Literature In Turkey Research Articles

РОССИЙСКО-ТУРЕЦКОЕ КУЛЬТУРНОЕ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВО КАК ВАЖНАЯ СФЕРА СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКОГО ПАРТНЕРСТВА МОСКВЫ И АНКАРЫ В 2000-2015 ГГ.

The article deals with the development of Russian-Turkish cultural contacts in 2000–2015. The author draws attention to the fact that during the period cultural relations between Russia and Turkey, along with political and economic relations, reached the level of strategic partnership. It was manifested, in particular, in the fact that the role of the Ministries of Culture and embassies in the implementation of joint cultural projects increased, cultural issues were increasingly brought to the international level due to the participation of both countries in international organizations and global cultural projects (for example, the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations). Language policy became more active: in Russia, the issue of organizing the study of Russian language and literature in Turkey began to be raised, and the process became more systematic – various language courses at the embassy and educational institutions, created and controlled by the Embassy of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Turkey, appeared. In turn, the Republic of Turkey was able to legalize its educational institutions and cultural centers in Russia. In describing the cultural interaction between the two countries, however, the author draws attention to the fact that cultural relations depend on political relations and instability in politics often negatively affects cultural cooperation, slowing it down or even nullifying important endeavors. A clear example of it was the political crisis in Russian-Turkish relations at the end of 2015, when all cultural projects implemented and planned by the two states were curtailed and frozen in a short period of time.

Enhancing EFL students' speaking confidence: The role of explicit communication strategy training

One of the most challenging aspects of being an EFL teacher is coping with reticent students who are largely unwilling to communicate. This mixed-methods single case study, conducted with volunteer preparatory class students experiencing speaking anxiety at a Department of English Language and Literature in Turkey, aims to determine whether explicit training in communication strategies alleviates English-major students' speaking anxiety. The study employs a pre-posttest experimental research design and combines qualitative and quantitative research methods. Both verbal and numerical data indicate that the students' use of communication strategies, language production, and classroom participation are relatively higher compared to their levels before the strategy training. The results suggest that strategy training can effectively reduce EFL speaking anxiety among students. Accordingly, the study provides valuable insights for educators, practitioners, and program designers aiming to enhance students' oral communication skills in EFL settings.

Multilingual issues in the translation of Jack Kerouac’s Satori in Paris into Turkish

The present study focuses on the Turkish translation of Jack Kerouac’s Satori in Paris to discuss translation strategies for multilingual elements in the work and their impact on the representation of Kerouac’s bilingual identity and connection to the Beat generation in Turkish. It benefits from Grutman’s (1998) definition of literary multilingualism and Corrius and Zabalbeascoa’s (2011) third language model (L3) to analyze translated multilingual segments in three categories: (1) Kerouac’s translation of French into English, (2) Kerouac’s translation of English into French, and (3) slang and puns with a mixture of English and French. The findings indicate that multilingual segments in Kerouac’s work were mostly transferred to the target text through repeating and/or adapting, while a small portion of them was lost in the translation process due to various linguistic constraints among English, French and Turkish. The translator’s tendency to maintain an overwhelming percentage of multilingual segments in Turkish text can be associated with the respectable status of American literature in Turkey and historical significance of French as a dominant source language in literary translations since the 1930s.

A Qualitative Analysis of Articles on Digitalization in Communication Literature in Turkey

Dijitalleşme son yıllarda toplumsal hayatın hemen her alanını kapsayan bir niteliğe bürünmüştür. Bu durum beraberinde dijitalleşme üzerine yapılan akademik çalışmaların sayısının artışını getirmektedir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’deki iletişim literatüründe dijitalleşmeye ilişkin yapılan akademik çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Çalışma 2017-2021 yılları arasında Türkiye’de yayınlanan 44 iletişim dergisinde dijitalleşme üzerine yazılmış 283 makaleyi ele almaktadır. Çalışmada nitel araştırma deseni kullanılmış, veriler arşiv taraması ile elde edilmiş, elde edilen verilere içerik analizi uygulanmıştır. Makalelerin yıllara göre, yayın diline göre, araştırma teorilerine göre, konularına göre, kullanılan yöntemlerine göre dağılımları tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca makale yazarlarının unvanları, cinsiyetleri ve yazar sayılarının yanı sıra, görev yapmakta oldukları üniversiteler ve bağlı bulundukları bölümlerine göre dağılımları incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonunda incelenen makalelerden Türkiye’de en çok dijital oyun konusunda makale yazıldığı, en fazla nitel yöntemin kullanıldığı ve teori olarak ana akım iletişim araştırmalarının tercih edildiği görülmüştür. Ayrıca 2021 yılında dijitalleşme üzerine yapılan çalışmaların anlamlı şekilde arttığı, çalışmaların daha çok genç akademisyenler tarafından gerçekleştirildiği ve dijitalleşmeye ilişkin çalışmaların ağırlıklı olarak iletişim fakültelerinde yapıldığı sonuçlarına da ulaşılmıştır.

