prepared water-based CMC-ECH binder that is suitable for Si and micron-Si anodes in lithium-ion batteries.

Electrospinning synthesis of hollow V0.95Mo0.97O5 nanofibers for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

We report the facile electrospinning fabrication of hollow V0.95Mo0.97O5 nanofibers via controlling oxidization of the V/Mo/polymer precursor, whose structural evolution upon increasing the annealing temperature are revealed. When examined as anode of lithium-ion batteries, the hollow V0.95Mo0.97O5 nanofibers display superior electrochemical properties with high cycle and rate capability, delivering high reversible capacities of 746.7/583.8 mAh/g at 500/1000 mA/g after 300 cycles, and a high-rate capacity of 614 mAh/g at 2000 mA/g.

Preparation of biochar from pyrolysis of soybean straw at different pyrolysis temperature for cadmium removal from wastewater and pyrolysis gas investigation

The Cd2+ adsorption performance of biochar derived from soybean straw pyrolysis at 400–600 °C is investigated. Langmuir model can accurately describe the Cd2+ adsorption data with adsorption amount of 47.30 mg/g with pH=5. Cd2+ adsorption kinetic process could be analyzed using Pseudo-second-order. Biochar has large Cd2+ wastewater treatment volume, based on column adsorption experiment. The π-electrons play an important role in Cd2+ adsorption, based on adsorption mechanism analysis. Biochar has good stability after three cycles. Biochar also has good application potential used in lithium ion battery anode with specific capacity of 132 mA g−1. Besides, pyrolysis gas is recycled in the preparation process of biochar with heating value of the 12.10 MJ/Nm3. These results indicate that soybean straw waste is converted into sustainable adsorbent for Cd2+ wastewater treatment.

Crack-Resistant Si-C Hybrid Microspheres for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes.

To effectively solve the challenges of rapid capacity decay and electrode crushing of silicon-carbon (Si-C) anodes, it is crucial to carefully optimize the structure of Si-C active materials and enhance their electron/ion transport dynamic in the electrode. Herein, a unique hybrid structure microsphere of Si/C/CNTs/Cu with surface wrinkles is prepared through a simple ultrasonic atomization pyrolysis and calcination method. Low-cost nanoscale Si waste is embedded into the pyrolysis carbon matrix, cleverly combined with the flexible electrical conductivity carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and copper (Cu) particles, enhancing both the crack resistance and transport kinetics of the entire electrode material. Remarkably, as a lithium-ion battery anode, the fabricated Si/C/CNTs/Cu electrode exhibits stable cycling for up to 2300 cycles even at a current of 2.0 A g-1, retaining a capacity of ≈700 mAh g-1, with a retention rate of 100% compared to the cycling started at a current of 2.0 A g-1. Additionally, when paired with an NCM523 cathode, the full cell exhibits a capacity of 135 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles at 1.0C. Therefore, this synthesis strategy provides insights into the design of long-life, practical anode electrode materials with micro/nano-spherical hybrid structures.

MOFite: A High-Density Lithiophilic and Scalable Metal-Organic Framework Anode for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Battery.

Developing an anode material that has better performance efficiency than commercial graphite while keeping the features of economic scalability and environmental safety is highly desirable yet challenging. MOFs are a promising addition to the ongoing efforts, however, the relatively poor performance, chemical instability, and large-scale economic production of efficiency-proven pristine MOFs restrict their utility in real-life energy storage applications. Furthermore, hierarchical porosity for lucid mass diffusion, high-density lithiophilic sites are some of the structural parameters for improving the electrode performance. Herein, we have demonstrated the potential of economically scalable salicylaldehydate 3D-conjugated-MOF (Fe-Tp) as a high-performance anode in Li-ion batteries: the anode-specific capacity achieved up to 1447 mA h g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 and 89% of cyclic stability after 500 cycles at 1.0 A g-1.for pristine MOF. More importantly, incorporating 10% Fe-Tp doping in commercial graphite (MOFite) significantly enhanced lithium storage, doubling capacitance after 400 cycles. It signifies the potential practical utility of Fe-Tp as a performance booster for commercial anode material.

