Liters Of Liquid Research Articles

РАСЧЕТ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОГО БАЛАНСА МНОГОАГРЕГАТНОЙ ВЕТРОЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЙ УСТАНОВКИ В УСЛОВИЯХ НИЗКИХ СРЕДНЕПЕРИОДИЧЕСКИХ СКОРОСТЕЙ ВЕТРА

Energy supply of small facilities of the agro-industrial complex of Russia in remote rural areas using wind energy is an urgent task. Classical wind power plants operate efficiently at a wind speed of more than 7 meters per second, but in most of Russia such a wind speed is rare. Therefore, the utilization rate of the installed capacity of a wind farm is only 0.2. (Research Purpose) The research purpose is developing a method of increasing the utilization rate of the installed capacity of a wind farm and calculating its energy balance at average periodic wind speeds from 4 to 6 meters per second. (Materials and methods) To implement the proposed method, a multi-unit wind power plant consisting of wind receiving devices of various types driven by hydraulic pumps was used. As a result, the working fluid is feed into the hydraulic accumulating unit, from where the working fluid is fed to the hydraulic motor, which provides rotation of the generator shaft. (Results and discussion) At a wind speed of 4-11 meters per second, the total supply of the working fluid of all hydraulic pumps is greater than the required flow rate of the hydraulic pump. It was found out that in a typical period with an average periodic wind speed of 4-6 meters per second, the total volume of fluid supply by hydraulic pumps is 605.2; 758.0; 844.6 liters per hour, respectively. At the end of the period, 5.2 and 158.0 to 254.6 liters of liquid remain in the storage unit, which can compensate for calm periods up to 15-20 minutes. (Conclusions) The proposed method for increasing the utilization rate of the installed capacity of a wind power plant provides the required supply of hydraulic fluid at an average periodic wind speed of 4-6 meters per second, the annual utilization rate of the installed capacity of a wind power plant is 40-50 percent.

Study design and implementation of a pyrolysis device for the production of fuel and gas from plastic waste

In this study, a local pyrolysis system was created to recover oil from used polypropylene (PP) plastic waste for the production of fuel and gas. The system was initially tested with two kilograms of waste plastic for three hours. This technique displays various sustainable development in terms of energy, using gas as the primary source of heat and using gas created throughout the process as a secondary or auxiliary source to hasten the decomposition process. The reactor chamber's original size could not support the pressure needed for the pyrolysis process. The second experiment was modified to have the following dimensions: height (30 cm), diameter (15 cm), and thickness (5 mm) resulting in a volume of 5301.44 cm3. A volume of one liter of liquid fuel, grease, and gas in various percentages of 80%, 10%, and 10%, respectively, was produced from one kilogram of type (PP) waste. Additionally, the heat pressure inside the chamber rises as the pyrolysis breakdown temperature grows. The research recommends utilizing catalysts in the pyrolysis of (PP) production to reduce the temperature necessary to break the bonds between hydrocarbon molecules. It is necessary to carry out an isolation process for plastic waste before the pyrolysis process. It is preferred to physically treat plastic waste, such as shredding and cutting it into little pieces before using it and depositing it in a pyrolysis device, while also adhering to occupational safety and security regulations.

A study on the effects of nanoparticle addition to a diesel engine operating in dual fuel mode

In this study, a diesel engine was operated both in dual fuel mode and with nanoparticle additives. The aim is to experimentally investigate the effect of both carbon nanotube additives and the addition of hydrogen/natural gas mixture to the combustion air in a compression ignition engine. 100%NG, 10%H2 + 90%NG, and 20%H2 + 80%NG gas mixtures were added to the diesel with and without CNT additives at a mass flow rate of 250 g/h using combustion air. 50 ppm nanoparticles were added to one liter of liquid fuel and mixed with an ultrasonic mixer to form a diesel fuel-CNT mixture. Engine tests were carried out at constant speed and four different engine loads and no-load conditions. Under all load conditions, in-cylinder pressure, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, and exhaust emissions were investigated. Based on the experimental results, the combustion of CNT-added diesel fuel with gaseous fuels has made significant contributions to the basic engine performance parameters. The diesel with CNT additive reached a cylinder pressure of approximately 64 bar, while the D@50ppm + NG@90%+H2@10% mixture provided a 2% increase in in-cylinder pressure compared to diesel fuel. The D@50ppm + NG@90%+H2@10% also offered the highest value among all fuel alternatives with a brake thermal efficiency of 39% at full load, resulting in 9% more efficient than diesel fuel. Gas mixtures with CNT additives effectively reduced CO and HC emissions compared to other mixtures except for diesel and D@50ppm.

