Anode For Lithium-ion Batteries Research Articles

An Advanced 3D Crosslinked Conductive Binder for Silicon Anodes: Leveraging Glycerol Chemistry for Superior Lithium‐Ion Battery Performance

AbstractSilicon (Si) anodes hold great promise for high‐capacity lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), yet their practical application is hindered by severe volume expansion and mechanical degradation. To tackle these challenges, we present an innovative 3D crosslinked conductive polyoxadiazole (POD) binder engineered with glycerol (GL) to form a robust network of covalent and hydrogen bonds. This unique chemical architecture not only enhances adhesion and mechanical resilience to effectively dissipate the stresses induced by Si's volumetric changes but also constructs a robust conductive framework to facilitate electron transfer. The dynamic interplay between strong covalent and flexible hydrogen bonds in the POD‐c‐GL binder enables superior structural integrity and stable solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) during cycling. The Si@POD‐c‐GL anode exhibits remarkable electrochemical performance, including a high initial Coulombic efficiency, impressive rate capability, and outstanding cycling stability. This work highlights the potential of harnessing in situ crosslinking chemistry to develop advanced binders, paving the way for the next generation of high‐performance Si anodes in LIBs.

Irrigation System-Inspired Open-/Closed-Pore Hybrid Porous Silicon-Carbon Materials for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes.

Porous silicon-carbon (Si-C) nanocomposites exhibit high specific capacity and low electrode strain, positioning them as promising next-generation anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, nanoscale Si's poor dispersibility and severe interfacial side reactions historically hamper battery performance. Inspired by irrigation systems, this study employs a charge-driven Si dispersion and stepwise assembly strategy to fabricate an open-/closed-pore hybrid porous Si-C composite. Polydimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (PDDA) is used to functionalize Si nanoparticles, inducing strong electrostatic repulsion for uniform dispersion. Subsequently, the PDDA functional layer on Si nanoparticle surfaces facilitates the stepwise self-assembly of acetic acid and chitosan, resulting in Si nanoparticles encapsulated within closed pores during carbonization. Simultaneously, the PDDA functional layers transform into a graphene coating on the Si nanoparticles. Conversely, regions of homogeneous acetic acid/chitosan, distant from the PDDA-functionalized Si nanoparticles, form an open-pore structure. The dual shielding effect of closed carbon pores and the graphene coating effectively isolates Si from the electrolyte, preventing interfacial side reactions. Open carbon pores enhance electrolyte-active material contact, reducing Li+ transport distances. The resulting composite material (PDDA@Si/C) demonstrated excellent cycling stability and superior rate performance as a LIB anode.

Preparation and Lithium Storage Performance of Si/C Composites as Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries: A Review

Silicon offers a theoretical specific capacity of up to 4200 mAh g−1, positioning it as one of the most promising materials for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, during lithium insertion and deinsertion, Si undergoes significant volume expansion, leading to rapid capacity degradation, which has limited its application as an anode material in LIBs. To address this issue, coupling Si with carbon enables the combination of the high lithiation capacity of Si with the excellent mechanical strength and electrical conductivity of carbon. This synergy makes silicon/carbon composites (Si/C) ideal candidates for LIB anodes. In this review, recent advancements in Si/C composite materials for LIBs are categorized based on synthesis methods and design principles. The review also summarizes the morphological characteristics and electrochemical performance of these materials. Additionally, other factors influencing the performance of Si/C anodes are discussed, and future development prospects for Si/C anodes are briefly explored.

Electrochemical performance of Li-ion battery-based porous silicon nanowires (PSiNWs) decorated with silver nanoparticles

ABSTRACT In recent years, silicon-based materials have attracted great interest for their use as anode in lithium-ion batteries due to their low charging potential and high specific capacity. Morever, silicon nanowires (SiNWs) have been shown to successfully solve the volume-expansion problem by providing free volumes to accommodate silicon expansion. In this work, we fabricated porous silicon nanowires (PSiNWs) on an n-type silicon wafer using a single low-cost metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) step. Then, the formed (PSiNWs) nanowires were extracted and covered with silver nanoparticles. To reveal the underlying physical and electrochemical mechanisms, we also process a sample of comparative porous silicon nanowires, ranging in diameter from 50 to 100 nm and having a porosity of approximately 60%. The specific capacity is approximately 3635 mA h g−1 with a Coulomb efficiency of 98.8% in the first charge/discharge cycle for PSiNWs/AgNPs, while PSiNWs exhibit low capacity during the first cycle. This study highlights the design of porous silicon nanowires with a large specific surface area and the structural modification of the surface with silver nanoparticles.

