A Bengali-Hindi-Telugu parallel corpus for enhanced literary machine translation.

This article examines the educational significance and linguopoetic features of Chyngyz Aitmatov’s novel “The day lasts more than a hundred years”. Focuses on using literary texts as a means of engaging students in research activities. The main aim of the study is to enhance students’ intellectual development, foster interest in literature, expand and update subject knowledge, and cultivate independence and creative problem-solving skills. To achieve these goals, students analyze literary works, identify character prototypes, and examine the artistic techniques and devices employed by the author. As an example, Chyngyz Aitmatov’s novel “The day lasts more than a hundred years” is explored, where students investigate the traits of the main characters, compare them with historical and cultural prototypes, and analyze literary techniques and symbolism. The research methods include active reading, text analysis, group discussions and the preparation of reports and presentations, which promote critical thinking, research competence, and the ability to work independently. Students are encouraged to synthesize their findings, discuss interpretations with peers, and reflect on the cultural and ethical significance of the text. This approach supports collaborative learning, effective communication, and the development of intellectual curiosity. The results indicate that integrating research assignments into literature study enhances student motivation, deepens understanding of the literary text, strengthens analytical and interpretive skills, and fosters appreciation of cultural heritage and traditional knowledge. The conclusions drawn from this study highlight the value of combining literary analysis with research-oriented activities. The approach described in this article can be recommended for inclusion in humanities curricula, where the integration of analytical work, research skills, and creative reflection is essential for developing well-rounded, competent, and culturally aware learners. The relevance of this research is defined by the fact that the mythological dimension of Chyngyz Aitmatov’s works remains a topic of continuing scholarly interest, despite the longstanding critical attention his creative legacy has received.

ABSTRACT This essay looks at Douglas Sirk’s film A Time to Love and a Time to Die (1958), an adaptation of Erich Maria Remarque’s novel Zeit zu leben und Zeit zu sterben (1954), in which the intermedial translation from literature to film comes along with an intercultural connection between the USA and the German-speaking part of Europe in terms of diegesis, biography, reception history, and production history. On the level of production, Sirk and Remarque’s different contributions to the making of the film are examined in light of the various concepts of cinematic authorship. While Sirk hybridized the genres of war film and melodrama, which he also employed in the rest of his oeuvre, Remarque not only wrote the underlying novel, but also contributed to the script and even played an important supporting role himself – a very rare occurrence in the history of cinematic adaptations of literary works.

This research presents an analysis of challenges and strategies in translating journalistic content, which demands accuracy, speed, and sensitivity to cultural context. Because of these characteristics, translating journalistic texts require different skills and approaches compared to other types of texts. Unlike translator-journalists who find journalistic texts as part of their daily work, freelance translators, who are generally more familiar with literary, legal, advertising and marketing, medical, and business texts often faces unique difficulties due to the concise and clear nature of journalistic writing. These challenges require careful attention to semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic elements to ensure that meaning is effectively conveyed to the target audience. The main objective of this study is to identify and analyze the specific challenges faced by freelance translator when translating journalistic content for the first time and to explore the strategies used to address them. The study also aims to provide insights that can contribute to a broader understanding of translation practices in a journalistic context. A single case study design is used by involving a single freelance translator with two years of experience in translating academic writings, literary works, and promotional texts. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis by Braun and Clarke (2006). The analysis revealed four key challenges: accuracy and readability, cultural nuance, bias and framing, and deadline pressures. To overcome these challenges, four main strategies are used: adaptation, localization, transcreation, and selective omission and addition. The findings reveal that freelance translators need a combination of linguistic skills, cultural sensitivity, and effective time management to produce credible, reliable, and accurate translations.

In the section titled "Panthadikkum Tharu" in the Bethlehem Kuravanji, a literary work authored by Vedanayaga Sastriar, it is recounted that Devamohini, a daughter of Zion, marvels at the orderly motion of the Sun, the Moon, and the planets created by God, and proceeds to play with them as if they were balls. The objective of this article is to assess the accuracy of the astronomical details cited by Vedanayaga Sastriar such as planetary rotation, orbital periods around the Sun, distances between the Sun and the planets, and planetary diameters by comparing them against data provided by modern astronomers; furthermore, it aims to elucidate the methodology employed in expressing scientific concepts through the medium of poetry, thereby establishing the manner in which scientific thought is embedded within Tamil literature. This inter disciplinary study employs a textual analysis, comparative and interpretative approach. Far from being merely a work of imaginative poetry, the text encapsulates profound astronomical knowledge. Through this research, it is evident that literature has been effectively utilized as a medium to spread scientific concepts to the general public.