OBSTETRIC GYNECOLOGICAL SOCIETY IN BERLIN
 Meeting on November 27, 1891

Winter showed a postpartum uterus with a complete rupture in its lower segment. The rupture passed very obliquely through the anterior wall of the uterus and extended from the ring of contraction almost to the external uterine pharynx. The peritoneum was separated above the gap to the line of tight attachment in such a way that a connection with the abdominal cavity 10 cm long was formed. When opened: the uterus was lying in a strong bend forward; bowel loops and the anterior abdominal wall delimited the rupture site from the abdominal cavity; all intestines were very red and covered with a light coating; in the abdominal cavity there were about one to one and a half liters of liquid and coagulated blood.

Study of stability of periodic aeration algorithm

Background: The issue of periodic aeration, which can be used as a tool in the process of biological wastewater treatment, has always received undeservedly little attention. Since the optimization of all technological processes in terms of productivity and energy consumption is a matter of time, so, in our opinion, a deeper study and research of physical and biological processes that affect the metabolism of microorganisms during periodic aeration is very important. Objectives of the work are i) determination of conditions of stable state of biocenosis of microorganisms during application of short-cycle periodic aeration regime, ii) drawing up a mathematical model of the aeration system that links the increase in biomass depending on the oxygen concentration, iii) determination of minimum limit concentrations of oxygen and microorganisms as conditions for system stability. Materials and Methods: The aeration system is modeled using a system of differential equations describing the dynamics of reproduction of microorganisms taking into account the supply of oxygen by the aeration system to ensure the metabolism of microorganisms. Experimental studies were carried out in an artificially made laboratory aeration tank (0.7 m´ 0.7 m ´1.2 m, with a volume of 500 liters). Results: The solution of the system of differential equations gave the conditions for the stability of the system, i.e. the limiting concentrations of microorganisms and oxygen per liter of liquid. Taking into account the stability conditions, an equation was derived to determine the threshold level of oxygen concentration at which it is necessary to end the aeration period. With the help of data obtained as a result of laboratory experiments, it became possible to numerically determine the coefficient of residual oxygen content γ, using which it is possible to determine the limiting oxygen concentration. Conclusions: From the systems of differential equations, which consist of the equation of reproduction of microorganisms according to the logistic model and the equation that describes the dynamics of oxygen concentration in the aeration tank liquid, the conditions under which the system has stability are found. From the conditions of stability the equation that sets the condition for shutting off the supply of oxygen to the aeration system in the algorithm of periodic aeration is followed. The optimal degree of purification and the total aeration time in the experiments testify that the interval of concentrations of O2 in the exhaust gases, at which the aeration period should be end, can be determined by this equation, taking the numerical value of the coefficient γ equal to 0.01–0.02.

Surgical Management of a Giant Hydrocele of the Vagina in Adult

Introduction: Vaginal hydrocele is an amber-colored, sterile collection found between the parietal and visceral testis. It is said to be giant when it is larger than the patient’s skull or when it contains more than two liters of liquid. Objective: To report our method and the result of the surgical treatment. Observation: The authors reported an observation of a 50-year-old patient who consulted for a painless large left bursa. Clinical and paraclinical investigations, in particular scrotal ultrasound, have made it possible to diagnose a giant hydrocele of the vagina. The patient had surgical treatment which consisted of resecting of the vagina with hemostatic suture of the resected vaginal slice. The post-operation effects were not complicated. After a six-month setup, we did not notice any recurrence. Conclusion: Resection of the vagina with hemostatic suture of the resected vaginal slice in case of giant hydrocele could certainly give good results.

Solar assisted pyrolysis system for High-Density polyethylene plastic waste to fuel conversion