Enhanced Performance with Nano-Porous Silicon in TiFeSi2/C Composite Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Enhanced Performance with Nano-Porous Silicon in TiFeSi2/C Composite Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Developing bio-carbon matrices for the encapsulation of silicon nanoparticles for high-performance lithium-ion battery anode materials.

Silicon (Si) is considered to be one of the most promising anode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. However, the practical application of Si-based anodes is mainly hindered by the low intrinsic conductivity of Si and the large volume change upon lithiation/de-lithiation. Here, we prepared a composite material consisting of Si nanoparticles (NPs) and coconut silk bio-carbon (CSC) skeleton. The porous carbon skeleton derived from coconut silk with natural through-holes and ample micropores, which was used as the carrier of Si NPs. The continuous through-holes and well-distributed oxygen-containing functional groups of the CSC provided sufficient space and adsorption active sites for Si NPs, what's more, the good dispersion of Si NPs increased their contact with the surrounding carbon materials, which was conducive to electron transport. Meanwhile, the pore structure provided buffer space for the volume expansion of Si. The rich oxygen-containing functional groups can form a certain chemical force with silicon particles, and further stabilize the nano silicon particles. Hence, the CSC/Si electrode revealed an excellent capacity retention of 82.8% at 1 A g-1 after 100 cycles. This study provides a simple universal high-throughput method to obtain anode materials with outstanding electrochemical properties and promotes the further development of Si/C composites.

Polythiophene side chain chemistry and its impact on advanced composite anodes for lithium-ion batteries.

In the development of high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the design of polymer binders, particularly through manipulation of side-chain chemistry, plays a pivotal role in optimizing electrode stability, ion transport, and adaptability to the volume changes during cycling. In particular, poly[3-(potassium-4-butanoate)thiophene-2,5-diyl] (P3KBT) increases magnetite and silicon capacity and cycling stability. This work explores the impact of polythiophene alkyl sidechain length on anode characteristics, aiming to enhance performance in LIBs. P3KBT and its alkyl chain alternatives, poly[3-(potassium-5-pentanoate)thiophene-2,5-diyl] (P3KPT) and poly[3-(potassium-6-hexanoate)thiophene-2,5-diyl] (P3KHT) were systematically investigated over 300 charge-discharge cycles. The experiments were designed to assess how varying side-chain length affects the stability, ion transport, and capacity retention of the electrodes. The results revealed that P3KHT, with its longer alkyl chain, exhibited superior capacity retention and reduced charge-transfer resistance after 300 cycles compared to its shorter chain analogs. The findings demonstrate that tailored side chains can improve ion transport, structural integrity, and capacity retention, addressing critical challenges in LIBs such as capacity fade and electrode degradation. This research contributes to the development of next-generation LIBs with enhanced performance and reliability.

Controllable SiOx Coating Layer Promotes High Stable Si Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Silicon (Si) is considered as one of the most promising candidates for next-generation lithium-ion batteries with high energy density. The main problems are the severe volume expansion and continuous interfacial side reaction of Si that hinder its further application. It can be an effective way by constructing a robust coating layer outside of Si to impede/alleviate the above effect. SiOx with high mechanical strength can largely promote the electrochemical performance of Si. Herein, Si@SiOx material with high specific surface area, high porosity, and controllable coating was synthesized via a simple solid-liquid reaction by LiOH solution etching effect. The etching/oxidation mechanism of Si under alkaline conditions was thoroughly investigated. The surface oxide layer of Si was beneficial to the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) with excellent stability and high Li+ conductivity, while its high-porosity structure reduces the volume expansion of the material by approximately 110%. Under the synergistic effect of etching-oxidation, the modified material exhibited superior electrochemical properties. When employed as anode materials, the specific capacity was as high as 3101.5 mAh g-1 and maintained at 841.0 mAh g-1 after 500 cycles at 1 A g-1.

The performance of phosphorus hexarbide monolayer as lithium-ion battery anode materials by boron and sulfur doping

The performance of phosphorus hexarbide monolayer as lithium-ion battery anode materials by boron and sulfur doping

Facile CVD Fabrication of Vertically Aligned MoS2 Nanosheets with Embedded MoO2 on Molybdenum for High-Performance Binder-Free Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes

Facile CVD Fabrication of Vertically Aligned MoS₂ Nanosheets with Embedded MoO₂ on Molybdenum for High-Performance Binder-Free Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes

Balancing Pore Development and Mechanical Strength for High-Performance Silicon-Porous Carbon Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Balancing Pore Development and Mechanical Strength for High-Performance Silicon-Porous Carbon Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Ultra-small CoxSy nanoparticles adhered to 3D-reduced graphene oxide as attractive anodes for lithium-ion batteries

