Priority List Research Articles

Empowering Professionals For Health to promote Newly Arrived Migrant vaccination uptake

Abstract Issue/Problem The imperative task of making access to vaccinations equitable and guaranteed for Newly Arrived Migrants (NAM) in Europe not only highlights a public health challenge but also offers a chance to tackle barriers within health systems. NAMs frequently encounter hurdles in accessing healthcare services, with vaccinations often ranking lower on their list of health priorities. The AcToVax4NAM project developed and implemented tailored interventions for Professionals FOR Health (PFH) working with NAMs in 8 EU countries. Description of the problem NAM often overlook vaccinations due to more immediate concerns, and health systems lack a comprehensive approach to vaccinations. Thus, piloted interventions were developed in consortium countries, working with PFH to tackle vaccination barriers. Over 3 months, each country implemented context-specific interventions to enhance health systems’ responsiveness using culturally appropriate tools. Key objectives included developing procedures, improving PFH cultural sensitivity communication skills, and assessing NAM vaccination intentions. Results Initial findings vary depending on the country’s context but generally show notable enhancements in PFH cultural competencies and increased willingness among NAM to get vaccinated. The pilots underscored the importance of tailoring strategies to specific contexts and fostering collaboration among stakeholders for a successful intervention. Lessons The results highlight the pivotal role of tailored interventions in addressing vaccination disparities among NAM. As PFH working with diverse populations, their role in implementing similar training programs in other settings facing similar challenges is invaluable to achieving equitable vaccination processes. Recommendations encompassing the lessons learned and challenges encountered throughout the pilot implementation will further facilitate the dissemination of this knowledge amongst relevant stakeholders.

Feasibility study to boost ascertainment of FH in diverse primary care populations using FAMCAT tool and pharmacist review

Abstract Background Familial Hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is a greatly underdiagnosed genetic lipid disorder with high risk of morbidity from premature cardiovascular disease. However, early diagnosis can significantly reduce cardiovascular risk with lipid-lowering medicines. Patients identified with high risk primary dyslipidaemia are recommended for lipid clinic referral to inform patient management. Improving FH identification and addressing ethnic disparities in dyslipidaemia management, is a current NHS priority in the UK. Aim We aimed to explore inequalities in the FH care pathway within and across areas with different socio-demographic UK populations. Methods The study was carried out in 6 general practices in the South East of England with divergent ethnic densities and socioeconomic status. Eligible patients aged 18 years or over, fulfilling the NICE (1), Simon-Broome (2) and current NHS Directed Enhanced Service criteria (3) for possible FH were screened using our previously validated PRIMIS FAMCAT2 tool (4) to prioritise those most likely to have FH. The PRIMIS FAMCAT2 tool generated a report highlighting patients with a "High Risk" of FH Tier 1 and a "Higher Risk if family history is positive" of FH- Tier 2. Tier 1 patients were assessed for FH using local lipid pathways. For the 243 Tier 2 patients, an online family history questionnaire/telephone enquiry was administered. The accuracy of the information collected was assessed by a practice-based clinical pharmacist (overseen by the GP). This included repeat testing for full lipid profile, excluding secondary causes of raised cholesterol. New patients meeting the criteria for FH were referred to a lipid/specialist clinic to assess for genetic testing. Patients who did not meet the FH criteria were managed accordingly to the local lipid pathways. Results 131,930 records from 6 general practices in South East England were screened using the PRIMIS FAMCAT tool. In total, the high priority list yielded 369 patients (126 Tier 1 and 243 Tier 2). Ethnicity breakdown was White (40%), Asian (8%), Black African/Caribbean (22%), Mixed (14%), Other (16%) NS (1%). A total of 25/369 (7%) patients were previously referred to lipid clinics (4 underwent genetic testing, 2 had confirmed FH, 12 did not have FH, and 7 were not seen/missed appointments). There were 14/244 (4%) new referrals to lipid clinics. Only 1 patient had received a coded FH diagnosis in the primary care record. For Tier 2 patients, 65/243 (27%) patients completed an online family history questionnaire, the remainder were ascertained by phone (75% response rate overall). Conclusion Incorporating enhanced case-finding from electronic medical records based on current guidelines, and online family history questionnaire can enhance FH identification. However large inequalities remain in referral, attendance and testing at lipid clinics, and further work is underway to evaluate the FH care pathway in diverse populations.