This article analyzes the portrayals of Soviet domestic workers in the literary works of Mikhail Bulgakov. The study aims to systematize the typological features of these characters within the context of both the European literary tradition and the social realities of the Soviet Union during the 1920s—1930s. The methodological framework of the article is based on historical-literary and comparative-typological approaches. The article studies such works as "Spiritistic Session", "The White Guard", "Heart of a Dog" and "The Master and Margarita". It is argued that servants in Bulgakov's depiction can be divided into two types: domestic helpers who help protect and harmonize the inner microcosm; and harmful servants, who represent the hostile external space and are directly connected to it through their desire to destroy the harmony of the "true home". Particular attention is paid to such traits as informing, superstition, laziness and theft, which are linked to the social realities of the 1920s–1930s. The writer frequently demonstrates that Soviet domestic servants, who were predominantly peasant women, inherited rural rudeness, laziness and superstition. Furthermore, under the conditions of increasingly severe state despotism, it was the servants who were responsible for informing. The study not only systematizes Bulgakov's maidservants as an independent character type but also traces their connection to the European literary tradition. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that, for the first time, the images of domestic workers in Bulgakov's works are examined as an independent character type requiring systematic analysis. In contrast to previous studies, where servants were examined among secondary characters in general, this article draws a clear distinction between two functional varieties: "domestic helpers" who contribute to the harmony of the inner space, and "harmful servants" associated with the external hostile world. It is shown that many negative traits of Soviet domestic servants (rudeness, laziness, superstition, informing, theft) were inherited from the rural environment and exacerbated by state despotism. It is demonstrated that through the figure of the maidservant, the author with a satirical undertone exposes the general moral decline that followed the Revolution and the Russian Civil War. The study also establishes the continuity of Bulgakov's images in relation to the European literary tradition (from Molière's Dorine to Chekhov's Firs). The findings of this study can be used in literature classes devoted to the works of M. A. Bulgakov, as well as in further research on the archetypes of "little people" and female characters in Russian literature.

This study aims to identify and analyze the techniques of translation employed in the Indonesian translation of Edgar Allan Poe’s short story The Tell-Tale Heart. Using a descriptive qualitative method with purposive sampling mainly focuses on four related techniques: amplification, reduction, established equivalent, and variation; the research mainly studies how the translator translated the short story from the source language to the target language. The research bases its study on Molina and Albir’s theory of techniques of translation, which provides a comprehensive and systematic framework for analyzing translation choices. The findings indicate that four translation techniques are applied in the research, including reduction (30.30%), established equivalent (9.09%), amplification (45.45%), and variation (15.50%). Out of the 33 data samples examined, amplification is the most frequently used technique (45.45%), suggesting the translator’s attempt to provide additional contextual information to enhance comprehension for target readers. In contrast, the established equivalent technique appears least frequently (9.09%). This research may contribute to the subject of literature translation by demonstrating that understanding the standard grammar of the target language may help the translator in translating a literary work better to prevent mistranslation or loss of information during the translation process.

The exhumation and reburial of the remains of Peter III in 1796 was accompanied by the laying of the great emperor crown on the coffin by Paul I. This action was perceived by contemporaries as a posthumous coronation of the emperor, who was not crowned during his life. This opinion is certainly an exaggeration, we can consider this case just as the belated rendering of the emperor funeral honors to the remains. However, such secondary interpretation could be perceived by Paul I as well. The idea of a posthumous coronation has some correspondence in the non-canonical ritual practices of the “baptism” of the dead, which took place in Christendom during the Middle Ages and much later. The most famous example of such ritual is the so-called “baptism of the bones” of two brothers of St. Prince Vladimir, Yaropolk and Oleg, in 1044. This event is mentioned in “The Book of Degrees of the Royal Genealogy”, where it is accompanied by the detailed commentary, which is either positive or neutral. Such posthumous “baptism” can be compared to the perception of Peter III’s reburial as a posthumous coronation as far as some medieval writings compare a baptism to a coronation with the reference on 1 Peter 2:9. The posthumous fate of Inês de Castro, the beloved of the son of King Alfonso IV of Portugal, could be perceived in the late 18th century as the basis for such perception of the reburial of Peter III. Inês de Castro was killed in the mid-14th century and her fate became the subject of numerous literary works. In Russia information about the exhumation of Inês de Castro’s body and its coronation was included in the notes to the prosaic retelling of Camões’s poem “The Lusiads”, which was published in 1788. Paul I’s concentration on the past, which was manifested in the reburial of Peter III, reflects his conviction in possibility of the symbolic reversal of time through the power of an absolute monarch as far as the emperor funeral honors were addressed not only to the emperor, who had already been buried, but also to the emperor, who had abdicated the throne.

