Literary Revision Research Articles

The poetry of minor characters and everyday life in the "Sĕrat Cĕnthini"

The 722 cantos and 247,766 lines of poetry in the Sĕrat Cĕnthini , composed in Surakarta by Ki Ng. Ronggasutrasna, R.Ng. Yasadipura II, and Ki Ng. Sastradipura under the direction of the Crown Prince of Surakarta (later Pakubuwana V, r.1820-1823) in 1815 during the British occupation of Java (1811-1816), are arguably the greatest expression of literary art ever written in Javanese. The earliest version of the Sĕrat Cĕnthini comes from Cirebon at the beginning of the seventeenth century. When the poem reached Surakarta in the late eighteenth - early nineteenth century, court poets rewrote it, greatly expanding the number of episodes and characters, as well as the kinds of information and literary styleto be found in the text. My interest in the excerpt I have translated from Canto364 focuses on two aspects of this process of literary revision: characterizationand the representation of everyday life.

The “Vernacular Process” and the (Re)construction of Tradition in Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man

The present paper is an attempt to explore, in and through the prism of Ralph W. Ellison’s Invisible Man (1952), the workings of Ellison’s “vernacular process” as a concept that informs the author’s critical views incorporated in the novel. More specifically, Ellison’s revisionary enterprise in this narrative demonstrates his view of African-American tradition as integrated in American and Western tradition. While the form of “invisible criticism” in which Ellison engages is a rather self-conscious manifestation of his critical model of the “vernacular process,” the present work contends that this Ellisonian model actually foreshadows Henry Louis Gates Jr.’s critical paradigm of “Signifyin(g).” What Gates names “literary Signification” stands for an indigenous African-American form of literary revision consisting in a black text’s repeating with difference of another black text’s tropes or rhetorical strategies, or such text’s appropriation of aspects of form in a white antecedent text. Through “literary Signification,” Invisible Man revises African-American texts exemplified in the present article by Richard Wright’s Black Boy (1945) and Native Son (1940). Likewise, Ellison’s narrative also revisits American and European texts, an enterprise to be seen in the present work’s examination of Ellison’s revision of James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916), Walt Whitman’s romantic poetry, and T.S Eliot’s The Waste Land (1922). By establishing through “literary Signification” his African-American literary “relatives” as well as his Western and American “ancestors,” Ellison ultimately constructs the African-American literary tradition as embedded in the Euro-American tradition and thus underlines the syncretic character of American literature and culture. Keywords: Integrative, Revision, Tradition, Signifyin(G), “Vernacular Process”.

Maxillary osteosarcoma: Morphological variants, clinicopathological picture, and literary revision

Maxillary osteosarcoma: Morphological variants, clinicopathological picture, and literary revision

Clasificaciones y percepciones asociadas al conocimiento de la leña utilizada en una comunidad rural del Chaco Seco (Catamarca, Argentina)

Antecedentes y Objetivos: La leña constituye una de las principales fuentes de energía de las poblaciones rurales en diversos ambientes y ecosistemas alrededor del mundo. Es una prioridad establecer, desde la mirada local, los principales conjuntos de saberes y percepciones vinculados al uso de este recurso dendroenergético, definiendo los principales términos y categorías relacionados con la leña utilizada en la Sierra de Ancasti, Provincia de Catamarca, Argentina. Métodos: A partir de la técnica “bola de nieve” y por medio de entrevistas abiertas y semiestructuradas en 46 unidades familiares, caminatas guiadas, recolección de ejemplares botánicos, trabajo de herbario y revisión de la literatura, se establecieron las principales percepciones asociadas al uso y conocimiento de especies de leñas. Para obtener las categorías locales de clasificación y términos vernáculos asociados a la leña se propone un “juego de palabras”. Por medio de un diagrama de conjuntos y un Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP) se identificaron las agrupaciones de especies según las categorías, los términos y las definiciones locales. Resultados clave: Los pobladores señalaron, a partir de 74 nombres comunes, a 53 especies de plantas leñosas que corresponden a 45 géneros y 23 familias botánicas. Destaca el alto porcentaje de especies de origen nativo (74%). En 456 menciones, para 40 especies, se registraron 25 términos relacionados con las propiedades de la madera de las plantas vinculadas con la combustión y el fuego. Los términos más usados por los pobladores para describir y clasificar la leña son: “fuerte” (52 menciones, asociadas a 11 especies), “firme” (39, 13 spp.), “linda” (33, 13 spp.) y “apagosa” (30, 11 spp.). Conclusiones: En la actualidad los pobladores reconocen, describen e identifican la leña utilizando mayoritariamente caracteres que se relacionan con la brasa; destacan como atributos positivos características vinculadas al poder calórico y a la duración. Se enfatiza la necesidad de abordar las dinámicas sociales relacionadas con el medio ambiente desde el propio campo, como una forma de conocer las prioridades locales y canalizar los esfuerzos para la conservación biológica y cultural.