Plastic products are used almost in all our daily life activities due to their characteristics such as being inert, durability, flexibility, and versatility. More than 1 million tons of plastic wastes are generated daily in Ethiopia. Unless managed it properly plastic waste affects the environment immensely since they are durable and stable. Plastic wastes stay in the environment for a long time. In this paper, a solar-assisted pyrolysis system has been designed and tested for the generation of liquid fuel from High-Density Polyethylene plastic waste. Data were collected related to the solar energy potential of Addis Ababa city of Ethiopia and the amount of plastic waste generated daily. Proximate and ultimate analysis and heating value of waste were determined experimentally. The energy requirements of the pyrolysis system were determined and the sizing of the system was performed. The model is simulated using Matlab software and a mathematical model is applied to study the performance of the system. A 4 m diameter solar parabolic dish collector with a cylindrical-shaped reactor at the focal point and dual solar tracking system is used based on Addis Ababa weather data and the required energy for the endothermic pyrolysis. Based on the result, the conversion efficiency of the system is 72% by weight. The result also shows 1360 Kwh/m2 of solar energy is required to produce 14.2 liters of liquid fuel from High-Density Polyethylene plastic waste. The heating value of the produced liquid fuel is 41.8 MJ/kg. Thus, by using a solar-assisted pyrolysis system a liquid fuel has been produced from plastic waste, income is generated from the selling of the produced liquid fuel, and the environmental impact of waste plastic is reduced.

Ryte i wydrapywane motywy na wczesnośredniowiecznych i wczesnonowożytnych naczyniach z Ostrowa Tumskiego w Poznaniu

During excavations carried out in Ostrów Tumski by the Institute of Prehistory of the Poznań University, a small collection of utensils was found with incised or scratched motifs which are reminiscent of decorations (Figure1). The collection includes an early medieval mug (9th – mid-10th c.; Figure 2:1) as well as jars and a plate (?; 16th c.; Figure 2:2-4) with mysterious signs placed on the receptacles before they were fired (incisions: receptacle 1 and 4) and in the course of use thereof (scratched with a sharp object: receptacle 2 and 3). They were excavated in the ducal garden next to the palace and sacral complex (receptacle 1) and the Gothic St. Mary’s church and the adjacent cemetery (receptacle 2) as well as in the northern part of the island (receptacles 3 and 4). They were excavated from cultural layers (receptacle 1), from a well’s thill (receptacle 2), a wooden waste pond where fish were kept (?; receptacle 4) and a backfill of another well (receptacle 3). On the early medieval mug, where the neck becomes a body, it the middle of its circumference, parallel to the receptacle’s edge, there are signs in the form of a vertical line, a square, another vertical line topped with tiny parallel incisions and two crossing lines incised with a sharp object in a dried utensil before it was fired (Figure 3:1). On the upper part of the body of an almost completely preserved jar, four crossing lines were scratched to form a star, a loop, three intersecting lines – a star, the letter “Y” with three perpendicular lines in the lower part and, slightly lower, a boat /a crescent (?; Figure 3:2). On another jar, in the upper part of its body, next to the handle, a sharp object was used to scratch an inscription made of 6-7 “letters” (Figure 3: 3). At the bottom of a bowl (?), a potter incised with a sharp object a lily and an anchor cross. While only four specimens have been excavated in Ostrów Tumski in Poznań, and the signs are hard to interpret, an attempt can be made to explain the reasons why they were placed on the receptacles. The incisions on two of them were made before the receptacles were fired, hence they can be attributed to the potters’ work. In the case of the mug (Figure 2:1; 3:1), the fact that it was made by the same person was emphasized. The act of incising the bottom of the other utensil (Figure 2:4; 3:4) may have somethingto do with it being made for a specific group of users. On the other hand, the two remaining receptacles were scratched when they were ready so they were marked by the owners at the expense of the utensils’ looks. The jug was preserved almost intact (Figures 2:2; 3:2; 4) and could hold 2 litres of liquid. It is covered with symbols meaningful to its owner, perhaps identifying him/her. A piece of the jug (Figures 2:3, 3:3) bears an inscription which, with some caution, may be interpreted as dialectal words of German or Dutch origin, meaning “my (drinking) utensil”. Irrespective of the correctness of “deciphering” the scratched signs, these are undoubtedly unique hand-written inscriptions from the second half of the 16th century. If anything, it is a good reason to devote attention to them.

Gated liquid scintillator detector for neutron time of flight measurements in a gas-puff Z-pinch experiment.

Detection of secondary D(t, n)4He neutrons produced when thin argon or krypton gas shells implode on a deuterium gas target is a very challenging task because the secondary neutron yield is a small fraction of the primary neutron yield and because the implosion is often accompanied by an intense hard X-ray burst. We built a large volume neutron time of flight (nTOF) detector using liquid scintillator (xylene solvent with small quantities of wavelength shifting PPO + bis-MSB fluors) in an attempt to increase the detection probability for secondary neutrons in our staged Z-pinch experiments at the 1 MA Zebra pulsed-power generator. Two fast, gated microchannel plate photomultiplier tubes detect the light created in 21 liters of liquid. The hard X-rays were successfully suppressed in the recorded nTOF traces, but we found no evidence of secondary neutrons. The signal quality from the primary D(d, n)3He neutrons was higher compared to the signal quality from a plastic scintillator nTOF, thus providing a more reliable estimate of the deuterium ion temperature at the pinch stagnation time. Cross-calibration with a silver activation detector enables standalone neutron yield measurement.

