Literature Research Articles

The Conceptual Metaphor of the Wolf in Arabic and English: A Comparative Analysis

This study examines the metaphorical representation of the wolf in Arabic and English, focusing on its depiction in religious texts, proverbs, idiomatic expressions, and literary works. The analysis uncovers shared and culturally specific meanings of the wolf metaphor by drawing on examples from the Quran, the Bible, and various literary and cultural sources. Using Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) and the Great Chain of Being (GCB) framework, this study explores universal themes—such as the wolf’s association with cunning, danger, and deceit—and highlights cultural divergences, including the emphasis on communal vigilance in Arabic traditions versus individuality and resilience in English narratives. This comparative analysis reveals how metaphors reflect cognitive universality while encoding distinct societal values, offering valuable insights into the interplay between language, culture, and cognition.

Analisis Kajian Feminisme dalam Cerpen Pemetik Air Mata Karya Agus Noor

Feminist literary criticism is one of the literary criticisms that seeks to describe and examine women's experiences in various literary works. This study aims to describe women's struggles in facing gender injustice and seeking freedom in a patriarchal society. The main character, who is a woman, shows courage and determination in the face of social norms that limit her role and rights as a female individual. There is this study the author uses a structural approach. The structural approach aims to explain as carefully as possible the functions and relationships between literary works and show the relationship between these elements. The research used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method. The data in this study is in the form of feminist literary criticism in a short story entitled Tear Picker by Agus Noor, which is contained in a collection of short stories by Agus Noor. Conclusion: 1) in a short story Pemetik Air Mata by Agus Noor which tells how women are treated, where lies the self-esteem of a woman who should get a decent life not only limited to satisfying the needs of men. 2) there are three schools of feminism contained in Agus Noor's short story Pemetik Air Mata, namely Social Feminism, Marxist Feminism, and Social Liberal.

The Use of Intertextuality and Allusion: A Transgeneric Study of Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra and Chawqi’s Masraaou Cleopatra

A literary work embodies the traces of other works. It may preserve the characteristics of precedent works or bring forth new images. Many works may converge into the same subject but speak about it differently, each from its ideological, historical and cultural point of view. T.S. Eliot in Tradition and the Individual Talent affirms writers need not write in their ancestor’s skin and be only influenced but also create and add. Shakespeare’s play Antony and Cleopatra and Chawqi’s Masraaou Cleopatra display a lot of convergences but also diverge mainly in the representation of Antony and the description of the Actium Battle. Shakespeare’s depiction of Antony is more detailed while Chawqi’s concern is directed toward Cleopatra. Also, Shakespeare describes the Actium Battle not as a political struggle but as a conflict between two cultures. Jacques Derrida in The Law of Genre defines genre as “a principle of contamination, a law of impurity, a parasitical economy” (3). Derrida celebrates ‘dissemination’ which conveys the multiplicity of genre. The notion of ‘impurity’ reveals an intertextual play of texts, a ‘permutation’ of texts. In “The Bounded Text” Julia Kristeva views text “a permutation of texts, an intertextuality in the space of a given text” in which “several utterances taken from other texts, intersect and neutralize one another” (56). Gerard Genette beholds literary works as ‘articulations.’ “In Structuralism and Literary Criticism” he states that literary critic “creates a structure out of a previous structure by rearranging elements which are already arranged within the objects of his or her study”(83). Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra is definitely a tragedy from a generic point of view, but strokes of epic are embedded within tragedy. This is an evidence of Derrida’s ‘anomaly’ or ‘contamination’ and a justification of genre instability and multiplicity. Intertextuality is not only depicted through Shakespeare’s influence by Plutarch but also through Chawqi’s attempt to fill the gaps of Shakespeare’s representation. Chawqi rewrites the story of Antony and Cleopatra emphasizing the epic aspect more than the tragic. There is a crossing of boundaries in both plays. Through this presentation, I intend to show that the two plays combine multiple genres such as the tragic and the epic, and highlight the use of intertextuality and allusion

Образ «татар» в письменных источниках Древней Руси и государств «христианского мира»