Los retos de la ciudad compacta desde la perspectiva de los cascos históricos con fuerte actividad turística. El caso de Toledo

Los cascos históricos representan la forma tradicional sobre la que se ha construido el paradigma de la ciudad com­pacta, densa y diversa, y, de forma más amplia, el modelo de ciudad sostenible. No obstante, se plantea en qué medida los pro­blemas y retos a los que se enfrentan estos espacios garantizan un desarrollo urbano sostenible. Al mismo tiempo, ¿cuáles son los retos y cómo avanzar hacia el desarrollo sostenible en formas urbanas compactas como son los cascos históricos con fuerte acti­vidad turística? Responder a estas preguntas es el objetivo primordial de la investigación. Para ello, empleamos una metodología hipotético-deductiva y recurrimos a la revisión literaria y a la utilización de datos de diferentes fuentes, incluyendo el trabajo de campo y la observación directa. En los resultados, se realiza la revisión de los marcos y planteamientos principales en los que se ha movido la intervención en cascos históricos en España y se señalan las dinámicas más importantes en curso, contrastándolas con el estudio de caso de Toledo. Se destacan dos conclusiones: uno, el desajuste entre el carácter sostenible del modelo espacial y la emergencia de un modelo insostenible en el plano funcional y socioeconómico, y dos, la necesidad de revertir dicho desfase mediante una mayor coordinación entre administraciones y políticas sectoriales y una mejor regulación y control. Esta práctica contribuye a la comprensión de los cascos históricos en el presente.

Modelo de diseño didáctico para la construcción de cursos virtuales


 
 
 
 Esta investigación abordó la formulación de un modelo de diseño didáctico para la construcción de cursos virtuales, construido a partir del Modelo Pedagógico Mediacional de Educación a Distancia de la Universidad de la Amazonia y una revisión literaria, con aportes conceptuales y experimentales de los docentes de la modalidad de Educación a Distancia y desde el análisis de cuatro dimensiones fundamentales: organizacional, comunicacional, tecnológica y didáctico-pedagógica. Estas dimensiones orientan la estructuración de un curso virtual. El objetivo principal de la investigación se enmarcó en la formulación de una propuesta de modelo de diseño didáctico que oriente la construcción de cursos virtuales para la mediación didáctica en la modalidad a distancia. Se tomaron como referentes autores eruditos, publicaciones de la especialidad y experiencias de instituciones en educación virtual. A partir de lo planteado se realizó un estudio en el ámbito educativo de tipo descriptivo, interpretativo y transformativo, con enfoque mixto (cualitativo-cuantitativo) y fundamentado desde la teoría de la didáctica crítica, el cual dio como resultado avances hacia la construcción de lineamientos pedagógicos y didácticos que permitan articular de manera coherente la pedagogía, la comunicación, el currículo y la tecnología en función de la construcción de cursos virtuales de calidad mediante el uso pedagógico de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC).
 
 
 

Cálculo de eficiência na alocação de mão de obra em estações ferroviárias da malha do Rio de Janeiro por meio da análise envoltória de dados (DEA)

O presente objeto de estudo analisa a eficiência em relação a utilização da mão de obra e passageiros atendidos nas estações ferroviárias do principal ramal ferroviário da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. O objetivo é de viabilizar uma análise de melhores práticas nas estações, possibilitando uma melhor alocação de mão de obra. Para tanto, foi utilizado o DEA como ferramenta de elaboração dos cálculos, por meio do modelo CCR com orientação a inputs e análise da fronteira invertida. Os dados iniciais adotados correspondem ao total de funcionários (input) estimados por meio de observações, e as quantidades de passageiros por estação (output) que correspondem à média de dias úteis entre maio de 2016 até maio de 2017 multiplicados por um fator de correção. A seleção de outras variáveis, por vez, foi realizada utilizando o método de Multicritério para Seleção de Variáveis. Além disso, uma ampla revisão de literatura foi pesquisada como referências aos conceitos e premissas aqui adotados. O resultado apresentou a estação de São Cristóvão como eficiente a ponto de ser considerada benchmark. Dessa forma, as práticas e critérios adotados na utilização de mão de obra na estação de São Cristóvão devem ser, quando operacionalmente possível, replicados e/ou adaptados às demais estações.