Efficacy of Postpartum Furosemide Therapy on Blood Pressure Recovery in Patients with Severe Preeclampsia: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: Hypertensive disorders are an important cause of maternal mortality and morbidity, and severe preeclampsia is the most common cause [Baha M. Sibia, AJOG (2012)]. The blood pressure rises progressively during the first 5 days after delivery, and it is due to mobilization of 6-8 liters of liquid, and 950 meq of accumulated sodium,from interstitial and extravascular space to intravascular space[Davison JM and Dunlop W, Seminars in Nephrology,4:198–207 (1984)].Severe rising of blood pressure may lead to complications, such as renal failure, pulmonary edema, eclampsia, intracranial hemorrhage, stroke, coma and death [Baha M. Sibia, AJOG (2012)].Therefore, postpartum anti-hypertensive therapy can prevent these complications and diminishes maternal mortality and morbidity rate.
 Objective: This investigation was done to evaluate whether a short course of postpartum furosemide therapy in patients with severe preeclampsia accelerates blood pressure recovery, reduces antihypertensive drugs usage, prevents complications such as eclampsia and finally diminishes hospitalization.
 Study design: In a randomized clinical trial, 90 patients with severe preeclampsia participated. After spontaneous onset of diuresis and discontinuation of sulfate magnesium, patients were randomly allocated to receive either no therapy or 20 mg oral furosemide daily for five days with oral potassium supplementation. Postpartum blood pressure, the need for antihypertensive therapy, rate of complications and duration of hospitalization between treatment and control groups were compared.
 Results: Mean systolic blood pressure on the third day after delivery was not different significantly between treatment and control groups(127.9±10.2 compared with 130 ± 11.5 mm-Hg, P=0.36). Mean diastolic blood pressure on the third day after delivery was not different between two groups. Patients in treatment group required less antihypertensive therapy during hospitalization (26.7% compared with 33.3%, P=0.64) but the difference was not significant. Eclampsia occurred in two patients in control group and not occurred in treatment group. Duration of hospitalization was not affected by the intervention.
 Conclusion: Brief postpartum furosemide therapy in patients with severe preeclampsia may not be effective in postpartum blood pressure recovery and reducing the need for antihypertensive therapy. It may be useful to prevent complications such as eclampsia. Duration of hospitalization was not affected by the intervention.
 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.18(3) 2019 p.636-640

Conceptual process design and economics for the production of high‐octane gasoline blendstock via indirect liquefaction of biomass through methanol/dimethyl ether intermediates

AbstractThis work describes in detail one potential conversion process for the production of high‐octane gasoline blendstock via indirect liquefaction of biomass. The processing steps of this pathway include the conversion of biomass to synthesis gas via indirect gasification, gas clean‐up via reforming of tars and other hydrocarbons, catalytic conversion of syngas to methanol, methanol dehydration to dimethyl ether (DME), and the homologation of DME over a zeolite catalyst to high‐octane gasoline‐range hydrocarbon products. The current process configuration has similarities to conventional methanol‐to‐gasoline (MTG) technologies, but there are key distinctions, specifically regarding the product slate, catalysts, and reactor conditions. A techno‐economic analysis is performed to investigate the production of high‐octane gasoline blendstock. The design features a processing daily capacity of 2000 tonnes (2205 short tons) of dry biomass. The process yields 271 liters of liquid fuel per dry tonne of biomass (65 gal/dry ton), for an annual fuel production rate of 178 million liters (47 MM gal) at 90% on‐stream time. The estimated total capital investment for an nth‐plant is $438 million. The resulting minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) is $0.86 per liter or $3.25 per gallon in 2011 US dollars. A rigorous sensitivity analysis captures uncertainties in costs and plant performance. Sustainability metrics for the conversion process are quantified and assessed. The potential premium value of the high‐octane gasoline blendstock is examined and found to be at least as competitive as fossil‐derived blendstocks. A simple blending strategy is proposed to demonstrate the potential for blending the biomass‐derived blendstock with petroleum‐derived intermediates. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

PP-363 Comparision of Tolvaptan Treatment with Ultrafiltration Theraphy in Cardiac Edema