A novel composite anode material, CoxSy/G, has been developed through a novel hydrothermal synthesis method complemented by an innovative high-temperature vulcanization technique. This process facilitates the deposition of CoxSy nanoparticles, each less than 10nm in size, onto a substrate of 3D rGO. This composite material combines the robust lithium storage capacity of CoxSy nanoparticles with the exceptional electrical conductivity and mechanical resilience of the 3D rGO framework, resulting in a significantly enhanced specific surface area and optimized mesoporous structure for CoxSy/G. Furthermore, it exhibits excellent electrochemical performance in lithium-ion batteries. Specifically, the CoxSy/G composites achieve a discharge capacity of 748.5mAh g⁻¹ at 50mAg⁻¹, notably exceeding the 647mAh g⁻¹ capacity demonstrated by pure CoxSy. Furthermore, these composites maintain an extraordinary cycle retention rate of 112.4% after undergoing 500 charge-discharge cycles at a continuous rate of 0.5Ag⁻¹. The reduced charge transfer resistance noted after cycling underscores the material’s enhanced performance attributes. This innovative creation of CoxSy/G composites offers critical insights and potential strategies for further development in the field of lithium-ion cobalt-sulfur electrodes.

In-situ synthesis of Mn2SiO4 and MnxSi dual phases through solid-state reaction to improve the initial Coulombic efficiency of SiO anode for Lithium-Ion batteries

Silicon monoxide(SiO)-based anode materials have been extensively examined as high energy density for lithium-ion batteries, but still suffer from low initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE). Here, A novel SiO-MnO/Mn2SiO4-MnxSi anode material, prepared through scalable ball milling and heat treatment, is proposed for the first time, in which Mn2SiO4 and MnxSi alloy through solid-state reaction are embedded in the silicon oxide matrix to improve ICE. Half-cell testing shows that the ICE of pristine SiO increased from 52.5 % to 70.5 %, thanks to the solid-state reaction between SiO and MnO during the heat treatment, in which MnO consumed the SiO2 generated during the disproportionation of SiO, thereby reducing the first irreversible loss of Li+ during the lithiation process. In addition, the MnxSi alloy phase can improve lithium-ion diffusion ability to a certain extent. This report provides a new approach to alleviate the ICE performance of SiO-based anode materials.

Fabricating ZnO@C composites based on Nypa fruticants shell-derived cellulose for high performance lithium-ion battery anodes

Fabricating ZnO@C composites based on Nypa fruticants shell-derived cellulose for high performance lithium-ion battery anodes

Pitch-derived C coated three-dimensional CNTs/reduced graphene oxide microsphere encapsulating Si nanoparticles as anodes for lithium-ion batteries

This study presents an innovative strategy for synthesizing a sophisticated three-dimensional conductive framework that contains well-dispersed silicon nanoparticles. This framework features silicon nanoparticles encapsulated by a composite of one-dimensional carbon nanotubes (CNTs), two-dimensional reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and amorphous carbon, all of which are further coated with a pitch-derived carbon (PDC) layer. This unique nanostructured anode was prepared from a one-pot spray drying process, heat-treatment and subsequent pitch-derived carbon coating. Combining 1D CNTs and 2D rGO nanosheets creates a 3D conductive network that can facilitate the electrochemical reaction kinetics. Furthermore, pitch-derived carbon coating at the interior and on the surface densified the electrode, ensuring both lithium-ion and electron transport and enhancing the Coulombic efficiency. Therefore, the composite plays the role of an effective mixed ionic and electronic conductor (MIEC), which can highly enhance the electrochemical performance of Si-based anode. Also, the volume expansion issues of silicon materials could be resolved by compositing with 3D conductive carbon matrix and reinforcing the structural robustness by coating with PDC layer, which could effectively alleviate the stress occurring from repetitive cycling. When used as the anode in lithium-ion batteries, the microspheres exhibited exceptional initial discharge/charge capacities of 3814/2791 mA h g–1 at 0.1 A g−1 with high Coulombic efficiency of 73.2 %, and demonstrated highly stable cycle performance, delivering a discharge capacity of 947 mA h g−1 after 350 cycles at a current density of 1.0 A g−1.