Quantitative evaluation of anti-biofilm cavitation activity seeded from microbubbles or protein cavitation nuclei by passive acoustic mapping

Bacterial biofilms represent a major challenge for effective antibiotic therapy as they confer physical and functional changes that protect bacteria from their surrounding environment. In this work, focused ultrasound in combination with cavitation nuclei was used to disrupt biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, both of which are on the World Health Organization's priority list for new antimicrobial research. 
Approach: Single species biofilms were exposed to ultrasound (0.5 MHz centre frequency, 0.5-1.5 MPa peak rarefactional pressure, 200 cycle pulses, 5 Hz repetition frequency, 30 s duration), in the presence of two different types of cavitation nuclei. Quantitative passive acoustic mapping (PAM) was used to monitor cavitation emissions during treatment using a calibrated linear array. 
Main Results: It was observed that the cumulative energy of acoustic emissions during treatment was positively correlated with biofilm disruption, with differences between bacterial species attributed to differences in biofilm morphology. PCaN provided increased biofilm reduction compared to microbubbles due in large part to their persistence over the duration of ultrasound exposure. There was also good correlation between the spatial distribution of cavitation as characterized by PAM and the extent of biofilm disruption observed with microscopy. 
Significance: Collectively, the results from this work indicate the potential broad applicability of cavitation for eliminating biofilms of priority pathogens and the opportunity presented by Passive Acoustic Mapping for real-time monitoring of antimicrobial processes.

Improving the deferred acceptance algorithm for efficient sponsor-recipient matching

As the gap between rich and poor in China has become increasingly prominent, various charity platforms have emerged. However, due to information asymmetry, many recipients cannot receive effective donations, and the emergence of fraudulent donations also makes donors unable to fulfill their intentions. We designed some improvements to the delayed acceptance (DA) algorithm and applied it flexibly in the donation platform. This can improve the efficiency of matching between donors and recipients. The variant of the DA algorithm is designed to carry out multiple rounds of matching, give donors and recipients the opportunity to select the matching priority list based on various factors and use a reasonable matching mechanism to achieve Pareto efficient, strategy-proof, and stable matching. Therefore, the application of the variation of the DA algorithm in the donation problem can better match the needs, so that the platform can complete a more reasonable and efficient donation matching.

EURAD state-of-the-art report: development and improvement of numerical methods and tools for modeling coupled processes in the field of nuclear waste disposal

The Strategic Research Agenda (SRA; https://www.ejp-eurad.eu/publications/eurad-sra) of the European Joint Programme on Radioactive Waste Management (EURAD; https://www.ejp-eurad.eu/) describes the scientific and technical domains and sub-domains and knowledge management needs of common interest between EURAD participant organizations. Theme number 7 is entitled “Performance assessment, safety case development and safety analyses.” A list of research and development priorities and activities of common interest to be addressed within EURAD for theme 7 have been established. Amongst others, the Understanding and modelling of multi-physical Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical coupled processes (THMC) occurring in radioactive waste disposal is a major and permanent issue to support optimization of design and safety case abstraction. To tackle this challenge a research work package entitled “DONUT: Development and improvement of numerical methods and tools for modelling coupled processes” has been conducted within the EURAD join programming initiative. The purpose of this work package is to improve/develop methods or numerical tools in order to go a step further in development of (i) relevant, performant and cutting-edge numerical methods that can easily be implemented in existing or new tools, in order to carry out high-performance computing to facilitate the study of highly coupled processes in large systems, (ii) numerical scale transition schemes for coupled processes, (iii) innovative numerical methods to carry out uncertainty and sensitivity analyses. In this paper the work carried out within the DONUT work package is put in perspective regarding the existing concept and literature on the field. It does not pretend to be exhaustive but rather to put emphasis on particular issues tackled during the project.