Research objectives: To identify the main features of the image of the “Tatars” reflected in the narrative sources of Old Russia and other Christian states. Research materials: A body of Russian chronicle sources, historical and literary works of Old Russia (“The Teaching of St. Serapion”, “Zadonshchina”), “The Story of Mikhail and Andronik Palaiologos” by George Pachymeres, the Georgian chronograph “Zhamta agmtsereli”, “The History of the Nation of Archers” by the monk, Magakia, “The History of Armenia” by Kirakos Gandzaketsi, “Epistle to the Sorrowful Lament about the Destruction of the Hungarian Kingdom by the Tatars” by Master Roger, and “The Great Chronicle” (Chronica Maiora) by Matthew Paris. Results and novelty of the research: Based on the comparative use of Russian, Caucasian, and European sources, the authors come to the conclusion that the image of the “Tatars” presented in Russian written sources combines both the characteristics of the Eastern conquerors common to the Christian cultural and historical narrative, and a number of differences. The general features include the correlation of the “Tatars”, at the initial stages of their military expansion, with the peoples of the “End Times” or the idea of them as a “scourge of God” sent as punishment for the sins of Christians. A specific feature of the image of the “Tatars” contained in Russian chronicles is the almost complete lack of information about their appearance, everyday culture, and military skills.

Exploring Quranic Narrative Styles Using Interpersonal Mood Analysis Based on a Passage From Nuh Story

This study employs interpersonal mood analysis to investigate the narrative styles utilized in translating Nuh's brief stories in Surah Al-Araf (Chapter Seven). This study examines the complex narrative techniques utilized in the Quran, concentrating on a particular passage from the story of Noah (Nuh). This study seeks to cast light on the interpersonal mood, a fundamental component of linguistic analysis, within the narrative structure of the Quran. The use of SFL as a methodological and analytic framework explores how the Quran uses language to convey interpersonal meaning, specifically in the context of the story of Nuh. Translating literary works entails conveying the original narrative style in the target language while preserving its essence. The qualitative content analysis is conducted on a sample of the translated texts of Prophet Nuh's short story by Saheeh International, with a focus on mood selection and the functional value of the language employed in the translations, as well as how the selected moods contribute to the overall narrative style and interpretation of the text. This analysis assists in comprehending how narrative style expresses their attitudes, intentions, and emotions via language. The findings of this study contribute to a greater comprehension of the Quranic narrative style by emphasizing the significance of interpersonal mood analysis as a method for deciphering the nuances of its storytelling techniques. This research not only enriches the field of Quranic linguistics but also offers valuable insights into the broader study of narrative discourse, nurturing a greater appreciation for the literary and communicative dimensions of religious texts.

The theme of a poet and poetry in the texts by Veronika Dolina

The article analyses the poetry by Veronika Dolina, a contemporary Russian singer-songwriter. The most significant factors that have shaped the new quality of Dolina’s songwriting are: the Russo-Ukrainian war, propaganda and censorship intensification, and the emigration of individuals with whom she has close familial and cultural ties. In this context, the themes that have already become traditional for Dolina’s work receive a new connotation. One of the central themes in her texts is the theme of a poet. This article focuses on the theme of a poet, which is realized in Dolina’s poetry in three variants: 1) a poet’s responsibility for what is happening in the country; 2) a poet as an atoning sacrifice; 3) a poet as a prophet. These variants are subsequently analyzed within the context of Dolina’s more recent literary works.

THE ROLE OF ARTISTIC TIME AND SPACE IN LITERARY NARRATIVES: A CRITICAL EXPLORATION OF CHRONOTOPES

The relevance of the research lies in the fact that artistic time and artistic space are two of the most important literary categories that provide a complete perception of the picture of the world created by the author. This is because not a single work of art can exist in a vacuum. The work examines the theoretical framework and categorization of space and time, emphasizing their application and expression within literary texts. The study extends beyond existing descriptive analyses by critically evaluating the synthesis of space and time as central to narrative construction. The methodological approach combines structural-semantic analysis, comparative evaluation, empirical observation, and conceptual frameworks to provide a comprehensive understanding of these literary categories. This analysis identifies artistic time and space as pivotal elements that transcend their function as narrative tools, asserting their role as dynamic constructs that shape the conceptual and structural integrity of literary works. By exploring the chronotope – a synthesis of these categories – this study advances the understanding of how spatio-temporal dimensions underpin narrative progression and thematic coherence. The spatio-temporal category has several values and a specific purpose, which highlights its unique function in categorising artistic imagery. Time and space, as textual categories, are structured by the mechanisms of interpreting reality, acting as a component of the message and the formation of a literary concept. Lexemes become indicators of conceptually significant information, which allows them to become a substrate of textual meaning. The study concludes that a deeper understanding of content and structure can be achieved by incorporating knowledge of creative time and place, which greatly broadens the scope of literary analysis.