Bibliometrics and Visual Analysis of the Research Status and Trends of Breastfeeding in Turkey.

The long- and short-term benefits of breastfeeding for mothers and infants are known, and the number of studies on this subject is increasing daily. This study aimed to reveal current research trends, hotspots, and future frontiers in research on breastfeeding in Turkey. The most productive institutions, influential authors, the journals with the most publications by the authors, core research teams, and keywords in Turkey in the field of breastfeeding were analyzed using bibliometric methods. Additionally, breastfeeding-related articles published in the Web of Science Core Collection between 1980 and 2022 were scanned. The collected data were analyzed with the R Bibliometrix package program and VOSviewer. It was determined that research on breastfeeding has accelerated since 2004, and the number of citations has increased with the number of publications. The fields of most produc- tive writers in the area were found as social pediatrics, and the most influential institutions were İstanbul University and Hacettepe University. It was determined that there was no specializa- tion in research on breastfeeding among authors distributed based on their productivity. The results also revealed the most influential articles and journals. The word analysis revealed that the breastfeeding literature in Turkey is sensitive to current developments, whereas the current status of breastfeeding, the factors affecting breastfeeding, and the effects of breastfeeding are the top areas of research. It was observed that maternal attachment and coronavirus dis- ease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic-related issues have been studied more in recent years. This bibliometric analysis contributes to understanding the current status and development of breastfeeding research in Turkey.

Determining the dominant understandings in security science literature in Turkey: A bibliometric analysis on the journal of security science

The development of a scientific discipline is closely related to the quantity and quality of research conducted within that discipline. Therefore, examining the studies published in a particular field is crucial for evaluating and understanding its development. While there are numerous national and international studies that assess the quality and quantity of research in various disciplines, no such study has been found specifically for the field of security science.This study aims to determine the subjects, approaches, and methods used in research within the field of security science. By analyzing 129 articles published in the Journal of Security Sciences between 2012 and 2021, the study seeks to provide insights and recommendations for the advancement of research in this field. The articles were subjected to bibliometric analysis, considering various criteria such as research objectives, methods, topics, and theoretical foundations. The contributions of these studies to the development of the discipline were evaluated.Based on the analysis of these articles, it is evident that methodological aspects of studies in this field are still in the early stages. The most significant deficiency identified is the lack of practical research in the analyzed articles. Conducting empirical studies is deemed essential for the advancement of security science. Consequently, several suggestions are proposed for future research. Moreover, an evaluation is provided as a foundation for future studies in the field of security science.

The Establishing of the First Bulgarian Language аnd Literature Academic Department in Turkey

Russian Language and Literature is among the first foreign philologies established in the officially opened in 1935 Faculty of Languages, History and Geography in Ankara. In 1962 Bulgarian language began to be taught at the Language School of the Land Forces in Istanbul. The forced change of the names of the Turks in Bulgaria in 1984-1985, which caused a deterioration in bilateral relations, delayed the establishment of the planned bachelor's program in Bulgarian language and literature in the early 1980s. Thus, Polish Language and Literature (1987/1988) overtook Bulgarian studies and became the second philological specialty of the Slavic languages, opened at the University of Ankara. 1991 is the birth date of the academic department university specialty Bulgarian language and literature in Turkey, when the first group of students was admitted. For 32 years, it went through various stages of development or stagnation, but retained its status as a specialty. This article aims to present her previously unexplored and unknown history.