A New Strategy for Semi Quantitative Analysis of Pore Structure for Lithium-ion Battery Electrodes

The Lithium ions diffusion dynamic, electrons transfer and the growth of the solid electrolyte interfaces are in close relation to the pore structure of the anodes. The widely used mercury intrusion porosimetry suffers from serious severe reaction with the copper and aluminum substrate, and unable to provide the pore structure evolution in the cross-section direction of the electrode. And the X-ray computed tomography faces limitations in identifying the carbon gel phase and is associated with high costs. Therefore, it is of substantial interest to directly investigate the cross-sectional pore structure from SEM morphologies. In this study, the using of resin protected polishing method to expose the cross-sectional structure is proposed to analyze the porosity evolution of the cross-sectional structure for lithium-ion battery anode. This method can clearly expose the cross-sectional structure of the electrode preventing the disturbance of the height fluctuation of the active particles. The influence of the coating processes on the pore structure is studied with the help of image J software and the machine leaning plug-in. The porosity changes of the electrode along with the coating depth are clearly elucidated. This method provides a convenient and efficient solution on the structure characterization of the electrode in Lithium-ion batteries.

Advancing Metallic Lithium Anodes: A Review of Interface Design, Electrolyte Innovation, and Performance Enhancement Strategies

Lithium (Li) metal is one of the most promising anode materials for next-generation, high-energy, Li-based batteries due to its exceptionally high specific capacity and low reduction potential. Nonetheless, intrinsic challenges such as detrimental interfacial reactions, significant volume expansion, and dendritic growth present considerable obstacles to its practical application. This review comprehensively summarizes various recent strategies for the modification and protection of metallic lithium anodes, offering insight into the latest advancements in electrode enhancement, electrolyte innovation, and interfacial design, as well as theoretical simulations related to the above. One notable trend is the optimization of electrolytes to suppress dendrite formation and enhance the stability of the electrode–electrolyte interface. This has been achieved through the development of new electrolytes with higher ionic conductivity and better compatibility with Li metal. Furthermore, significant progress has been made in the design and synthesis of novel Li metal composite anodes. These composite anodes, incorporating various additives such as polymers, ceramic particles, and carbon nanotubes, exhibit improved cycling stability and safety compared to pure Li metal. Research has used simulation computing, machine learning, and other methods to achieve electrochemical mechanics modeling and multi-field simulation in order to analyze and predict non-uniform lithium deposition processes and control factors. In-depth investigations into the electrochemical reactions, interfacial chemistry, and physical properties of these electrodes have provided valuable insights into their design and optimization. It systematically encapsulates the state-of-the-art developments in anode protection and delineates prospective trajectories for the technology’s industrial evolution. This review aims to provide a detailed overview of the latest strategies for enhancing metallic lithium anodes in lithium-ion batteries, addressing the primary challenges and suggesting future directions for industrial advancement.

Impact of Binder Thin-Films on Surface Chemistry of Silicon Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Abstract The effect of polymer binder on the nature and location of solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation on Si active material was investigated. Thin layers of polymeric binder (polyvinylidene fluoride and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose) were spin-coated onto polished single crystal Si wafers. The samples were cycled against a Li counter/reference electrode under various electrochemical conditions in a coin cell configuration. The electrolyte was 1 M of LiPF6 in 1:1:1 wt % EC:DEC:DMC. After cycling, the samples were extracted from the coin cell under inert conditions and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed. Electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy indicate that the binder films are smooth and continuous across the wafer surface, and no impact on the electrochemical behavior was observed. However, notable differences were detected using XPS, which revealed both difference in SEI composition and location relative to the binder-electrolyte and binder-substrate interfaces. These observations and insights will be useful in cell designs, binder selection, and reliability estimates because the location of SEI formation may influence cyclic performance of electrodes.

LiOH-mediated crystallization regulating strategy enhancing electrochemical performance and structural stability of SiO anodes for lithium-ion batteries

LiOH-mediated crystallization regulating strategy enhancing electrochemical performance and structural stability of SiO anodes for lithium-ion batteries

Bionic Capsule Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes for Efficiently Inhibiting Volume Expansion.