The Historical Relation between the Zionist Movement and Modern Hebrew Literary Writings: An Analytical Critical Study

Literary works can be insightful historical sources for investigating the emergence of the Zionist movement because they play a principal role in conveying the historical narrative during the time of historical events. This study highlights the harmonious relationship between the Zionist movement and modern Hebrew literature, which historians and writers consider as a historical source for its establishment. The analysis shows that the Zionist movement succeeded in implementing its ideological plans in Palestine through strong support from Jewish writers and poets who promoted its formation by writing stories, novels, and poetry in the process of convincing the Jews in the diaspora to immigrate to Palestine. The study also reveals that literary Zionism used both Hebrew literary and historical writings to achieve its ideological goals. It used literature as a real means of persuasion for the Jewish people in different parts of the world to promote its political ideas of achieving the Zionist dream of establishing a national homeland for the Jews in Palestine. The importance of this study lies in its reliance on modern Hebrew literary writings and sources in drawing this historical harmonious relationship between national Zionist thought and literary Zionism. The study concludes that Hebrew literary works and writings have played an important role in revealing the Zionist ideology in its various directions.

Manifestation of Closed Place in Hamid Mahmood Ibrahim al-Hijri’s Novels: Literary Analysis

Place is one of the keys to the reading strategy of critical discourse. It is one of the main axes around which literary theory in general and the novel in particular revolve. However, it has only recently been studied in Arabic criticism, despite its constant and effective presence in literary works in general. Place in the novel varies according to the form, size, space, and the function it performs, some of which are narrow and closed, while others are open and wide, they are forms of reality that have been transferred to the novel and have become one of its basic elements, as it interacts with the characters within the novel and helps to form them intellectually, psychologically, and emotionally. The research aims to reveal the manifestations of the closed place in the four studied novels of Al-Hijri to identify its characteristics, creative process, and impact on the characters' movements, feelings, and emotions. The research is limited to the closed place and not the open place for the artistic signs that characterize this type of place in the studied novels to give another opportunity to study open places. This research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach and uses the views of Russian formalists in the study of the novels. The findings of the study showed that closed places in the studied novels emerged in both optional and forced forms. In the optional closed place, the movement and movement of the character is reduced with some social violence as in the room, the house, the car, and the airplane. As for the forced confinement, the character is forced and prevented from the outside world completely, and feels distress, torment, sadness, and pain from the monitored party, such as the prison and the hospital. The research revealed that the place in the novels was strongly linked to the character, as it made a strong contribution to drawing its dimensions participated in the activation of events, and also worked to interpret the behavior of the character.

The Javanese Mysticism of Poet Yasadipura as a Means to Achieve World Peace

<p>This article explores the mystical philosophy of Javanese poet Kyai Yasadipura and its relevance as a cultural foundation for achieving world peace. The study aims to examine how Javanese mystical values, as expressed in Yasadipura’s literary works, can offer ethical and spiritual insights for contemporary global challenges. Using a hermeneutic qualitative method, this research interprets selected classical texts by Yasadipura through the lens of Javanese theological philosophy, focusing on symbolic expressions, ethical teachings, and metaphysical perspectives rooted in Javanese mysticism (<em>kebatinan</em>). The findings reveal that Yasadipura’s mysticism emphasizes inner harmony (<em>rasa sejati</em>), humility (<em>andap asor</em>), balance between the material and the spiritual (<em>lahir–batin</em>), and unity with the divine (<em>manunggaling kawula lan Gusti</em>). These concepts are not only spiritually profound but also culturally transformative, reflecting a worldview that prioritizes peace through personal enlightenment and collective moral awakening. This study contributes to cultural studies by positioning Javanese mysticism as a viable philosophical framework for global peace education. It also enriches discourses in Javanese Sufism, showing how local Islamic-Javanese synthesis in literature carries universal ethical values. Furthermore, the article offers insights into character education, suggesting that ancestral wisdom, when reinterpreted, can guide the formation of peaceful, empathetic, and spiritually aware individuals in the global era. Yasadipura’s mysticism affirms that cultural heritage can be a powerful tool to promote harmony—not only among individuals, but also across civilizations.</p>