The House of David: Between Political Formation and Literary Revision by Mahri Leonard-Fleckman

Reviewed by: The House of David: Between Political Formation and Literary Revision by Mahri Leonard-Fleckman Michael J. Stahl mahri leonard-fleckman, The House of David: Between Political Formation and Literary Revision (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2016). Pp. xvii + 334. $79. Leonard-Fleckman’s monograph on the “House of David” offers a significant contribution to both biblical and ancient Near Eastern studies. Her treatment of David’s “house” com bines biblical studies with Assyriology and ancient history in a two-part sequence: (1) historical investigation of the Syrian “House of X” terminology (chaps. 1–3); and (2) literary-historical and historical-critical analysis of the biblical evidence for David’s “house” (chaps. 4–7). Part 1 especially examines evidence from early first-millennium b.c.e. Assyrian royal annals regarding the Syrian “House of X” terminology, freshly concluding that “bīt X polities center on a specific leader rather than on a particular geographical area or [royal or central] town,” and are “[d]epicted as multicentered systems with often-decentralized populations,” from which the polities’ rulers emerge (pp. 16–17). The early Assyrian evidence indicates that the term bīt X primarily refers to a population attached to a particular ancestor or leader; only in later Assyrian sources does the expression become identified with a royal town ruled by a single leader. Part 2 centers on three biblical texts that use the term “House of David” but anomalously do not equate this entity with Judah or the Judahite dynasty in Jerusalem, as elsewhere in biblical writing: (1) the Absalom and Sheba rebellions in 2 Samuel 15–20, wherein David’s “house” leaves Jerusalem for the Transjordan (2 Sam 15:16a; chap. 4); (2) David’s elevation as Israel’s king in 2 Sam 2:1–5:3, in which David’s “house” competes against Saul’s “house” for rule of Israel (2 Sam 3:1; chap. 5); and (3) Rehoboam and the Shechem assembly in 1 Kgs 12:1–20, where Judah follows David’s “house” after Israel rejects David’s heir Rehoboam (chap. 6). The book’s core issue is historical: the relationship of David, David’s “house,” Israel, and Judah during the early monarchy. Methodologically, L.-F. engages in what she dubs a “historian’s literary history,” which emphasizes major narrative changes coupled with broad shifts in political perspective to utilize the biblical materials for purposes of historical reconstruction. L.-F. thereby seeks to disentangle older, independent lore in the David story [End Page 121] (e.g., 2 Sam 2:13b-28a; 15:1–16a; 18:1–19:9bα; 20:14–22) from later phases of editorial organization, structuring, and revision. In light of current literary-historical scholarship on the David story prioritizing David’s rule of Judah without Israel, L.-F.’s primary literary-historical conclusion is bold: the David narrative’s major compositional phase (much of 2 Sam 2:1–5:3; 15:17–17:29; 19:16a, 18b-40) connects David’s rule with Israel, not Judah. Politically, this compositional phase (and its earlier “building blocks”) conceives of Israel as a collective, mobile political body, and its narrative geography restricts Israel to the central highlands and Transjordan, without clear geographical distinction between later Israel and Judah. Whereas the David story’s earliest “building blocks” may potentially go back to the tenth century, L.-F. situates the David story’s primary compositional phase in Judah during the period of the two kingdoms. During a second compositional phase, Judahite tradents reoriented the David narrative to emphasize David’s rule of Judah and Israel (with Judah primary) by adding references to Judah (2 Sam 2:4a; 19:9bβ-15, 16b-18a; 19:41–20:13). Literarily, L.-F. observes that Judah as a political entity (1) rarely appears in the David story, to the point that, “[i]f the Judah material were indeed primary to the David story, the story would collapse from lack of self-standing, independent lore” (p. 4); and (2) is not deeply integrated into the David narrative, typically occurring in editorial revisions around the narrative margins. L.-F. concludes that this second compositional phase occurred by the time of the Samuel–Kings combination, as part of...