Doped Lithium Titanates and their Composites with Carbon Nanotubes as Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Doped Lithium Titanates and their Composites with Carbon Nanotubes as Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Boron doped Ti2Nb10O29 nanosheets core/shell arrays as advanced high-energy anode for fast lithium ions storage

Titanium niobium oxide (Ti2Nb10O29, TNO) as anode for high-energy lithium ion batteries (LIBs) typically suffers from sluggish kinetics and reaction activity because of its inferior electronic/ionic conductivity and easy aggregation feature. Herein, we present a novel synergistic strategy to tackle such problems of TNO by combining boron (B) doping and porous carbon nanosheet (PCN) arrays support. Experiment results and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the doped B substantially ameliorates the intrinsic electronic/ionic conductivity of TNO, increases the oxygen vacancy content in TNO, and accelerates lithium ion diffusion. Meanwhile, high-conductive PCN arrays as growth skeleton can avoid the agglomeration of B-TNO particles. As a result, the as-prepared PCN/B-TNO anode delivers an impressive specific capacity of 303 mAh g−1 at 1 C and 104 mAh g−1 at 20 C, superior to the PCN/TNO anode. Additionally, PCN/B-TNO anode also possesses a prominent long-time durability (85 % capacity retention after 2000 cycles). Our work paves a new way of rationally constructing high-energy anodes for fast energy storage and release.

The Effect of Nickel Addition on α-Fe2O3 Synthesis Using NaOH and Application as Lithium-Ion Battery Anode Material

Research has been conducted in the pursuit of developing the performance of batteries. The increasing demand for electronic devices and electric vehicles has driven the development of high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Among the various anode materials, α-Fe2O3 has attracted significant attention due to its high theoretical specific capacity of 1007 mAh/g. However, its low conductivity and poor rate capability limit its practical application. To address these issues, this study investigates the addition of nickel (Ni) into α-Fe2O3 through a co-precipitation method. The synthesized materials were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The electrochemical performance was evaluated using an LCR meter and charge-discharge cycling. The results showed the addition of Ni improved the conductivity of the α-Fe2O3 material. The optimal Ni content was found as much as 18×10-4 mol which exhibits the highest conductivity and specific capacity. The synthesized α-Fe1.965Ni0.035O3 material demonstrated a specific charging capacity of 1.8433 mAh/g and a specific discharging capacity of 1.8388 mAh/g. These findings suggest that Ni-doped α-Fe2O3 has the potential to be a promising anode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).

High Entropy Oxide Duplex Yolk-Shell Structure with Isogenic Amorphous/Crystalline Heterophase as a Promising Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Achieving composition and structure regulation on high entropy materials is a big challenge but will give this kind of new materials a huge boost in energy storage. Herein, a novel high entropy oxide ((CrMnFeCoNi)3O4) duplex yolk-shell structure (DYSHEO) with isogenic amorphous/crystalline heterophase are designed and successfully prepared through a simple microthermal solvothermal reaction followed by mesothermal calcination. The microthermal solvothermal reaction results in high entropy precursor with duplex yolk-shell structure, while the mesothermal calcination (annealing temperature at 450°C) realizes the precursor transformation to (CrMnFeCoNi)3O4 (DYSHEO-450) with isogenic amorphous/crystalline heterophase structure. The high entropy effect, the duplex yolk-shell structure, and the isogenic amorphous/crystalline heterophase endow DYSHEO-450 great advantages as lithium-ion battery anode including reducing ion migration obstruction, accommodating volume expansion, and alleviating the stress. Accordingly, DYSHEO-450 exhibits high capacities of 1721 mAh g-1@0.5A g-1, and 1356 mAh g-1@1 A g-1 after 500 cycles with a capacity retention rate of 90.3%. It also shows excellent performances in practical application as anode of a coin-type full cell. This work provides new ideas and directions for the structural regulation of high-entropy materials.

Self-assembly of polyoxometalate-based metal-organic framework with trefoil sign structural feature as efficient anode for lithium ion batteries

To extend the practical applications of polyoxometalates (POMs) based metal–organic frameworks (POMOFs) in the most cut-ting-edge (lithium ion batteries) LIBs, a new crystalline POMOFs, [Ag6(H2trz)6]·[H4SiW12O40]·6H2O (SiW12-Ag-trz), was successfully synthesized and well characterized in the work. Crystal analysis reveals that Keggin-typed POMs [H4SiW12O40] (SiW12) are inserted into the Ag-trz helical chain to construct 3D POMOFs with open pore channels with trefoil sign structural feature, in which SiW12 polyoxoanion exhibiting the most diverse coordination modes in the reported crystalline POMOFs, to the best our knowledge. Because the pore channels facilitate the storage and release of lithium ions, and the SiW12 polyoxoanion growing on the framework serves as an excellent electron sponge, crystalline SiW12-Ag-trz as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) exhibits highly reversible capacity and rate capability. Moreover, to illustrate the lithium storage, the impedance spectra and cyclic voltammetry (CV) with different scan rates during the first and 50th charge process were studied in details.