Azerbaijani literature in Ahmed Kabakli’s researches

In the article is provided detailed information about the difficulties that Ahmed Kabakli, well-known literary scholar of Turkey in the 20th century, faced in compiling materials on Azerbaijani literature, as well as in studying and presenting them to the Turkish scientific community. It is noted that the materials related to Azerbaijani literature are covered extensively in 4 volumes of the 5-volume book “Turkish Literature”. It is clear from the article that Ahmed Shemide from Turkish origin living in Germany played an invaluable role in delivering the materials about Azerbaijani literature to Ahmed Kabakli. He sent the materials posted to Germany by the prominent scholar from Baku, Abbas Zamanov and People’s Poet Bakhtiyar Vahabzade to the Turkey – Ahmed Kabakli on his own behalf. Thus Ahmed Kabakli was one of the prominent scholars who obtained and read on Azerbaijani literature in Turkey in the 20th century and then researched and popularized it. In the article is especially emphasized that the conveying the full text of the poems “Azerbaijan is a jugular in my heart” and “The longing for Karabakh” by Turkish poet from Azerbaijan origin – Yavuz Bulent Bakiler to the readers in the book “Turkish Literature” completes the theme of Azerbaijan in this multivolume.

A bibliometric analysis of postgraduate theses on bilingualism covering the preschool period in Turkey

Preschool education describes the education process of the child until primary school, and it is also within the scope of child bilingualism. This study examined the studies on bilingualism covering the preschool period in Turkey. The main statement of this study is that related postgraduate theses in different disciplines investigating the issue of bilingualism covering the preschool period are insufficient in the national literature in Turkey. This study aimed to analyze postgraduate theses between 2003 and 2022 registered in the Turkish Higher Education Institution (YÖK) database and to break down different variables. The main findings are that bilingualism studies are mostly concentrated on master's theses, they are not the subject of doctoral theses. Furthermore, education- and teaching-oriented theses are at the forefront and should be handled together with other disciplines. The model of the study is a qualitative case study, and the data of the study were obtained from theses on the website of YÖK. In the analysis of the data, the bibliometric technique is used, and statistics about the subject are created.

Renewable Energy Literature in Turkey: Mapping Analysis of the Field and Future Study Suggestions on Overlooked Issues

The fact that the fossil-based energy sources used until today are in danger of being depleted very shortly, the rapid increase in energy prices in the world, and the environmental problems that emerged, made it necessary for all humanity and our country to turn to renewable clean energy sources. Studies aiming to encourage and facilitate the transition of producers and consumers to renewable energy sources have made significant contributions to the literature. In this study, published articles on renewable energy sources in Turkey were analysed and academic studies on the subject were systematically organized with a holistic perspective. The bibliometric and thematic analysis of 7161 studies on renewable energy resources and 603 studies, in which the evaluation of renewable energy sources from a social standpoint is conducted and published in the Web of Science database from Turkey reveals the citation network of international and national co-authors. The thematic analysis makes it possible to draw attention to overlooked issues by allowing us to identify the focus of academic activities on renewable energy sources. Therefore, the results of the study can provide an interdisciplinary and research-oriented perspective on renewable energy sources. Focusing on green energy from a social perspective can be beneficial in terms of increasing awareness and accelerating the adoption process.

Natural Swimming Pools: Design and Implementation Principles

While natural (biological) swimming pools have started to become widespread around the world, particularly in European countries, it is a new development that has recently come to attention and practiced in Turkey. For this reason, scientific studies are mostly carried out in USA and Europe, which take into account the climate conditions and vegetation of those regions. The technology used in natural swimming pools is also quite diverse and has been privatized through private firms in practice. The objective of this research is to identify the principles to be considered with the design and implementation of natural swimming pools, based on both scientific research and experience gained from implementation in Turkey. In this research, in addition to the literature review, face-to-face interviews were conducted with companies that implement natural swimming pools in Istanbul. The initial results of the research presented here can both guide local practices and contribute to the limited scientific literature in Turkey.

30 Years of Geographic Information Systems Studies in Turkey: A Bibliometric Analysis

Today, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are widely used in many fields, especially in the field of geography. GIS, which provides data storage, digitization, querying and reporting in computer environment, has become an effective tool in recent years thanks to various software and hardware. Although there is a trend increase in GIS studies in the world, no analysis has been made about the literature in Turkey. The aim of this study is to determine which concepts are studied on GIS in Turkey, how the change takes place over the years, and which concepts are the future trends. For this purpose, publications with 'GIS' in the title, keyword and abstract were scanned in the Scopus database. From 1990, which was the first publication, to 2020, 1325 articles were found among the researchers from Turkey (17.10.2022). The obtained data were analysed bibliometrically with the VOSviewer program. According to the results of the research, the most prominent concepts in the GIS literature in Turkey are concepts such as remote sensing, land use, landslide, slope, forest. Concepts such as Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), network analysis, urban planning, climate change and multi-criteria decision-making analysis are the most studied concepts in recent years. It has been determined that the most cited studies are in the field of geology. While on the basis of countries the most cooperation is made with the USA, England, Germany and Iran, countries such as Netherlands, Sweden and China have been identified as prominent collaborations in recent years. Finally, when the collaborations between the researchers were examined on an individual basis, it was determined that the individual relationship networks were weak and the researchers conducted partnerships with the same researchers in a limited environment.