Decommissioning in Brazil: legal aspects of a technical analysis

Abstract This paper presents legal contributions to the technical analysis of the decommissioning stages of the oil industry. We seek to contribute to decision making based on multicriteria analysis about the options for uninstalling specific equipment in the production chain: subsea equipment. The objective is to demonstrate that there is legal predictability supported by the technical aspect for the options that are possible in each case. The methodology used was the literary revision combined with a national and international legislative analysis that allowed the presentation of the final conclusion. The comparison between the international norms, as well as the Brazilian legislation, in particular, the national solid waste policy demonstrated the legality of the application of a multicriteria analysis to base the decisions by the companies, as well as the inspection agencies.

Visión prospectiva como plataforma de posicionamiento en la educación superior de las ciencias contables y financieras

El artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la visión prospectiva como plataforma de posicionamiento en la educación superior de las ciencias contables y financieras. Con este propósito la investigación estuvo direccionada por un enfoque postpositivista, cualitativo, de tipo documental y diseño bibliográfico, comprendiendo la revisión literaria, el levantamiento de la información, así como la identificación y categorización de objetivos. Los resultados arrojados evidencian que tanto las ciencias contables como las financieras vienen siendo impartidas bajo premisas tradicionales, innovando muy poco en procesos, procedimientos y metodología. Por lo tanto, se requiere implementar una visión prospectiva en su conceptualización al momento de elaborar el diseño curricular en las respectivas mallas, con el fin de posicionar en el sistema de educación superior. En este sentido, es necesario desarrollar un pensamiento crítico fundamentado en la ética, vislumbrando las implicaciones de la formación del profesional que se aspira egrese de las instituciones universitarias, afianzando valores de responsabilidad, transparencia y honestidad. Concluyendo, que la prospectiva es una herramienta que a través del establecimiento de escenarios, contribuye a la configuración de un posicionamiento efectivo de las ciencias contables y financieras, siendo importante su incorporación en la elaboración de planes y programas educativos.

Accounting as a tool for maintenance of bureaucratic domination

This study was based on bibliographical research, based on Weber's framework, aiming to discuss the existing relationship between accounting science and bureaucratic domination perpetuated by the model of rational companies. Weber's contributions in the literature on domination and power, as well as the analysis of its forms, are presented, not departing from the foundation of the origin of modern capitalism. In addition, the concepts derived from the accounting and its relations with the bureaucratic aspects of Weber are presented, given the strategy adopted of this study the literary revision. The discussion of this study evidences the intrinsic participation of legal, impersonal and rational aspects to the accounting. In addition, the study brings contributions to add such aspects in proposed organisational models, such as that presented by Alves (2003).

EXIGÊNCIA DO NOVO PERFIL PROFISSIONAL NAS CORPORAÇÕES: O INTRA-EMPREENDEDOR

Com o objetivo de fomentar a discussão para a obtenção de resultados consistentes a respeito das mudanças comportamentais no âmbito corporativo, fez-se necessário este artigo. Há uma incipiente promoção de um novo perfil para os profissionais colaboradores nas corporações que o mercado tem exigido, a tendência de uma nova identidade que tem-se observado não apenas pelos meios empíricos, mas, como comprova este estudo, em levantamento bibliográfico: o perfil empreendedor de qualquer profissional que deseja estar inserido no mercado de trabalho. Sendo assim, será possível verificar neste artigo, por meio de uma revisão literária, uma síntese da história das relações dos indivíduos com o trabalho, as expectativas corporativas em relação aos seus colaboradores, conceitos e definições sobre o empreendedorismo, comportamento empreendedor e intra-empreendedorismo. Ao término, uma breve discussão sobre esta revisão com a finalidade de concretizar o conceito de perfil empreendedor para colaboradores de corporações, para a obtenção do sucesso, auto-realização profissional, vantagem competitiva e empregabilidade plena, para qualquer que seja a pessoa, além de demonstrar que este é um fato que está ao alcance de todos.

Influenciadores da Gestão Colaborativa em Cadeias de Suprimentos

A gestão colaborativa em cadeia de suprimentos tem se mostrado um caminho para as organizações melhorem suas relações de forma a obter melhores resultados em seus negócios. Pesquisas demonstram ser este modelo de gestão relativamente complexo por envolver diferentes interesses das organizações, no entanto, relatam avanços, como o fato de obterem novos conhecimentos capazes de contribuir com os resultados. Nesta linha é intenção deste estudo, por meio de uma discussão literária a respeito do tema, entender quais são os influenciadores que contribuem ou não para a colaboração entre as organizações. Consequentemente, o estudo relata estes influenciadores discutindo-os como se relacionam com a gestão, sinalizando temas que podem ser melhor estudados na prática.