Mariia Moklytsia’s communicative theory as a method of analysis of modern literary work

The subject of the study is the philosophical, psychological, and aesthetic features of the author’s method of the scholar and writer Mariia Moklytsia, which was first used in the process of analysis and then in her own creation of modern literature. The basis of the research at the first level is also the academic works of the subject of the study, the author of “Modernism as Structure. Philosophy. Psychology. Poetics” (1998, 2002), “Fundamentals of Literary Studies” (2002), “Introduction to Literary Studies” (2011), “Aesthetics of Lesia Ukrainka” (2011), “Allegorical Code of Literature” (2017), “Modernism in Ukrainian Literature of the 20th Century” (2017), monograph “Lesia Ukrainka. Deconstruction of Readings” (2022), etc. At the next level (a cradle for M. Moklytsia herself), there are the works of the founder of analytical psychology Carl Gustav Jung (“Analytical Psychology”, “On the Relation of Analytical Psychology to Works of Fiction”, “Synchronicity”, “Psychological Types”, “Psychology and Alchemy”). The purpose of the study is to comprehensively study the literary and artistic works of Mariia Moklytsia in the context of her own inventions and innovations (with a strong emphasis on controversial issues). A review of the resources of scientometric databases allows us to state that the novelty of the study is determined by the subject (the scientist’s work) and the comprehensive approach taken in studying it. The study uses general scientific methods, as well as methods of analytical psychology. As a result of the study, it was found that at the origins of Mariia Moklytsia’s scientific and artistic activity, she developed from a detailed study of the properties of artistic means to their use as markers of a certain type of fiction writers and the direction and style of their work. In the end, it came down to reflection: the implementation of the coined concepts in her creative writing. In our opinion, the invisible goal of all these ‘experiments’ is the search for the Self (individuation), and the process resulted in the structuring and deconstruction of the achievements of the creators of modernism (in the manifestation of dominant literary trends, methods, and styles). Anthropological philosophy and analytical psychology (mainly in the interpretation of Carl Gustav Jung) became a guiding light on the path of her relentless search.

Cinematic Reflections on the Partition of India: Analyzing Historical Trauma and Human Experience in Hindi Cinema

Abstract: Cinema can serve as a novel means of comprehending and enhancing archival history, offering a fresh perspective on diverse historical events. Despite its role as a significant kind of entertainment, cinema also serves as a valuable medium for acquiring information, education and insight into many situations in our technologically advanced society. The Radcliffe line, which divided the Indian subcontinent based on religious lines, resulted in the creation of two new nations; Hindustan and Pakistan, and triggered a devastating humanitarian crisis. The depiction of the agony of Partition in many Hindi films vividly conveys the extent of the misery inflicted by it beyond the explanatory power of statistical statistics. The themes of communal animosity and aggression, the anguish of homelessness and lack of shelter, the feeling of bereavement, widespread human slaughter, coerced migrations, economic destitution, problems of uprooting and displacement as refugees and the complexities surrounding sexuality and gender dynamics have been effectively depicted in various Hindi films, theatrical productions and literary works.

Paddington Bear, Peru's Cultural Ambassador to the World? A Reflection on Cultural Diplomacy and Soft Power in the Digital Age

Following the release of the film Paddington in Peru, various embassies, consulates, and cultural promotion agencies have carried out in-person and digital initiatives to highlight the character’s origins and their connection to Peru’s rich cultural heritage.Within the theoretical framework of public diplomacy, the article analyzes the various diplomatic initiatives that have helped to establish this character as a soft power tool to project a positive image of Peru and contribute to a favorable narrative about the Peruvian migrant population abroad, particularly in the United Kingdom.To this end, the concepts of public diplomacy and soft power will be examined in relation to fictional characters and the construction of national narratives developed by different countries. This analysis will provide a conceptual basis for understanding the case of Paddington Bear, his connection to Peru, and the image of Peruvians abroad.The character will be examined as a Peruvian cultural symbol, highlighting the elements that link him to this country through various advertising campaigns, literary works, and films. Furthermore, the article will reflect on the positive narrative about Peruvians abroad that can be shaped through the image Paddington projects. It will also discuss the cultural diplomacy strategies that have been implemented, along with potential digital actions such as the creation of social media content and the recreation of Paddington Bear in various locations throughout Peru.Paddington Bear symbolizes a shared narrative between Peru and the United Kingdom and constitutes a strategic asset that can be replicated within cultural diplomacy policies, particularly in a global context where emotions and symbols define new forms of influence.