The Distribution of Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factors (CNF-1, CNF-2, CNF-3) and Cytolethal Distending Toxins (CDT-1, CDT-2, CDT-3, CDT-4) in Escherichia coli Isolates Isolated from Extraintestinal Infections and the Determination of their Phylogenetic Relationship by PFGE.

Diagnostic markers of extraintestinal infection in Escherichia coli (E. coli) remain unclear in the literature. Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) is differentiated from other E. coli isolates in terms of virulence factors, such as host cell adhesion, invasion, cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF (cnf1-cnf3)) and cytolethal distending toxin (CDT (cdt1-cdt4) that are responsible for cell death. We aimed to investigate the frequency of CNF-CDT and the relationship between the clinical diagnosis and genotypes in E. coli isolates with different clinical origins. A total of 646 E. coli isolates (obtained from 645 patients) isolated from different infection sites other than the intestine were evaluated in aspects of the CNF, CDT virulence genes, phylogenetic grouping, and phylogenetic relationship by using PCR and PFGE. At least one virulence gene was present in 156 (24%) of the 646 ExPEC isolates. We detected cnf1, cnf2, and cnf3, in 78, 12, and 20 ExPEC isolates, respectively. Also, cdt1, cdt2, cdt3, and cdt4 genes were present in 20, 4, 4, and 4 isolates, respectively. Some isolates harbored more than one gene, being cnf1-cnf3 (n = 6), cnf1-cdt1 (n = 4), and cdt1-cdt4 (n = 4). These 156 isolates were distributed into 106 large clusters by PFGE. Virulent ExPEC is primarily related to groups B2 (60%) and D (32%). To our knowledge, this study demonstrated the presence of cnf2, cnf3, cdt1, cdt2, cdt3, and cdt4 genes for the first time in the literature for Turkey. The widespread presence of the CNF gene in E. coli helps distinguish ExPEC from commensal isolates.

Mapping Research on Social Studies Education in Turkey: A Bibliometric Review

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the social studies education literature in Turkey through systematic bibliometric analysis. The science mapping method was employed to analyze studies. 252 studies that were extracted from the Web of Science (WoS) database were analyzed. The findings revealed that the number of studies has been dramatically increased in the last decade. Besides, It was found that the majority of publications were published in local journals. Moreover, theses produced in this field are the most cited sources in the articles. It was also concluded that even though there are 65 social studies education departments in Turkish universities, only a few numbers of them made collaborations in the publications. Besides, it was found that there are no multi-country collaborations in social studies education literature in Turkey.

Gender in Education: A Systematic Review of the Literature in Turkey

Many international and national measures have been taken to advance gender equality in education. The results of scientific research enlightened us on the ongoing problems of inequality in education despite these measures. The study presents a systematic analysis of 63 theses and 58 articles which were published on gender education in Turkey between 2002 and 2019. This study aims to analyze the trend in gender studies in education in terms of year, subject of study, method and findings. 121 studies selected by criterion sampling method were analyzed by content analysis. According to the research results, it was observed that the studies conducted centered on gender representations, gender perception and gender roles. It was determined that qualitative methods were mainly preferred in the studies analyzed. Based on the analysis of the findings of the researches, it is possible to collect problem areas related to gender in education under four main titles. These are gender representations reflecting inequality in educational materials, traditional gender perception and attitudes in educational environments, the need for gender education and teacher attitudes and behaviors that are not based on equality. In line with the results of this study, recommendations were made to researchers and policymakers.