This paper introduces computational narrative analysis and visual recognition algorithms to combine quantitative and qualitative research on film and television adaptations of Chinese and foreign classic literature. The film and television works of literary adaptation of Pride and Prejudice and Dream of the Red Chamber are selected as examples, and through TF-IDF, LDA thematic model and deep learning methods, the plot structure, emotional arc and thematic model of the script and the original are compared to each other, to reveal the law of narrative structure replacement in the adaptation; at the same time, the combination of image features combining the spatial pyramid model and contextually relevant histogram are utilized to construct the work At the same time, the combination of spatial pyramid model and context-dependent histogram image features is used to construct a work style analysis model, and the key frames of the film are identified with typological visual elements. From the results of the study, it can be seen that there are seven themes in Chinese and foreign literary works, the warm tone of film and television works accounted for more than 20%, the cold tone occupies a small portion, the film and television content is dominated by the warm tone, in the emotional fragments of panic and excitement, the sound effects and the background music production are mostly using percussion musical instruments, in the mood of relaxation and sadness, the film and television works of the orchestral musical instruments are more used, the tempo of the camera transition are relatively smooth.

How to maximize the technical potential of artificial intelligence tools under the premise of fully guaranteeing the translator’s subjective status has become the most central and urgent practical issue in the field of contemporary translation studies. This study establishes a systematic theoretical analysis framework, discusses in depth the operation mechanism of human-computer collaborative mode in the translation practice of literary works, and establishes a human-computer collaborative translation quality optimization system with this support. Twenty-four senior undergraduate students were used as research subjects for the translation practice experiment. The results show that the experimental group is significantly better than the control group in all evaluation dimensions, and the comprehensive quality score is improved by 36.8% compared with the control group. The research in this paper not only provides a theoretical basis and empirical data support for translation practice activities in the era of intelligence, but also has very important practical significance for promoting the deep-level reform in the field of translation education and improving the quality of translation personnel training.

Aim . To highlight the phenomenon of “Gothic” features in the historical and literary concepts of V. F. Odoevsky and N. S. Leskov by comparing the Gothic elements of the chronotope in the story “The Salamander” (1841) and the story “The Ghost of the Engineering Castle” (1882); a “strange” (“scary”) house is considered as the said chronotope as a result of the transformation of the image of the “Gothic castle” taking into account the life-like literary strategy of the second half of the 19 th century. Methodology. The analysis presented in this article is based on the principles of historical-genetic and comparative-typological analysis of literary works. The characterization of the text’s key elements, comparable to the traditions of the Gothic novel as a literary-polemic and metatextual phenomenon, is conducted using elements of the structural-semiotic method, as well as elements of cultural semiotics. Results. Stable elements of the Gothic novel’s poetics persisted in individual works of the mid – to late 19 th century, becoming a “second order” historical and literary reality in the context of the new era. For both V. F. Odoevsky and N. S. Leskov, elements of “fear” and narrative intrigue provide a unique structure, shaping the ideological problem of the “meeting” of two principles: the real and the mystical, the present and the past, the energetic and the devoid of it, the rational and the irrational. Thus, the duality of the worldview, genetically rooted in the Gothic genre tradition, made it possible to use this tradition as the subject of artistic interpretation, incorporated into a complex system of dialogue between author and reader, and, in general, realized the movement toward a philosophical and historical understanding of the 18 th century as a distinctive cultural era, significant for the development of historicism within the ideological system of the 19 th century. Research implications. The results of the study can be the basis for considering the historical and literary concept of V. F. Odoevsky and N. S. Leskov in general, as well as studying the concept of literary play, the motifs of the Gothic novel in the literature of the second half of the 19 th century.