An evaluation model for an optimal decarbonisation process in the built environment

PurposeThe goal is to deliver a decision-support framework to both public and private entities engaged in energy retrofit investments in the property market.Design/methodology/approachThe evaluation algorithm that is being offered takes an innovative approach to financial and economic analysis. Its foundation is a market-driven/cost-driven method, drawing logic from operational research and goal programming.FindingsThe algorithm is tested to a real estate portfolio yielding an optimal asset retrofitting schedule. The ranking list is determined by taking into consideration a variety of parameters, including investment costs and total CO2 emissions from energy retrofit initiatives. The Carbon Risk Real Estate Monitor’s (CRREM) emission targets for 2030 are employed as a reference point in the process of creating a ranking list of the assets that compose the real estate portfolio under examination.Practical implicationsThe evaluation algorithm will allow to determine, in a real estate portfolio, a priority list of assets to be enhanced. This is accomplished by taking into account the client’s financial resources, the overall cost of the intervention programmes for each asset, and the effects that each asset would have on the environment and the energy once the suggested retrofit programme is put into place.Originality/valueThe study proposes a methodological approach that seeks to balance the optimisation of energy performance, the reduction of environmental effect, the promotion of social well-being and economic sustainability in the context of managing the current property sector.

WHO research agenda on the role of the institutional safety climate for hand hygiene improvement: a Delphi consensus-building study

BackgroundCreating and sustaining an institutional climate conducive to patient and health worker safety is a critical element of successful multimodal hand hygiene improvement strategies aimed at achieving best practices. Repeated...

How professional development can be supported for health and care research methodologists: results of the PROfesSionnal develoPmEnt for Research methodologists (PROSPER) e-Delphi and consensus study

ObjectiveResearch methodologists play a pivotal role in health and care research, yet they face many challenges relating to their professional development. The PROfesSional develoPmEnt for Research methodologists study was designed...

Periodic phenotypic profile analysis of Acinetobacter baumannii drug resistance characteristics showing the emergence of PDR.

Acinetobacter baumannii, one of the ESKAPE pathogens, is on the World Health Organization (WHO) list of priorities needing urgent new effective antimicrobial agents due to exhibited high resistance by the bacterium to currently available antibiotics. This study examines the periodic changes of clinical A. baumannii isolates and their antimicrobial resistance patterns and types in Southeastern region of Saudi Arabia. One hundred and seventy-seven randomly selected A. baumannii isolates were used for the investigation with bacterial identities (IDs) and antimicrobial assay ascertained with Gram-negative (GN) ID cards and antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) cards of Vitek 2 Compact Automated System according to manufacturer's guidelines. Descriptive phenotypic types of isolates were compared using comparison proportion and Fisher extraction test, while Morpheus versatile matrix visualization and analysis software was used for the dendrogram of hierarchical clustering. A significantly higher proportion of samples were from males compared to females (p = 0.025), with 33.33% of samples originating from patients aged 51-70 years. Resistance was high for imipenem (93%), meropenem (94%), levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin (99%), and aztreonam (98%). There was less percentage resistance to colistin (18%), tigecycline (23%), and minocycline (23%). Multidrug resistance (MDR)/carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) was observed consistently across all years. There was no extensive drug resistance (XDR) among isolates from 2013 to 2014, but it was present in the 2016 to 2018 and 2019 to 2020 periods, while pandrug resistance was seen only in the 2019 to 2020 isolates. The study shows a clear trend of the isolates changing from MDR to XDR and then to pandrug resistance over the study period. Also, it indicates that carbapenems might no longer be a treatment choice in this study region. Although colistin exhibited less resistance, the toxicity of the drug reduces its usefulness. The development of pandrug resistance is a critical concern.

Exploring athlete pain assessment experiences and priorities; a two-part qualitative series of athlete and physiotherapist interactions. Part Two. “Forging our future” - Athlete and physiotherapists' priorities for pain assessment and beyond