CSR Aimed at Clients of an Animal Nutrition Business: A Case Study

The objective of the present study is to elaborate a proposal of socially responsible practices aimed at the clients of a Mexican business whose commercial activity is the elaboration of products for animal nutrition and which does not at present have a formal CSR approach in their strategy and therefore lacks important competitive advantages for operating in the business market today.A literary revision in which the evolution of CSR was presented was carried out as part of this research. We also analyzed three main models for managing CSR in organizations and made a description of some empiric studies of CSR aimed at clients. In the development of the methodology a case study was used, resulting in a diagnosis of the situation of the business with respect to CSR along with a plan for improvement which contains the socially responsible practice proposals suggested in order to create a value relationship with this particular interest group.It is important to point out that we worked together with the members of the marketing department of the business under study, because it is attending to the needs of the clients, making the employees experience very valuable in determining proposed practices. The results of this research were intended to contribute empirical evidence about the application of CSR in the organizational strategies of emerging-market countries, while increasing existing CSR research in Mexican national industries.

The House of David: Between Political Formation and Literary Revision

The House of David: Between Political Formation and Literary Revision

Transferencia de conocimiento dentro de la empresa: análisis de variables precursoras en un entorno lean-kaizen

Introducción: La manufactura esbelta es un enfoque sistemático que identifica y elimina el desperdicio, a través del mejoramiento continuo. Una actividad común en ella son los eventos kaizen, los cuales impactan a los subsistemas técnico y humano de la organización, pero desafortunadamente son pocos los trabajos que indagan sobre su efecto en el segundo subsistema. Por ello, este trabajo busca contribuir con evidencia empírica de variables asociadas al mismo, particularmente las relaciones entre la cultura organizacional y la transferencia de conocimiento tácito dentro de la empresa, a través de la mediación de la comprensión de la necesidad de kaizen, el espíritu de trabajo y el compromiso afectivo organizacional.Método: Se diseñó una investigación cuantitativa, empírica y de sección transversal, basada en la revisión literaria del espíritu de trabajo, la comprensión de la necesidad de kaizen, el compromiso afectivo, la cultura organizacional y la transferencia de conocimiento tácito dentro de la empresa. El muestreo fue no probabilístico por conveniencia. Se aplicaron 100 encuestas en una empresa localizada en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, que labora en un entorno lean y donde cotidianamente se llevan a cabo eventos kaizen. Como técnica de análisis estadístico se utilizó la modelación a través de ecuaciones estructurales [SEM] con base en mínimos cuadrados parcializados [PLS], por su utilidad para estimar modelos que utilizan variables latentes.Resultados: Se encontró que la cultura organizacional influye de forma directa e indirecta a la transferencia de conocimiento tácito dentro de la empresa. La cultura organizacional ayuda a la comprensión de la necesidad de kaizen [condición que apoya al éxito de los eventos kaizen], y ésta incide favorablemente sobre el espíritu de trabajo de los empleados. Por otra parte, el compromiso afectivo, recibe influencia positiva y significativa, tanto del espíritu de trabajo como de la cultura organizacional, e influye sobre la transferencia de conocimiento tácito dentro de la empresa.Discusión o Conclusión: La cultura organizacional crea un círculo virtuoso que influye a la comprensión de la necesidad de kaizen, al espíritu de trabajo, al compromiso organizacional, y a la transferencia de conocimiento tácito dentro de la empresa. Los resultados evidencian que en un entorno cultural que favorece el aprendizaje no solo incide sobre el subsistema técnico de la empresa, sino que también lo hace sobre el subsistema humano. Luego, kaizen no puede estar desvinculado de una cultura organizacional que tenga entre sus elementos distintivos la mejora continua y el aprendizaje.