The study of Victorian literature is crucial in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of literary works as a medium for criticizing patriarchal social structures. In the context of this study, this is particularly relevant in terms of constructing female identity and roles. Elizabeth Barrett Browning's poem Aurora Leigh has been extensively studied in the context of feminism and gender relations. However, studies of this poem using Mary Wollstonecraft's liberal feminist perspective are relatively limited. This study aims to analyze Aurora's struggle to attain intellectual freedom and independence for women. In addition, this study also discusses her struggle to reject patriarchal norms and traditional gender roles in the Victorian era. This study employs a qualitative descriptive method with close reading techniques. The theoretical framework used in this study is Mary Wollstonecraft's liberal feminism in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792). The results show that Aurora is represented as a rational woman who demands education, freedom of thought, and rejects the institution of marriage that limits her freedom. Aurora's struggle ultimately voices the principles of liberal feminism regarding rationality, education, and women's independence in a patriarchal society.

Abstract - The aim of the present study is to explore cross-cultural reader response through a human intelligence (HI) and artificial intelligence (AI) cognitive-driven approach. The study employs a qualitative textual analysis research method, using a systematic sampling method. Eight participants from different cultural settings were brought together. The study focuses on six selected fictional works (e.g., The Old Curiosity Shop, The Golden Bowl) authored by Charles Dickens and Henry James, adopting the combination of Relevance Theory (RT) and Reader Response Theory (RRT). Findings reveal that human intelligence (HI) and artificial intelligence (AI) cognitive-driven tools facilitate readers’ meaning-making. Additionally, interpreting and appreciating literary works allow readers to enhance their cognitive abilities and how readers grasp the meaning of textual narratives and shape their responses to these texts. Future research could explore how this trend impacts cross-cultural reader response to Dickens’s and James’s works, which would add more depth to the current study. Key Words: artificial intelligence (AI), human intelligence (HI), cross-cultural reader response, Relevance Theory (RT), Reader Response Theory (RRT)

The Gosen wakashū is the second Imperially sponsored collection of waka poetry, compiled some time in the 950s. Research on the collection has been hampered excessive comparisons to its predecessor the Kokinshu, causing it to be viewed as a disorganized, unfinished collection that contains poor poetry. In this article, I show that if we are willing to accept the Gosenshū on its own merits rather than simply comparing it to other anthologies, it is possible to tease out an internal structure of the poem organization that is not chaotic. My analysis in the paper is focused on the three volumes of spring poems, showing that the organization depends on principles other than simply sorting the poems by their dominant seasonal image. I hope that my analysis will encourage others to examine the Imperial collections of waka poetry as literary works in their own right, rather than simply as historical documents.

ABSTRACT This paper explores the theme of loss and the sudden disappearance of Jews from the landscape of the Moroccan society in Chapter XI of Lahcen Benaziza’s the Splendid Life of a Frequent Traveler (2024) (SLFT). Breastmilk siblinghood (Tizdi /ⵜⵉⵣⴷⵉ) is invoked as an aspect of Moroccan culture to foreshadow the shared cultural dynamics of Jewish-Muslim coexistence in Morocco. In this paper, we show how memories and experiences of Moroccan Jews through literary works can shape the perception of the individual and collective identity of Moroccans who had close contact with Moroccan Jews.

The article investigates the pre-modifiers and post-modifiers of three-part noun phrase structures of which the heads are nominalized verbs in Vietnamese and English. 600 Vietnamese and English noun phrase structures from various literary works are used for analysis. The results revealed not only the most and the least popular pre-modifier and post-modifier in the noun phrase structure but also the combination of these modifiers in both languages. The analysis of three-part noun phrase structures enables language users to identify the structure, the components, the word classes easily and to determine the distinctive features of noun phrase structures successfully in both languages. This article plays a theoretical and practical role in Vietnamese and English language research. The findings not only strengthen the theories and suggest future research directions on word classes in languages but also are the scientific basis for recommendations for teaching and learning Vietnamese and English.