In a group of patients, accepted our hospital with diagnosis of cardiac edema and treated inefficaciously with other known therapeutics such as furosemid, thiazid etc., tovaptan was used. Only 13 patients could be added to this study among the 25 patients treated with tovaptan. 13 patients having no exclusion criteria and treated with ultrafiltration thearapy were also accepted to the study. Tolvaptan was initiated 15 mg orally and weight, BUN, AST, ALT, Na and glucose values were documented. Values obtained after 24 hours were evaluated. Two or three liter of liquid was withdrawn from the patients for two or three hours after application of femoral or juguler catheterization for ultrafiltration therapy. Patients in need of dialysis and Na profile were not accepted to the study. In both of the study groups dermographic features, weight, Na and BUN values were compared. Because of expected metabolic effects, in tolvaptan group patients, blood glucose, AST and ALT values were compared before and after the therapy. In the tolvaptan group patients treatment of hiponatremia was more efficious than ultrafiltration patients and weight loss was more in ultrafiltration group significantly. No change was seen in blood glucose value in tolvaptan group patients and decrease seen in AST and ALT values for this group has no significance statistically. No complication has been seen in both of the groups in 24 hours. Tolvaptan therapy in cardiac edema has rapid and effective therapeutic value.Tabled 1

Pharmacokinetics of sevoflurane uptake into the brain

Two recent studies have examined the pharmacokinetics of sevoflurane in adults. Lu et al.(Pharmacokinetics of sevoflurane uptake into the brain and body, Anaesthesia 2003; 58: 951-6) observed that jugular bulb sevoflurane concentration initially rose unexpectedly rapidly and then approached arterial concentrations unexpectedly slowly, suggesting that a blood-brain diffusion barrier exists. They also observed a large alveolar-arterial sevoflurane gradient, suggesting that an alveolar-arterial diffusion barrier exists. Nakamura et al. (Predicted sevoflurane partial pressure in the brain with an uptake and distribution model: Comparison with the measured value in internal jugular vein blood. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 1999; 15: 299-305) found no diffusion barriers. We used a computer model to analyse both data sets and show that the observations of Lu et al. can be explained by contamination of jugular samples with extracerebral blood. It is possible that the alveolar-arterial gradients observed by Lu et al. are due to discrepancies in conversions between blood concentrations and gas partial pressures. Our study suggests that there is no blood-brain diffusion barrier for sevoflurane and that the data of Lu et al. must be interpreted with caution.

Pulverização experimental de defensivos químicos no combate ao ácaro da falsa ferrugem Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashm., 1879) (Acari: Eriophyidae) em citros

A fim de combater experimentalmente o ácaro da falsa ferrugem, pulverizaram-se laranjeiras adultas com os seguintes tratamentos e quantidades de ingrediente ativo por hectare: A) testemunha (nada aplicado); B) piretróide S-604 (102g); C) S-604(153g); D) S-604 (204g); E) juvenóide S-599 (22g); F) S-599 (44g); G) bromopropilato (530g) (tratamento padrão). Cada laranjeira recebeu 7,0 litros de calda em cobertura, aplicada com pulverizador costal motorizado. Realizaram-se 4 avaliações: a inicial (ou prévia) (02 dias antes da pulverização) e 3 pós-tratamento (05, 19 e 40 dias após a aplicação). Não foram possíveis novas avaliações devido à alta redução populacional do ácaro. Todos os tratamentos foram eficientes até 40 dias da pulverização. A Tabela 2 apresenta a relação de mortalidade real ou eficiência (%), a diferentes intervalos.

Novo ensaio de combate químico ao ácaro da leprose dos citros Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) em laranjeiras

O ácaro da leprose Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) é o vetor responsável pela transmissão do agente causador da leprose em laranjeiras, possivelmente um vírus. A doença é grave, responsável por grandes perdas nos laranjais paulistas. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de combate a esse ácaro com a aplicação de defensivos químicos. Tratamentos: A) testemunha; B) fempropatrina (13,5g); C) clofentezina (20,0g); D) bifentrina (5,6g); E) binapacril (50,0g); F) flubenzimina (60,0g); G) ciexatina (20,0g). As quantidades entre parênteses sao de ingrediente ativo para 100 litros de água. Gastaram-se 4 litros de calda por árvore e 1.332 litros por hectare. A ciexatina, binapacril e bifentrina foram os tratamentos mais eficientes, principalmente a ciexatina.