ObjectivesTo explore the priorities and directions of athlete upper and lower limb pain assessment by facilitating shared understandings of athletes and sport physiotherapists. DesignQualitative research using a hermeneutic phenomenological approach. MethodsWe carried out focus groups comprising a deliberate criterion sample using a constructivist perspective. At the end of each focus group, we used the nominal group technique method to generate a list of consensus-based priorities for future pain assessment. Our paper follows the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) guidelines. ResultsWe completed five focus groups, comprising twelve athletes (female, n = 5, male, n = 7) and four sport physiotherapists (male, n = 4). Two final themes (and six subthemes) were developed; I Enhanced Communication and Pain Descriptions (describing and representing pain, better communication, the role of technology, providing direction and setting the pace), and II Integrating Sport Specific and Multidimensional Assessments (broadening the pain assessment toolkit, the role of technology). We developed a set of thirteen practical priorities for pain assessment that span the subjective, objective, and general aspects of the athlete pain assessment. ConclusionsWe have presented stakeholder-generated perspectives, direction and priorities for athlete pain assessment. Athletes and physiotherapists must continue to work together to achieve a comprehensive sport-specific multidimensional pain assessment experience alongside their wider support networks to ensure optimal representation and communication. We have highlighted some available pain assessment tools and strategies and outlined how novel tools may address certain gaps. Researchers, clinicians, and athletes can consider the practical guidance we have provided to address these priorities.

An overview of hidden food allergens: need for change to the priority food allergen lists?

Many food allergens not actually included in the European priority list of allergenic foods have the potential to cause severe allergic reactions and could escape correct identification and behave as "hidden allergens". Moreover, the adoption in recent years of novel diets based on plant products and new sustainable foods or the use of specific food additives have contributed to the onset of new emerging allergens of public health importance. The knowledge of hidden allergens is important both for physicians and for patients to improve the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of food allergies, in order to decrease eventual improper diagnosis of idiopathic anaphylaxis. In this review, the characteristics of the most frequent hidden allergens and their diagnostic tools are described. A detailed history with a careful review of the ingredient lists, an understanding of possible cross-reactions or contaminations with other foods, together with an allergological evaluation consisting of in vivo or in vitro tests and, where necessary, an oral food challenge, are recommended for the successful identification of the culprit allergen. In future, it will be very important to implement these diagnostic tools, especially in the field of molecular allergology, and reporting allergens on labels should become mandatory.

Identifying Strategies to Cultivate Students’ Attitude Towards Circular Economy

Circular economy (CE) in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) refers to an economic approach that promotes efficient use of resources, material recovery, and waste reduction through vocational education. Despite various activities and programs conducted by TVET instructors to promote the circular economy, reports indicate that students' attitudes towards the environment remain at a moderate level. This paper aims to identify strategies that can be implemented to foster students' interest in practicing the circular economy within the context of TVET. This study uses the Nominal Group Technique (NGT) as an alternative approach to suggest initiatives that can foster students' attitudes towards the circular economy. The process involved silent idea generation, round robin, discussion, two rounds of initial voting, and a final stage survey to determine the priority list. Five content experts participated in the NGT meeting. Initially, 50 strategies were identified. Through the NGT process, 20 important strategies were selected to cultivate students' attitudes towards the circular economy. These strategies include waste management workshops, environmental programs and activities at institutions, conducive public sector ecosystem (EKSA) in institutions, homes and neighborhoods, information boards, simulation outside the classroom, daily routines, campaigns, neighborhood activities, sale of used oil, sale of recycled goods, innovation, waste segregation, cultivating student awareness, application in teaching, motivation, moral support, cleanliness and cheerfulness competitions, environment week, incorporating circular economy in the syllabus, and cross-curricular elements. The identified strategies are expected to assist stakeholders in overseeing the implementation of environmental awareness programs in schools, colleges, and TVET institutions, with the goal of improving student attitudes and transforming TVET education towards greater circular economy awareness.

Tracking Candidemia Trends and Antifungal Resistance Patterns across Europe: An In-Depth Analysis of Surveillance Systems and Surveillance Studies.