Visual Symbols: The Intertextual Core of the Film "30,000 Miles of Chang'an" from the Perspective of Deconstructionism

As an audio-visual art, the visual symbols presented in the film have always been the focus of research and attention. In addition to discussing the details of the visual presentation of the film itself, it is more important to interpret and explain the cultural expression contained in the visual symbols. In the new era and new context, the Silk Road culture has been vigorously promoted and publicized, and many excellent literary and artistic works have been produced. "Chang'an" is one of the representative works. Based on the visual symbols presented in the film "Chang'an", this paper will analyze the intertextual connotations hidden behind it from the perspective of deconstructionism, and explain the value expression of the overall Silk Road culture.

СТРУКТУРАЛИЗМ КАК МЕТОД ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ПРОЗЫ И ДРАМАТУРГИИ А.П.ЧЕХОВА

The article contains an exposition of the main provisions of the literary method of analyzing a literary text as structuralism. It allows you to find out the features of the artistic style of the author of the work through its composition, plot, linguistic originality and other specific features. The essence of the structural method is described by A.I.Ivanov, who refers to it as "hermetically forgotten education from outside invasions" that does not take into account the external connections of the literary text. L.M. Krupchanov considers immanence important in the structural analysis of a literary work, drawing the attention of researchers to study the object as a "closed system, without any context." At the same time, the literary theorist advises to perceive an artistic work as a phenomenon. In the proposed article, the authors consider the principles and methods of analyzing the literary text of A.P.Chekhov's prose and drama from the perspective of structuralism. Special attention is paid to the semantic openness of A.P.Chekhov's prose, which is manifested in her poetics. The analysis also includes the study of artistic details such as the fragmentary nature of the presented reality, the rejection of the dominant author's position, the unfinished ending, and the enumeration of third-rate inactive characters. Modern researcher A. Zakharyan calls such artistic features in the style of Anton Chekhov "immersion in the process of narration", "throwing the action far ahead". The use of such a "technology" in constructing the poetics of a work of art gives the author the opportunity to create its deep meanings.

SILENCE-A FABLE: GOTHIC AS WORLDVIEW

This study aims to illuminate the gothic in the Romantic era through Edgar Allan Poe's A Fable. It seeks to answer the question: How does gothic express the worldview in Edgar Allan Poe's A Fable? This study employs the theory of genetic structuralism of Lucien Goldmann, who views literary works as a reflection of scholarly works, including their interrelationship with the social environment, which is the response of the collective subject (trans-individual subject). It occurs due to the shared taste and thought between authors as literary writers and readers in understanding literature as a human factor. The study's significant findings reveal that Gothic in Edgar Allan Poe's A Fable critiques the upheaval stemming from the Enlightenment era, leading to environmental degradation. It is depicted in prose narratives that mention a specific location, the Libyan region, which borders the Zaire River. The river is tainted by saffron. The title of this prose, Silence-A Fable, perfectly captures the silence of the environment, yet it also conveys a sense of restlessness, loneliness, solitude, mystery, tension, and horror. These features collectively embody the essence of the Gothic genre.