Tarihyazımı, Hafıza, Aidiyet: Sözlü Tarih Yöntemi ve Türkiye’de Kullanımı Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Tarih disiplinin sınırlarını aşarak farklı sosyal ve beşerî bilim dalları tarafından da kullanılan sözlü tarih, yirminci yüzyılın en popüler veri toplama metotlarından biri olarak karşımıza çıkar. Sözlü tarihin özellikle 1970’lerden itibaren giderek yaygınlaşmasının sebebi yakın tarihi inceleyen araştırmacılara sunduğu potansiyellerle ilintilidir. Sözlü tarih henüz otobiyografilerini yazmamış liderlerin, yerel, ulusal ve uluslararası düzlemde karar verme merciinde bulunan seçilmiş ve atanmış bürokratların belgelenmemiş deneyimlerine erişim sağlayabilmeyi olanaklı kıldığı gibi işçiler, kadınlar, etnik azınlıklar, marjinal ve dezavantajlı grupların tarih anlatısında yer almasını mümkün kılmaktadır. Sözlü tarih 1970’lerden itibaren hem yaygınlaşmış hem de sıkça eleştirilmiştir. 1980’lerin sonundan itibaren gerek bu eleştiriler ve gerekse sosyal ve beşerî bilimlerdeki teorik tartışmalar neticesinde, sözlü tarih içinde farklı eğilim ve yorumlama biçimlerini barındıran ve birçok disiplinden beslenen yöntem olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika’da 1960’ların sonunda ivme kazanmaya başlayan sözlü tarih Türkiye’de akademik literatüre eklemlenmesi 1990’ların başına rastlar. 1990’lardan bugüne kadar Türkiye’de sözlü tarihin gelişimine bakıldığında sözlü tarih çalışmalarının geçmişin daha kapsayıcı bir şekilde yazılmasını mümkün kılmak için farklı tarihsel zemin, olay ve aktörlere odaklandığını söylemek mümkündür. Fakat gerek Batı gerekse Batı dışı coğrafyalarda yapılan sözlü tarih çalışmaları ile kıyaslandığında, Türkiye’de sözlü tarihe dayanan akademik çalışmaların ve sözlü tarih projelerinin hem sayısal anlamda çok az hem de sözlü tarihin potansiyelini yansıtacak kadar konu ve yaklaşım çeşitliliğine sahip olmadığı gözlemlenir. Dolayısıyla, bu çalışma, bu konuda Türkiye içinde ve dışında üretilen literatürü eleştirel bir şekilde okuyarak, sözlü tarih yönteminin ne olduğunu, neden ortaya çıktığını, sözlü tarih çalışmalarının yıllar içinde nasıl ve neden dönüştüğünü ve son olarak sözlü tarih yönteminin günümüz Türkiye’sinin yakın tarih yazımında kullanımını inceleyecektir.

Sporda Giyilebilir Teknolojilerin Birleştirilmiş Teknoloji Kabul ve Kullanım Teorisi 2’ye (Utaut-2) Göre Davranışsal Niyetlerin İncelenmesi: Nabız Monitörü Örneği

Teknolojinin her alanda gösterdiği gelişim, spor ekipmanları konusunda da önemli mal ve hizmet çeşitliliğini doğurmaktadır. Bunlardan biri olan nabız monitörleri aktif spor yapan bireylerin egzersiz kalitesini etkilemektedir. Bu ise, söz konusu mal ve hizmetlere dair geliştirilen davranışsal niyetlere etki etmektedir. Nabız monitörleri spor yapan bireylerin antrenmanın yeri, antrenman süresi, antrenman mesafesi, kalori tüketimi gibi birçok aktivite göstergesini yakalamasına imkân veren cihazlardır. Birleştirilmiş teknoloji kabul ve kullanım teorisi 2 üzerinden yapılan bu araştırma ile nabız monitörlerinin spora dair katkıları ve kullanıcıların davranışsal niyetleri incelenmiştir. Tarama araştırmalarının veri toplama metodu olan anket aracılığıyla yürütülen çalışma sonucunda katılımcıların cinsiyet, yaş, eğitim durumu ve spor alışkanlıklarına göre oluşturulan değişkenlerin davranışsal beklenti temelindeki niyetleri araştırılmıştır. Bu niyetler performans beklentisi, çaba beklentisi, sosyal etki, kolaylaştırıcı koşullar, ücret değeri ve hedonik motivasyon olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda kullanıcı deneyimine işaret eden kolaylaştırıcı koşulların önemli bir değişken olduğu bulgulanırken hedonik motivasyon ve ücret değerinin de davranışsal beklenti niyetinin önemli yordayıcıları olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.