Moral values in literary works have become a focus in various previous studies, but discussions that specifically position moral values as a reflection of character formation in the novel Negeri 5 Menara remain limited. This study aims to describe the moral values in the novel Negeri 5 Menara by Ahmad Fuadi and to explain their relationship with the formation of the characters’ personalities. This study employed a qualitative approach with a descriptive design based on literary content analysis. The data source of this study was the novel Negeri 5 Menara, while the research data consisted of narratives, dialogues, and events containing moral values. Data were collected through reading and note-taking techniques and were then analyzed through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, interpretation, and conclusion drawing. The results show that the dominant moral values include religiosity, devotion to parents, independence, discipline, hard work, friendship, sincerity, and responsibility. These values play a role in shaping the characters through family conflict, Islamic boarding school life, and friendship relationships. These findings enrich studies of prose appreciation and character education, particularly in understanding literary works as reflective media for the formation of moral values. The conclusion of the study emphasizes the importance of novels as a medium for literature learning that not only provides aesthetic experience but also instills moral values and character in readers.

The representation of hope in literary works is an important issue because it relates to how texts depict human resilience in facing suffering, limitations, and the uncertainty of life. This study aims to describe the representation of hope in Menunggu Musim Kupu-Kupu by Adi Zamzam through a structural study. This study employed a qualitative approach with a descriptive design based on structural analysis. The data source of this study was the text Menunggu Musim Kupu-Kupu, while the research data consisted of narrative excerpts, dialogues, events, and symbols that represent hope. Data were collected through reading and note-taking techniques and were then analyzed through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, structural interpretation, and conclusion drawing. The results show that hope is represented through the interrelationship of theme, characters and characterization, plot, setting, conflict, symbols, and message. The butterfly symbol becomes the dominant element that represents change, freedom, and the possibility of a new life. These findings contribute to the development of structural studies of Indonesian literature by emphasizing that intrinsic elements not only construct the story but also shape human meaning. The conclusion of the study emphasizes that hope in this work appears as an inner strength to survive and escape from oppressive situations.

Studies on family, poverty, and social inequality in literary works have become a focus in various previous studies. However, research that specifically discusses the normalization of inequality in the representation of family in the novel Dompet Ayah Sepatu Ibu by J.S. Khairen remains limited. This study aims to analyze the representation of family and explain the forms of normalization of social inequality presented through the relationships, sacrifices, and life experiences of the characters. This study employed a qualitative approach with an analytical descriptive method and a sociology of literature design. The data source of this study was the novel Dompet Ayah Sepatu Ibu, while the research data consisted of narratives, dialogues, events, and symbols related to family and social inequality. Data were collected through reading and note-taking techniques and were then analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The results show that family in the novel is represented as a space of affection as well as a space in which social inequality takes place. This inequality appears through economic limitations, the sacrifices of family members, children’s responsibilities, the limited roles of parents, and education as a hope for social mobility. These findings contribute to the development of sociology of literature studies, particularly in understanding the family as a space for the reproduction of social inequality. The conclusion of the study emphasizes that inequality within the family does not always appear as open conflict, but can be normalized through habits, sacrifice, and moral demands in everyday life.

The study of literary works in educational contexts plays an important role in developing students’ analytical and interpretative skills, particularly in understanding intrinsic elements of fiction. However, the selection of appropriate literary texts that align with curriculum demands and students’ characteristics remains a challenge. This research aims to describe the intrinsic elements of the novel Edensor by Andrea Hirata and to analyze its relevance to teaching review texts of fiction for eighth-grade students at SMP Negeri 23 Medan. This study employs a descriptive qualitative method with a structuralism approach, focusing on the analysis of intrinsic elements, including theme, characters and characterization, plot, setting, point of view, language style, and moral message. The primary data source is the novel Edensor, while supporting data were obtained through questionnaires distributed to 63 eighth-grade students. The results show that Edensor contains complete and interconnected intrinsic elements that construct a coherent narrative. The main theme revolves around the struggle to achieve dreams through education, supported by strong character development, a progressive plot, varied settings, first-person point of view, aesthetic language style, and meaningful moral values. Furthermore, the questionnaire results indicate a relevance level of 82.4%, categorized as highly relevant. This suggests that the novel aligns well with the learning objectives of reviewing fiction texts in the Merdeka Curriculum and effectively supports students’ understanding of intrinsic literary elements. In conclusion, Edensor by Andrea Hirata is suitable as an alternative teaching material for learning to review fiction texts in eighth grade, as it meets both theoretical and empirical criteria and aligns with students’ learning needs.