Changes in elimination

A LTERATION in bowel function is one of the most distressing symptoms of cancer and its treatment in terms of self-esteem, daily living, and social acceptance. Changes in elimination patterns associated with cancer can result from a variety of factors, including nutritional intake, physical mobility, neurologic and metabolic functioning, surgery, direct tumor involvement, psychosocial factors, and medication. This article reviews the causes of cancer-related bowel alterations and discusses interventions and areas for future research. The process of defecation is a complex combination of mechanical stimulation, muscle contraction, and timed innervation that leads to an urge to empty the bowel. The process has been described from functional and neurologic points of view.l3 In brief, the intestinal tract digests and absorbs nutrients and fluids and excretes waste matter. Eight to ten liters of liquid from ingested fluids, food, and enzymes produced by the body travel through the digestive system each day. All but 100 mL of fluid is reabsorbed, primarily in the ascending and transverse portion of the large intestine, leaving a soft waste residue. 2.4,5 Waste is assisted through the gastrointestinal tract by peristaltic waves until the rectal vault is reached. As storage reaches its capacity, messages are sent to the brain to signal the urge to defecate, and a process begins which empties the bowel. Under normal circumstances, the number of stools ranges from 3/d to 3/wk. !,4,6 When disruption occurs at any point in the process, diarrhea or constipation may result. Assessment of bowel function should consider the following factors: the individuals' emotional, physiologic, and cultural milieu; any change in frequency, size, and consistency of stool; ease of passage; indications of excessive straining; sensations of incomplete emptying; abdominal distension, cramps or discomfort; and the appearance of stool and bowel sounds. Following assessment, a diagnosis of the alteration can be made. The common types of alteration, constipation and diarrhea, will be the focus of this paper.

Science of helium in technology

Liquid helium is something of an oddity. Its existence as a liquid at all is rather marginal, as shown by the ease with which it can be vaporized by tiny influxes of heat - just one watt is enough to evaporate about a litre of liquid in an hour. For temperatures below 2.17K, it behaves as though it were an interpenetrating mixture of two completely miscible fluids: a (relatively ordinary) normal fluid component, and a superfluid component which carries no entropy and whose viscosityis identically zero. It is the latter component that gives rise to liquid helium's celebrated frictionless-flow properties, enabling it, for example, to climb out of any open vessel in which it is placed.

Operation of 17.5 T superconducting magnet system in the last 8 years

A 17.5 T hybrid superconducting magnet with an outer Nb 3 Sn section and an inner V 3 Ga section was installed at National Research Institute for Metals (Japan) at the beginning of 1976. Since then the magnet system has been successfully operated about 60 times without any trouble. The magnet still generates the world-highest field in the superconducting state. Ordinarily, it is cooled from room temperature down to about 15 K using two helium refrigerators with a total refrigeration power of 750 W at 20 K. For one day operation, about 120 liters of liquid is transfered into the cryostat. It requires about 2 hours to induce the magnetic field from 0 to 17.5 T. The liquid helium evaporation rate is about 4.5 liters/hr when the magnet is in full operation. To suppress the instability due to the tape movement, it was necessary to refasten tie-rods between the upper and lower flanges of the magnet during the first few years after the installation. The magnet has been effectively used to measure the critical current of newly developed high-field superconductors.

Radioactive waste storage in the arid zone

By the turn of the century, nuclear power may generate more than one‐half of the electric energy, and about one‐third of the total energy consumed in the United States [Thompson, 1971; Chapman et al., 1972]. By 2020, the total quantity of high‐level radioactive wastes (HLW) generated as a byproduct of nuclear fuel reprocessing for such power generation may total about 900,000 m3 as liquid or 70,000 m3 as solid [Gera and Jacobs, 1972]; the radioactivity of long‐lived nuclides in the HLW will total about 8.7×1010 Ci [Gera and Jacobs, 1972]. (High‐level wastes are defined as wastes containing at least 1 Ci of radioactivity per liter of liquid, or 70 Ci/kg of solid [American Institute of Chemical Engineering, ANSI Standard N5.8‐1967]. Wastes from chemical processing of irradiated nuclear fuels typically contain several hundred to several thousand curies per gallon [Fox, 1969].)

A 75 cm Hydrogen Bubble Chamber

A 75 cm hydrogen bubble chamber with 220 liters of liquid and its refrigerator were constructed. In the latest run the chamber was successfully operated and the tracks of cosmic rays and Compton electrons from Cobalt-60 gamma rays were seen and photographed. This chamber has several grand features for the improved characteristics of operation and the precision photographs of tracks. Some of those essential features and the results of the operations are reported.