Literal Term Research Articles

Research of Mysticism's Terms in (Da Wakht Zarb) Book

Literature is the best way to improve and reform a society. The purpose of literature according to scholars is ethics for the sake of ethics and ethics for society. In the purposes of literature, a part of the second objective is mysticism. Mysticism (Sufism) means recognition, according to the dictionary meaning and its literal interpretation is to get to know Allah (SWT). Sufism is equivalent to doing, in the dictionary it refers to wearing white clothes and in the literal term; It is a practical strategy that purifies the heart or inner self. Sufis and mystics have always used their words for the reformation of the society, and they have also placed themselves in the first row in the practical field. With regard to this, Mr. Abdul Hadi Atayi Mullah can be named as an example who has Sufism and mysticism in his written works. This research has been done on Sufism and mystical patterns in the written work of Mr. Mulla's (Da Wakht Zarb). Through bibliographical study employing descriptive method, patterns such as (آب، آدم، آه، ازل، ابد، اثر، اثبات، اخلاص، پياله، تقوى، تورى (حرف)، جام، جور او حفا، حيرت، دلبر، رند، روح، زهد، ساقي، سفر، شيخ، صوفي، قلندر، کرامت، مُطرب، ميخانه، وفا او ګل) have been identified. This article first presents general information followed by the main issue. The main issue includes the term itself, its phonetic form, pronunciation, dictionary meanings, literal meanings and its definitions with relation to Mysticism (Sophism).

Editorial:Narrative‐BasedApproaches in Psychological Research and Practice

Editorial:<scp>Narrative‐Based</scp>Approaches in Psychological Research and Practice

Misunderstanding Judy Norman: Theory As Cause and Consequence

Judy Norman’s claim of self-defense is among the best-known and most widely-debated cases in criminal law scholarship. See Norman v. State, 366 S.E.2d 586 (N.C. App. 1988) (granting new trial to allow instruction on self-defense); Norman v. State, 378 S.E.2d 8 (N.C. 1989) (denying instruction on self-defense). The fact that she shot her husband while he slept has been widely understood to prove a lack of imminent threat that would justify self-defense. The sharp contrast between the extreme violence and danger Judy faced and the denial of the self-defense instruction invoked extensive debates among legal scholars about justification and the use of deadly force. This article reconstructs the facts and evidence in Norman from the transcript and public records. The appellate opinions included most of the important facts, but the transcript adds details important to applying subsequent social science. Factual and theoretical errors in legal scholarship become apparent from a careful review. Misconceptions about battered women caused some of those mistakes, but the main problem has been the attachment of legal scholars to an outdated and simplified concept of Lenore Walker’s “battered woman syndrome” theory and to persistent misunderstandings about “learned helplessness,” a component of that theory. These misconceptions colored both scholars’ reading of Norman and their analysis of self-defense doctrine. Battered woman syndrome and learned helplessness are terms of art. “Battered woman syndrome” has a different meaning in psychology than in law, where it became a generic term for expert evidence whether or not the expert applied Walker’s theory. “Learned helplessness” is not a literal term and should not be misunderstood as to mean impairment in a defendant. For decades, social scientists have applied other frameworks to understanding the impact of battering, especially “survivor theory” and “coercive control.” From the mid-1990s, the term “intimate partner violence and its effects” replaced battered woman syndrome and learned helplessness, but syndrome terminology persisted and retained disproportionate influence in legal contexts. This article illustrates the influence of the “syndrome” framework by examining mistakes scholars have made about the Norman case. Factual errors include turning an afternoon nap into a “midnight” shooting, mistakenly implying that Norman had many hours to find safety. Scholars missed the looming threat of exceptionally violent sex trafficking that Judy Norman described from the witness stand. Many missed the escalation and crisis that led her family to believe the lethal threats made by her husband; they saw her as passive instead of urgently seeking help despite evidence that Judy and some of her family members tried desperately to gain some measure of safety. Scholars also assumed that Lenore Walker’s “battered woman syndrome” was crucial to Judy Norman’s defense, even though the expert witness in the Norman trial applied a “coercive control” framework, not Walker’s syndrome approach. Among social scientists and in some legal usage, “intimate partner violence and its effects” has replaced syndrome terminology. To identify the best contributions in the extensive theoretical debates, we should reread those texts, replacing battered woman syndrome with “intimate partner violence” and replacing learned helplessness with “. . . and its effects.” Freed from stereotypes about helplessness, we can identify the best thought and policy in the debates and evaluate new questions that emerge. From that perspective, this article criticizes the argument that sleep creates a per se rule against justified use of self-defense, explores questions about imminence of threat in violent sex trafficking, and evaluates policy proposals that would change self-defense law.