Le Traducteur, Re-créateur du Texte Littéraire

This study explores the creative dimension of literary translation by examining how translators move beyond mere stylistic reformulation to engage in a profound reinterpretation of the source text. The central research question addresses the following: to what extent does literary translation constitute a re-creative act, and how can the translator preserve the essence of the source text while introducing interpretative agency? Anchored in a translation studies framework, the paper proposes that translation, particularly of poetic texts, demands not only linguistic competence but also cognitive flexibility, aesthetic sensitivity, and interpretative insight. To investigate this hypothesis, the study adopts a qualitative, text-based methodology, grounded in close reading and comparative textual analysis. The object of analysis is Conte, a prose poem by French poet Arthur Rimbaud, selected for its richness in rhythm, imagery, and tonal ambiguity. The study examines the interplay between source and target texts by identifying moments of semantic density, phonetic patterning, and rhetorical complexity. Particular attention is paid to how the translator interprets and reconfigures these features in the target language, thus enacting a form of literary re-creation. The findings show that the translator’s engagement with the text is not limited to a passive transfer of meaning but involves a dynamic process of appropriation, reformulation, and stylistic negotiation. The act of translation becomes a site of co-authorship, where the translator’s reading is filtered through personal impressions, intertextual references, and cultural knowledge. Each translation choice reflects a balance between fidelity and transformation, positioning the translator as both reader and creator. This study argues for a reconceptualization of the translator’s role, challenging traditional models of translation as interlingual equivalence. Instead, it posits a model in which the translator functions as a re-creator, responsible for generating a target text that resonates with the original while asserting its own artistic legitimacy. The case of Conte reveals that creative translation is not a deviation from fidelity, but a mode of textual engagement that brings new life to literary works across linguistic boundaries.

Trabalho, experiência e testemunho: Por que um(a) trabalhador(a) decide escrever literatura?

It is unusual for workers to dedicate time to writing literature. Nonetheless, this study mapped a set of books written by workers: housekeepers, sanitation workers and textile workers. These books were examined to identify what might have led these workers to write. The results suggest that the world of labor and life experiences guide these literary works, and the notion of testimony is the most appropriate foundation for thinking about them. Fictional instances are present in the description of facts or choices made, but the heart of the works dwells on the reflection on one’s own trajectory, on the meaning of writing, which, in the world experienced by the writers, did not seem to have any meaning. Literature, thus, appears as an alternative to a life of restrictions and violence, in search of a possible way out.

Beyond Stereotype: A Critical Study of Arab Representation in Western and American Literary Works

This study undertook a critical analysis of the representation of Arabs in Western and American literature, tracing the historical roots of these representations and examining how they have been shaped by geopolitical events, colonial encounters, and Orientalist discourses. This study endeavored to deconstruct the intricate dynamics between literature and cultural narratives, providing an in-depth examination of how literary representations intersect with and influence societal attitudes towards the Arab world. This study interrogated the complex and often fraught depiction of Arabs in Western and American literary works, exposing a pervasive paradigm of stereotypes, biases, and fleeting moments of nuance that have historically shaped the literary landscape of Arab characters and settings. This study conducted a critical examination of the insidious representations of Arabs in Western and American literature, which relentlessly perpetuate dehumanizing stereotypes, reinforcing the entrenched hegemony of Western dominance over Arab cultures. These portrayals, which crudely caricature Arabs as exoticized 'others', menacing villains, marginalized and outcasts individuals, subjugated victims, and terrorists, serve as a pernicious tool for perpetuating colonialist attitudes, silencing Arab voices, and entrenching dominant Western narratives. Through a critical lens, this study laid bare the cultural misconceptions, biases, and Orientalist fantasies that underpin these representations, exposing the profound impact of these stereotypes on the Arab-Western power dynamic. This study not only recognized the persistence of stereotypical representations but also uncovered alternative narratives and more subtle portrayals that subvert dominant stereotypes, presenting intricate and multidimensional views of Arab individuals and cultures. The study underscored the transformative impact of Arab writers in English and Arabic, who have courageously reconfigured Arab identity and experience, dismantling dominant discourses and contesting deeply ingrained literary stereotypes. Ultimately, this study contributed to the ongoing discussion on representation, cultural identity, and Arab experiences, offering a nuanced understanding of the complex dynamics between literature, culture, and power.

Examining Quality and Quantity of Literary Works Based on Indonesian Government's Literary Development Policy

Literary works are the identity of a nation, including Indonesian literary works. Indonesia, with its diverse culture, has created many literary works that are already global, and are born from regional writers and progressively become widespread in the world of literature. This article examines how the effects of Indonesian government’s literary development influence the quality and quantity of literary works. Through qualitative method, this paper analyzes that the government’s policy plays an important role because it contains plans that are arranged and realized by the experts for the important benefit of society. It may also improve the quality and quantity of literary works from authors’ and publishers’ sides. In conclusion, such policy should be pushed forward to build an awareness of the cultural forms and to preserve Indonesian culture to the international scope.