Bibliometric Analysis of Theses Related to Science Fiction Cinema in Turkey

Türkiye’de iletişim bilimleri alanında son otuz yıldır birçok tez tamamlanmıştır. İletişim bilimleri alanı, iletişim ve teknolojideki gelişmelere paralel bir biçimde yoğun bir akademik üretime sahne olmuştur. Bitirilen tezlerdeki artış, tezlerin incelenmesine yönelik araştırmaların da artmasına sebep olmuştur. Lisansüstü tezler üzerine yapılan incelemeler, bir alandaki belli bir konunun durumunu, gelişimini ve yönelimlerini ortaya koymak açısından son derece önemlidir. Lisansüstü araştırma tezlerinin incelenmesi, öğrenciler kadar akademik kurumlar için de hayati önem taşımaktadır. Bu yüzden bu çalışmanın lisansüstü tezler kapsamında bilim kurgu sineması ile ilgili araştırmaların durumunu, gelişimi ve yönelimlerini ortaya çıkarmak açısından önemli olduğu söylenebilir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, Türkiye’deki bilim kurgu sineması ile ilgili literatürü lisansüstü tezler üzerinden incelemektir. Çalışma sürecinde bilim kurgu sineması ile ilgili erişime açık lisansüstü tezler, Ulusal Tez Merkezi üzerinden incelenmiş ve sonrasında bu tezler bibliyometrik analize tabi tutulmuştur. Bu bağlamda bu araştırma, Türkiye’ deki bilim kurgu sineması literatürünün lisansüstü tezler kapsamında belirlenmesini ve araştırma örneklemi içindeki dokümanların incelenmesiyle elde edilen verilerin bibliyometrik olarak analiz edilmesini, bibliyometrik göstergelerin değerlendirilmesini ve yorumlanmasını problem edinmiştir. Araştırmada bilim kurgu sineması ile ilgili yapılan tezler, çeşitli kategorilere göre bibliyotmetrik olarak analiz edilmiş ve konuyu çalışmayı düşünen araştırmacılara, yapmayı planladığı çalışmaları çeşitli açılardan güçlü bir biçimde destek olabilecek ve yön verecek bir takım sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır.

Opinions of nursing and theology faculty students on Xenotransplantation.

It is mentioned that students' opinions about xenotransplantation (XTx) have been explored in a limited manner. In particular, there is no literature in Turkey on Nursing and Theology students' perspectives on XTx. This research aimed to find out what Nursing and Theology students thought about XTx. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted on students studying at the Theology and Nursing faculties. The study population consisted of 2.581 students educated in these faculties. Without using any sampling method, it was aimed to reach all students, and 1.780 (70%) students were reached. Data were collected using a participant identification form and questionnaire form, which the researchers developed. The difference between the answers given by the Nursing and Theology students to the information statements about XTx was statistically significant (p < .001). Nursing and Theology students' attitudes to organ or tissue Tx from halal animals in case of necessity were positive (p < .001). While the nursing students' attitude toward organ or tissue Tx from non-helal animals in case of necessity was negative, Theology students had no idea (p < .001). In other attitude statements, while nursing students responded positively, Theology students responded as "I have no idea" (p ≤ .001). Theology students tended to have the question about XTx and only positive attitude towards XTx from halal animals. Nursing students mostly had positive attitude, but negative when XTx is practiced out of necessity.

The Geography of Comparative Literature in Turkey

تهدف هذه المقالة إلى دراسة تاريخ نشأة الأدب المقارن وتطوره في تركيا. وقد جاءت في قسمين؛ اختص القسم الأول بتسليط الضوء على الأدب المقارن الكلاسيكي التركي، وخصائصه، ومدى تداخله مع جغرافية العالم الإسلامي، ولا سيما الأدبين العربي والفارسي. أما القسم الثاني من المقالة فخصص لدراسة الأدب المقارن التركي الحديث، وخصائصه، ومدى اندماجه مع الثقافات الغربية، بدءًا بالثقافة الرومية-اليونانية، فالفرنسية، فالألمانية، وأخيرًا الإنجليزية. صنفت الآراء النقدية والمقارنة لكل من إدوارد سعيد، وإيميلي أبتر، وآخرين حول ولادة الأدب المقارن في المنفى-الإسطنبولي من خلال دراستهم أعمال إريك أورباخ، ليو سبيتزر، وغيرهم، مع ظهور "يقظة المقارنة" عند المفكرين العثمانيين، لا سيما في عصر التنظيمات العثمانية (1839-1876)، والمشروطية الأولى (1876 -1878)، والعقود الأخيرة للخلافة العثمانية. وتعرض المقالة لأهم التحديات والأزمات الناتجة عن هذه الثنائية الزمکانية وأثرها على الأدب المقارن في تركيا، وتقدم مقترحًا مفاده بأن تكون هوية الأدب المقارن التركي هوية هجينة (hybrid) تجمع بين الأدبين التركيين بشقيه الغربي والشرقي؛ حتى يتسنى لهذا الأدب الصمود أمام أزماته الزمكانية.