Reconciling Hygiene and Cleanliness: A New Perspective from Human Microbiome.

The term hygiene is deeply rooted with the concept of maintaining sound health and alertness towards cleanliness, while "hygiene hypothesis" depicts the protective role of microbial community exposure in development of early immunity and initial allergic and aesthetic reactions. The tug-of-war has now been pushed toward the literal term "hygiene" over the "hygiene hypothesis" and has continued with disinfection of all microbial loads from the related environments to avoid infections in humans. With the advancement in the microbiome studies, it became clear that humans possess warm, and significant relationships with diverse microbial community. With this opinion article, we have emphasized on the importance of hygiene hypothesis in immunological responses. We also propose the individual/targeted hygiene instead of application of unanimous hygiene hypothesis. This review also elaborates the common practices that should be employed to maintain hygiene along with the balanced microbiome.

The phenomenon of the multiplicity of synonyms of the literal term in our contemporary language

The prevalence of the colloquial dialect today is a serious phenomenon that affects the entity of the classical language and makes it a difficult foreign system even within its Arab borders. Therefore, this study comes to examine an important issue, namely, the reluctance to use the Arabic pronunciation, and the use of colloquial synonyms. Therefore, this study is entitled: "The multiple linguistic synonyms of the literal term in our contemporary language". The first study discusses the efforts of modern researchers in the case of colloquialism and philology, and the second one clarifies the terms of language and dialect. The third is the phenomenon of the multiplicity of the colloquial synonyms of the literal term, which is the main goal of this study, and the conclusion of the research within the descriptive methodology.

The phenomenon of the multiplicity of synonyms of the literal term in our contemporary language

The prevalence of the colloquial dialect today is a serious phenomenon that affects the entity of the classical language and makes it a difficult foreign system even within its Arab borders. Therefore, this study comes to examine an important issue, namely, the reluctance to use the Arabic pronunciation, and the use of colloquial synonyms. Therefore, this study is entitled: "The multiple linguistic synonyms of the literal term in our contemporary language". The first study discusses the efforts of modern researchers in the case of colloquialism and philology, and the second one clarifies the terms of language and dialect. The third is the phenomenon of the multiplicity of the colloquial synonyms of the literal term, which is the main goal of this study, and the conclusion of the research within the descriptive methodology.

Food for Thought: Can Social Media be a Potential ‘Learning Tool’ for Universities?

Teaching tools are crucial for an effective learning for students. Since the birth of the concept of teaching and learning, the methods and tools involved in teaching have evolved gradually according to the need to the time. From the lecturing to written documents and now to the use of indigenous technologies like videos and smart boards, tools have been evolved along with the society and need of the audience. Today's world is surrounded by technology. Libraries have been replaced from Google, everything is in a reach of the tip of one's finger. Social media has reduced the distances between people in a literal term and at a global scale. Students/Lecturers are using social media as part of their daily routine and keeping this in mind, a question is being raised in this paper, can social media be used as one of the learning tools in today's education sector and what possible learning outcomes be achieved through its use? This paper tries to answer the question raised which could act as a ‘food for thought’ for lecturers/educators to consider, as a part of their curriculum design to create a more interactive, engaging and personalized tutor-centric learning environment.

Unified linear subspace approach to semantic analysis

The Basic Vector Space Model (BVSM) is well known in information retrieval. Unfortunately, its retrieval effectiveness is limited because it is based on literal term matching. The Generalized Vector Space Model (GVSM) and Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) are two prominent semantic retrieval methods, both of which assume there is some underlying latent semantic structure in a dataset that can be used to improve retrieval performance. However, while this structure may be derived from both the term space and the document space, GVSM exploits only the former and LSI the latter. In this article, the latent semantic structure of a dataset is examined from a dual perspective; namely, we consider the term space and the document space simultaneously. This new viewpoint has a natural connection to the notion of kernels. Specifically, a unified kernel function can be derived for a class of vector space models. The dual perspective provides a deeper understanding of the semantic space and makes transparent the geometrical meaning of the unified kernel function. New semantic analysis methods based on the unified kernel function are developed, which combine the advantages of LSI and GVSM. We also prove that the new methods are stable because although the selected rank of the truncated Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is far from the optimum, the retrieval performance will not be degraded significantly. Experiments performed on standard test collections show that our methods are promising.