Magnetite (Fe3O4) has a large theoretical reversible capacity and rich Earth abundance, making it a promising anode material for LIBs. However, it suffers from drastic volume changes during the lithiation process, which lead to poor cycle stability and low-rate performance. Hence, there is an urgent need for a solution to address the issue of volume expansion. Taking inspiration from how glycophyte cells mitigate excessive water uptake/loss through their cell wall to preserve the structural integrity of cells, we designed Fe3O4@PMMA multi-core capsules by microemulsion polymerization as a kind of anode materials, also proposed a new evaluation method for real-time repair effect of the battery capacity. The Fe3O4@PMMA anode shows a high reversible specific capacity (858.0 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C after 300 cycles) and an excellent cycle stability (450.99 mAh g-1 at 0.5 C after 450 cycles). Furthermore, the LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2/Fe3O4@PMMA pouch cells exhibit a stable capacity (200.6 mAh) and high-capacity retention rate (95.5 %) after 450 cycles at 0.5 C. Compared to the original battery, the capacity repair rate of this battery is as high as 93.4 %. This kind of bionic capsules provide an innovative solution for improving the electrochemical performance of Fe3O4 anodes to promote their industrial applications.

Poly(ethylene) Oxide Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries Using Microsized Silicon/Carbon Anodes with Enhanced Rate Capability and Cyclability.

Silicon (Si) has been widely studied as one of the promising anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because of its ultrahigh theoretical specific capacity and low working voltage. However, the poor interfacial stability of silicon against conventional liquid electrolytes has largely impeded its practical use. Therefore, the combination of silicon-based anodes and solid electrolytes has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. Here, we demonstrate three types of microsized porous silicon/carbon (Si/C) electrodes (i.e., pristine, prelithiated by liquid electrolyte, and preinfiltrated by polymer electrolyte) that are paired with poly(ethylene) oxide (PEO)-based electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs). We found that when compared with ionic conductivity, the mechanical stability of the PEO electrolyte dominates the electrochemical performance of ASSLBs using Si/C electrodes at elevated temperature. Additionally, both prelithiated and preinfiltrated Si/C electrodes show higher specific capacity in comparison to the pristine electrode, which is attributed to continuous lithium-ion conducting pathways within the electrode and thus improved utilization of active material. Moreover, owing to good interfacial lithium-ion transport in the electrode, a solid-state half-cell with preinfiltrated Si/C electrode and PEO-lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide electrolyte delivers a specific capacity of ∼1,000 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles under 800 mA g-1 at 60 °C with average Coulombic efficiency >98.9%. This work provides a strategy for rationally designing the microstructure of silicon-based electrodes with solid electrolytes for high-performance all-solid-state lithium batteries.

The Effect of TiO2 on the Electrochemical Performance of Sb2O3 Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries

Antimony (Sb) and its composites have been recognized as potentially good anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their relatively high theoretical capacity of 660 mAh g−1 and to their low cost. However, Sb-based anodes suffer from a high-volume change during the lithiation/delithiation process that results in capacity fading and anode degradation after prolonged charge/discharge cycles. To address this issue, Sb2O3/TiO2 nanocomposite electrodes can be synthesized and used as anodes for LIBs with high capacity and good electrochemical stability. In the present work, TiO2@Sb2O3 composites with different (TiO2:Sb2O3) ratios of 0:1, 1:1, 1:4 and 3:1 were synthesized and directly used as anode materials for LIBs. The electrochemical performance of the TiO2/Sb2O3 composite anode with different ratios of TiO2 to Sb2O3 was evaluated by galvanostatic charge/discharge, rate performance and cyclic voltammetry. The 3:1 (TiO2:Sb2O3) composite anode delivered the highest capacity compared to those of the TiO2, SbO3, 1:1 (TiO2:Sb2O3) and 1:4 (TiO2:Sb2O3) electrodes. The TiO2@Sb2O3 composite anode with a 3:1 ratio exhibited a stabilized capacity of 536 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1 and showed excellent rate performance, with current densities between 50 and 500 mA g−1. The improved electrochemical performance was attributed to the synergistic effect of TiO2 (i.e., the coating of Sb2O3 with TiO2) on reducing the volume change of the Sb anode material after prolonged charge/discharge cycles and on maintaining a stable interface between the electrolyte and the composite electrode material.