The Second Soul of the People: Secular Sabbatism in Yiddish Children's Literature

This article examines and contextualizes two artful Yiddish literary revisions of folktales about Sabbath observance by the Bundist educator Yankev Pat and the poet and cultural Zionist Ya’akov Fichman as a means to rethink regnant understandings of the relationship between the religious and the secular in 1920s Jewish eastern Europe. Produced or reproduced for use in Poland’s secularist Yiddishist schools, these aestheticized folktales prominently foregrounded robustly religious imagery of traditional Sabbath observance, complete with points of halakhic precision. Moving through comparative and genetic analyses of the texts and situating them in relation to developments both in interwar folkloristics and in Yiddishist pedagogical theory and practice, the article elaborates the ways in which the East European Jewish secular intelligentsia’s socialist, nationalist, and more generally humanist principles could be reframed or refracted by new assumptions about childhood development to allow a more accomodating relationship to traditional Jewish religiosity than previously imagined. This process, the article argues, entailed an aestheticization of religious experience that was intended to counter secular disenchantment.

Generic Failures and Imperfect Enjoyments: Rochester and the Anatomy of Impotence

In the late seventeenth century, literary descriptions of sexual failure attempted to synthesize the latest developments in anatomical science and material philosophy. These branches of study pursued detailed accounts of passion and procreative capacity, including the many obstacles that stymied their perfect realization. Despite this interest in providing a comprehensive account of the body’s inner workings, both fields obscure the relationship between passionate feelings and bodily performance in matters of sex, relying instead on stylish hints and obfuscation. This article demonstrates how the silence around physical desire found in such thinkers as Regnier de Graaf and Walter Charleton found a voice in John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester’s poem “The Imperfect Enjoyment” and in the under-appreciated Rochesterian drama Sodom and Gomorah. These literary revisions of scientific inquiry use coital mishaps to explore the ways in which anatomical and philosophical models of sexual congress create and impinge upon sociality.

Analysis of the category ‘Gay Identity’: Situated knowledge in Mexico

Identity is a dialectic, permanent process between the person and their surrounding contexts. This paper analyses the production of a gay identity within a context of strict gender and sexuality norms that exclude homoeroticism. Because of heteronormativity, any identities outside this system suffer from stigma. We analyse Mexico’s gay movement to understand how ‘gay’ and ‘homosexual’ have become identity categories that help understand where the gay movement in Mexico stands, and its impact on identity development. Through a literary revision and critique, we conclude that gay identity makes the stigma against homoeroticism visible, but moves towards the normalisation of sexual expression. Because of this normalisation, ‘gay identity’ must be a temporary term that should be questioned and deconstructed since it assumes that all people who identify with it are homogenous, and does not recognise sexual fluidity.

Writing Back with a Difference: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s “The Headstrong Historian” as a Response to Chinua Achebe’s

Chimamanda Ngozie Adichie’s short story “The Headstrong Historian” begins with an account of the marriage and widowhood of Nwambga, and follows her tribulations and triumphs for two generations. It is the second sentence that alerts the reader to a kind of remarkable textual innovation employed by Adichie: “other memories of Obierka also remained clear.” The use of Obierka, a character from Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, as a kind of starting point for this significant story signals a new kind of ‘writing back’ or literary revision. Where the act of writing back or of revising canonical texts from a postcolonial perspective was nearly always an implicit critique of the blind spots and self-serving voice in the classic text, writing back to an admired forefather of postcolonial writing, one who began his own literary career as a conscious project of addressing the failures of the literary canon to see Africa, has different implications. This essay explores Adichie’s story both as an homage to Achebe for breaking ground for an African literature and as a critique of some of the limitations of Achebe’s vision. A brief review of postcolonial revisions of literary classics (Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea, Cesaire’s Un Tempete, and Coetzee’s Foe) suggests the intentions and effectiveness of those interventions. Built into all of these efforts is a kind of homage to the original text from which they depart. Adichie’s story seems, in some ways, to be less a departure from than an extension of Achebe’s vision. Part of this extension involves taking the injunction to write literature from the inside to the task of writing African history from the inside. As with literature, there are problems with the articulation of a Nigerian and Igbo history from within the academy. There is also a strong strain of criticism in Adichie’s story – an awareness of and response to some of the womanist criticism of Achebe. The protagonists are strong woman characters, who utilize the political force of the woman’s council and, in the end, find a way to express the strength of traditional identity in balance with modern ways. This kind of writing back to the literary forefather clears the way for previously elided and unvoiced perspectives to emerge in a retrospective vision of ‘classic’ African literature. Even in its modest reach and with its own limitations, “The Headstrong Historian” may be a harbinger of a significant new approach in African literature