Improving legal information retrieval using an ontological framework

A variety of legal documents are increasingly being made available in electronic format. Automatic Information Search and Retrieval algorithms play a key role in enabling efficient access to such digitized documents. Although keyword-based search is the traditional method used for text retrieval, they perform poorly when literal term matching is done for query processing, due to synonymy and ambivalence of words. To overcome these drawbacks, an ontological framework to enhance the user's query for retrieval of truly relevant legal judgments has been proposed in this paper. Ontologies ensure efficient retrieval by enabling inferences based on domain knowledge, which is gathered during the construction of the knowledge base. Empirical results demonstrate that ontology-based searches generate significantly better results than traditional search methods.

A Probabilistic Generative Framework for Extractive Broadcast News Speech Summarization

In this paper, we consider extractive summarization of broadcast news speech and propose a unified probabilistic generative framework that combines the sentence generative probability and the sentence prior probability for sentence ranking. Each sentence of a spoken document to be summarized is treated as a probabilistic generative model for predicting the document. Two matching strategies, namely literal term matching and concept matching, are thoroughly investigated. We explore the use of the language model (LM) and the relevance model (RM) for literal term matching, while the sentence topical mixture model (STMM) and the word topical mixture model (WTMM) are used for concept matching. In addition, the lexical and prosodic features, as well as the relevance information of spoken sentences, are properly incorporated for the estimation of the sentence prior probability. An elegant feature of our proposed framework is that both the sentence generative probability and the sentence prior probability can be estimated in an unsupervised manner, without the need for handcrafted document-summary pairs. The experiments were performed on Chinese broadcast news collected in Taiwan, and very encouraging results were obtained.

Exploring the use of latent topical information for statistical Chinese spoken document retrieval

Information retrieval which aims to provide people with easy access to all kinds of information is now becoming more and more emphasized. However, most approaches to information retrieval are primarily based on literal term matching and operate in a deterministic manner. Thus their performance is often limited due to the problems of vocabulary mismatch and not able to be steadily improved through use. In order to overcome these drawbacks as well as to enhance the retrieval performance, in this paper, we explore the use of topical mixture model for statistical Chinese spoken document retrieval. Various kinds of model structures and learning approaches were extensively investigated. In addition, the retrieval capabilities were verified by comparison with the probabilistic latent semantic analysis model, vector space model and latent semantic indexing model, as well as our previously presented HMM/N-gram retrieval model. The experiments were performed on the TDT Chinese collections (TDT-2 and TDT-3). Noticeable improvements in retrieval performance were obtained.

A semidiscrete matrix decomposition for latent semantic indexing information retrieval

The vast amount of textual information available today is useless unless it can be effectively and efficiently searched. The goal in information retrieval is to find documents that are relevant to a given user query. We can represent and document collection by a matrix whose ( i, j) entry is nonzero only if the i th term appears in the j th document; thus each document corresponds to a columm vector. The query is also represented as a column vector whose i th term is nonzero only if the i th term appears in the query. We score each document for relevancy by taking its inner product with the query. The highest-scoring documents are considered the most relevant. Unfortunately, this method does not necessarily retrieve all relevant documents because it is based on literal term matching. Latent semantic indexing (LSI) replaces the document matrix with an approximation generated by the truncated singular-value decomposition (SVD). This method has been shown to overcome many difficulties associated with literal term matching. In this article we propose replacing the SVD with the semidiscrete decomposition (SDD). We will describe the SDD approximation, show how to compute it, and compare the SDD-based LSI method to the SVD-based LSI methods. We will show that SDD-based LSI does as well as SVD-based LSI in terms of document retrieval while requiring only one-twentieth the storage and one-half the time to compute each query. We will also show how to update the SDD approximation when documents are added or deleted from the document collection.