Multifunctional Cross-Linking Composite Binder Enables the Stable Performance of Si-Based Anodes for High-Energy-Density Lithium-Ion Batteries.

The intrinsic volumetric stress during cycling is the main obstacle for developing Si-based materials as high-energy-density lithium-ion battery anodes. Elastic binders have been demonstrated as an efficient approach to alleviate the stress of Si. Herein, we design a tough 3D hard/soft polymeric network (LPTS) using lithiated poly(acrylic acid), silk sericin, and highly branched tannic acid. Covalent cross-linking provides a robust mechanical strength to endure the large stress. The formed multiple hydrogen bonds with bonding energies between 3.46 and 25 kcal mol-1 can effectively dissipate the stress through sequential hydrogen bond disassociation. The multifunctional LPTS binder maintains the integrity of the Si-based electrodes during repeated discharging/charging. Additionally, Li+ can be transferred via a Li-conducting group (-COOLi), thereby enhancing the ionic conductivity of electrodes. Consequently, the Si/LPTS electrode exhibits an improved initial Coulombic efficiency and excellent durability over 400 cycles. Meanwhile, this binder is also suitable for Si-C anodes, enabling stable cycling at a high areal capacity >3.6 mAh cm-2 and delivering 72.2% capacity retention for the LFP||Si-C/LPTS full cell after 200 cycles. This study provides insight into developing efficient Si-based binders that are facile and low-cost for next-generation high-energy-density systems.

Effect of asphaltene content in petroleum residues on carbon layer properties and the electrochemical performance of SiOx as an anode in lithium-ion batteries

Effect of asphaltene content in petroleum residues on carbon layer properties and the electrochemical performance of SiOx as an anode in lithium-ion batteries

An Effective Strategy on Synthesizing a Stable SiOx-Based Anode for High Density Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Silicon oxides (SiOx) have received extensive attention as an promising anode candidate for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, their commerical applications have been seriously hindered by low conductivity,largevolume expansion and unstable soild-electrolyte interface (SEI) layer, which result in low intial coulombic efficiency, poor rate performance and short cycling lifepan. In this work, we demonstrate a simple way to prepare a series of SiOxmaterials with lithiumfluoride(LiF) modified by hydrothermal method and carbothermalmodification. When the mass ratio of SiOxand LiF equals 1:0.15, the long-term cycling capacity retention can be greatly improve form 30.2% to 76.7% after 200 cycles. The result is primarilybecause the enhancementof electrons andLi+-ionstransport andthe stability of SEI layer due to LiF addition. However, excess LiF addition can hinder the diffusion of Li+-ions. This study presents the great potential of LiF modified on SiOxanode materials for LIBs.

Polymer Tetrabenzimidazole Aluminum Phthalocyanine Complex with Carbon Nanotubes: A Promising Approach for Boosting Lithium-Ion Battery Anode Performance

Polymer Tetrabenzimidazole Aluminum Phthalocyanine Complex with Carbon Nanotubes: A Promising Approach for Boosting Lithium-Ion Battery Anode Performance

Construction of Porous Aromatic Frameworks with Specifically Designed Motifs for Charge Storage and Transport.

ConspectusPorous frameworks possess high porosity and adjustable functions. The two features conjointly create sufficient interfaces for matter exchange and energy transfer within the skeletons. For crystalline porous frameworks, including metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), their long-range ordered structures indeed play an important role in managing versatile physicochemical behaviors such as electron transfer or band gap engineering. It is now feasible to predict their functions based on the unveiled structures and structure-performance relationships. In contrast, porous organic frameworks (POFs) represent a member of the porous solid family with no long-range regularity. For the case of POFs, the randomly packed building units and their disordered connections hinder the electronic structural consistency throughout the entire networks. However, many investigations have demonstrated that the functions of POFs could also be designed and originated from their local motifs.In this Account, we will first provide an overview of the design and synthesis principles for porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs), which are a typical family of POFs with high porosity and exceptional stability. Specifically, the functions achieved by the specific design and synthesis of in-framework motifs will be demonstrated. This strategy is particularly intuitive to introduce desired functions to PAFs, owing to the exceptional tolerance of PAFs to harsh chemical treatments and synthetic conditions. The local structures can be either obtained by selecting suitable building units, sometimes with the aid of computational screening, or emerge as the product of coupling reactions during the synthetic process. Radical PAFs can be obtained by incorporating a persistent radical molecule as a building unit, and the rigid and porous framework may facilitate the formation of radical species by trapping spins in the organic network, which could avoid the delocalizing and recombining processes. Alternatively, radical motifs can also be formed during the formation of the framework linkages. The coupling reaction plays an important role in the construction of functional motifs like diacetylene. The highly porous, radical PAFs showed significant performance as anodes of lithium-ion batteries. To improve the charge transport within the framework, the building units and their connecting manner were cohesively considered, and the framework with a fully conjugated backbone was built up. In another case, the explicit product of the cross-coupling reaction ensured the precise assembly of two building units with electron donating and accepting abilities; therefore, the moving direction of photogenerated electrons was rationally controlled. Constructing a fully conjugated backbone or rationally designing a D-A system for charge transfer in porous frameworks introduced exciting properties for photovoltaic and photocatalysis, and their highly porous, stable frameworks improved their functional applications for perovskite solar cells and chemical productions. These investigations shed light on the designable combination of intrinsic functional motifs with highly porous organic frameworks for effective energy storage and conversion.

Formation of nanosized copper silicides in a high-speed electric discharge plasma jet

Relevance. The search for suitable materials for creating a new generation of anodes in lithium-ion batteries that have not only high capacity, but also high electrical conductivity. For this purpose, the attempts have been made to use silicon Si, which has a high specific capacitance, instead of graphite C, but this material does not have high electrical conductivity. Copper silicides, in addition to high specific capacity, have high electrical conductivity values, since they do not react with lithium during operation, and therefore can be used to solve problems in the development of the above-mentioned lithium-ion anodes. Aim. To obtain dispersed materials in a high-speed jet of electric discharge plasma in the Cu-Si-C system. Objects. Dispersed materials obtained in the Cu-Si-C system. Methods. Plasma dynamic synthesis, X-ray diffractometry (X-ray phase analysis), scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy. Results. The authors have carried out the experimental studies to obtain dispersed materials of the Cu-Si-C system in a high-speed electric-discharge plasma jet and studied the microstructure and composition of the synthesized materials. It was revealed that the product consists of nanodispersed particles, which is confirmed by the results of scanning and electron microscopy. According to the results of X-ray diffractometry, crystalline phases of copper of the cubic system and copper silicides Cu3Si and Cu7Si of the hexagonal system are identified in the composition of the synthesized material.

Novel Three-Dimensional Skeleton Structure Li-B Alloys as Anode for Solid-State Lithium Batteries

Novel Three-Dimensional Skeleton Structure Li-B Alloys as Anode for Solid-State Lithium Batteries

Dual carbon protected ultrafine SnO2 nanoparticles with Sn–C interface for robust lithium storage

Stannic oxide (SnO2)-based lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have garnered tremendous attention due to their high theoretical capacity and suitable lithium ion insertion potential. However, their widespread applications have been hindered by severe electrode degradation caused by substantial volume expansion of SnO2. In this study, we embedded amorphous carbon encapsulated ultrafine SnO2 nanoparticles on hollow macroporous carbon (AC@SnO2/HMC) as a superior anode material for LIBs. The unique Sn–C interface and dual carbon protection layers effectively mitigated SnO2 nanoparticle agglomeration and volume expansion, reinforcing the cycling stability. Additionally, the capacitive contribution from amorphous carbon significantly improved the reversible capacity and rate capability. As such, the resulting AC@SnO2/HMC electrode exhibited high capacity (1828 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.1 A g−1), excellent rate capability (1017.6 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1), and outstanding cycling performance (792.1 mAh g−1 after 880 cycles at 2 A g−1), surpassing previously reported SnO2-based anodes. Furthermore, the AC@SnO2/HMC-based Li-ion full cell demonstrated a remarkable capacity of 566.3 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 after 200 cycles. This study offers valuable insights into the development of advanced SnO2-based anodes for LIBs and beyond, highlighting their potential for future advancements in battery technology.