The Limits of Irony

The Limits of Irony Berel Lang (bio) Irony . . . disciplines and punishes. Kierkegaard If my title is not ironic—and it isn’t—it must be tendentious, since it implies that irony has limits and so invites only the question of what or where they are. But the basis for this assumption is not self-evident, and indeed the emphasis in modern theories of irony runs directly counter to it. This more common view finds irony limit less, with its characteristic starting point in a contradiction or reversal that then evokes an indefinite number of further displacements. On this account, one ironic turn opens the way to another and that one opens on still another, with no nonironic end in sight except for the ironic consciousness itself with its denial of any stopping point that might interrupt its own continuing reflection. On this view, irony initiates (more precisely, takes place in) an infinite movement—perhaps regress, perhaps progress—that violates the supposed boundaries of every context in which it appears: it is irony that irony affirms, not just this or that single turn. Thus, irony discloses its purpose not in its individual assertions or truths but in the common manner of their rendering; in this sense irony is an adverb, not a noun—insatiable in its appetite in a way that “persons, places, or things” could not be even if they imagined or willed that state. Kierkegaard’s view at the beginning of his doctoral dissertation, The Concept of Irony, of irony’s “infinite absolute negativity” 1 may seem too burdensome for merely human practice, and indeed that view later turns out to be too weighty even for him. But master-ironist that he was, his opening description of irony’s apparently limitless reach warrants attention, and not only because in it he echoes, at least for this one time, his antagonist of choice, Hegel. I shall later be disputing this view of irony and propose an alternative to it, but we do well to look first at the process leading to its historical dominance. This scrutiny is the more pertinent because irony does not openly admit its expansionist design. More typically, it avoids speaking of itself at all—and just this reticence motivated the critic and aesthetician Jean-Paul’s proposal for an “irony mark” to serve, like the question mark [End Page 571] or the exclamation point, as a means of identification: readers could then be confident of recognizing an ironic text when they met one. But Jean-Paul’s idea never caught on, evidently because it would be self-defeating. The avowal by ironic statements of their “point” or even of their identity as ironic could only undermine the effect they strive for: to have the reader himself, as the writer’s “double,” infer and then inscribe the ironic conclusion in its reversal of the assertions offered at face value (at one-face value, that is) by the writer. We thus look to the ironic text for what it omits at least as much as for what it acknowledges; its ironic claims, fittingly, are the more present for being the more absent. Admittedly, other literary tropes or figures—metaphor, allegory—typically also avoid announcing themselves; for them, too, blatancy is self-defeating or, more basically, antifigurative. (Figurative language that cited itself as figurative might turn that reference too into a figure of speech—perhaps under the title of “truth” or “candor.” 2 ) Even allowing for this reticence, however, individual figures often do provide clues of figurative design—all of them, for example, involving deviation from a linguistic norm. None, however, displays irony’s combination of contradiction and then subordination of what is first “literally” affirmed. The characteristic reversal in oxymoron, for example, emphasizes a specific quality (the “silence” of “loud silence”), not contradiction as such. Similarly for catachresis—assigning a figurative term where no literal term exists (the “leg” of a chair)—and for aporia, which in so many words places its subject beyond words, as ineffable: although perhaps hinting beyond their immediate referents, these make no claim to represent a mode of consciousness. By contrast, the reversals of irony, in addition to turning sentences or texts back...

World Health Organization Adverse Reaction Terminology Dictionary

The World Health Organization Adverse Reaction Terminology (WHO ART) Dictionary was developed in 1968 and is hierarchical in nature. At the top of the hierarchy are 30 system organ classes, followed by high-level terms, preferred terms, and included terms. Some preferred terms are also high-level terms.The WHO ART Dictionary is used at Schering Corporation for standardized coding of adverse drug events occurring in clinical trials, postmarketing, and in published literature. Automatic encoding is primarily used in the data entry process for clinical trials, whereby literal terms are keypunched into the computer and are electronically matched to the corresponding WHO preferred term. Common terms not automatically matched to a WHO term may be added to the dictionary as “lexicon terms” to increase the automatic matching rate to at least 75%. Terms are stored as the literal term, the preferred term, the system organ class, and sometimes the included term. In the postmarketing setting, coding of adverse drug e...

Rough Truth: Synecdoche and Interpretation in The Egoist

IliII1)F ALL FORMS OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE, synecdoche, the application of a term for a part to its whole, bears the most problematic relation to literal truth and meaning. Metaphor and metonymy are both absolutely controlled by one of the terms of their comparisons: the tenor of a metaphor is always basic, the figurative meaning derived; and the principle of contiguity, the ready association that governs metonymy, insures that the literal term displaced by the figure will always be understood. Synecdoche, however, is wholesale substitution. Where metaphor relies on analogy and metonymy on association, synecdoche is more purely representational: the synecdochic term not only emphasizes certain attributes of the whole, as a vehicle does its tenor; it replaces that whole with a single attribute. A valid synecdoche adequately embodies the whole more readily than metaphor or metonymy does; an inadequate one, by replacing the whole with a nonrepresentative part, obscures the basic term thoroughly by completely replacing it. It is this synecdochic capacity for distortion that Nietzsche abhors in On Truth and Lie in an Extra-Moral Sense. word, he says, immediately becomes a concept, inasmuch as it is not intended to serve as a reminder of the unique and wholly individualized original experience to which it owes its birth, but must at the same time fit innumerable . . . unequal cases. Every