The WHO fungal priority list classifies Candida species as critical and high-priority pathogens, and the WHO GLASS fungi initiative seeks to establish a standardised global framework for antifungal resistance monitoring. We aimed to review resistance rates and antifungal resistance patterns across European surveillance systems and studies in response to these recent calls for action. A systematic review of national and international surveillance systems and peer-reviewed surveillance studies available up to June 2024 was conducted. Descriptive and trend analyses were performed on surveillance data reporting resistance to different antifungals in Candida spp. In total, 6 national surveillance systems and 28 studies from 13 countries provided candidemia resistance data, mostly about the C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis complex. Azole resistance was most frequently reported (6/6 surveillance systems and 27/28 studies) with the highest resistance rate, especially for C. glabrata, in Croatia (100%, 28/28 isolates) and Slovenia (85.7%, 82/96) and C. parapsilosis in Croatia (80.6%, 54/67) and Italy (72.6%, 106/146). Echinocandin and polyene resistance rates were nearly zero. The number of isolates included in the surveillance systems increased over the years, particularly for C. albicans (+40-60 isolates/year), C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis (+15-30 isolates/year). No surveillance system or study reported resistance data for C. auris. Pooled data from national surveillance revealed a decreasing trend in azole resistance in C. albicans and C. glabrata. The increasing azole-resistance trend in C. parapsilosis disappeared after adjusting for between-country heterogeneity. Overall, echinocandin and polyene resistance trends appeared relatively stable. Awareness of antifungal resistance is growing, but further actions are needed to strengthen surveillance capacity and knowledge-sharing networks across Europe.

Microplastics in freshwater food chains: Priority list based on identification of oxidative stress response characteristic

Exogenous exposure to high concentrations of microplastics (MPs) cause oxidative damage to freshwater food chains (FFCs). Thus, the patterns and mechanisms of oxidative stress responses (OSRs) induced by MPs in FFC organisms were investigated using theoretical simulation methods. Results showed an increasing (reduced) OSR was found in lower trophic levels (higher trophic levels). Besides, polycarbonate (polyvinyl chloride) causes the most (least) significant OSRs in FFC organisms, respectively. The impacts of MP additives were also analyzed using the full factorial experimental design, revealing flame retardants significantly influence oxidative stress variability. A constructive solution of "restriction-control-focus" is proposed for different types of MPs by the coefficient of variation-corrected CRITIC and the nested mean classification method. The mechanism analysis revealed a positive correlation between protein secondary structure orderliness and OSRs. Proteins in organisms that contain a high proportion of hydrophobic non-polar amino acids are more likely to bind to MP and enhance OSRs. This is the first study assessing the OSR patterns and ecological risks of MPs and their additives in FFCs with a proposed priority list, providing theoretical support for risk assessments and management strategies in freshwater environments.

Selective enrichment of high-risk antibiotic resistance genes and priority pathogens in freshwater plastisphere: Unique role of biodegradable microplastics

Microplastics (MPs) has been concerned as emerging vectors for spreading antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity in aquatic environments, but the role of biodegradable MPs remains largely unknown. Herein, field in-situ incubation method combined with metagenomic sequencing were employed to reveal the dispersal characteristics of microbial community, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and virulence factors (VFs) enriched by MPs biofilms. Results showed that planktonic microbes were more prone to enrich on biodegradable MPs (i.e., polyhydroxyalkanoate and polylactic acid) than non-biodegradable MPs (i.e., polystyrene, polypropylene and polyethylene). Distinctive microbial communities were assembled on biodegradable MPs, and the abundances of ARGs, MGEs, and VFs on biofilms of biodegradable MPs were much higher than that of non-biodegradable MPs. Notably, network analysis showed that the biodegradable MPs selectively enriched pathogens carrying ARGs, VFs and MGEs concurrently, suggesting a strong potential risks of co-spreading antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity through horizontal gene transfer. According to WHO priority list of Antibiotic Resistant Pathogens (ARPs) and ARGs health risk assessment framework, the highest abundances of Priority 1 ARPs and Rank I risk ARGs were found on polylactic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoate, respectively. These findings elucidate the unique and critical role of biodegradable MPs for selective enrichment of high-risk ARGs and priority pathogens in freshwater environments.

Deep contextual reinforcement learning algorithm for scalable power scheduling

This article introduces a deep contextual reinforcement learning (DCRL) optimization algorithm to tackle the NP-hard power scheduling problem. The algorithm is based on a multi-agent simulation environment that decomposes the power scheduling problem into sequential Markov decision processes (MDPs). The simulation environment inherently corrects incorrect decisions and adjusts supply capacities so that the MDPs adhere to the optimization constraints. A deep reinforcement learning (DRL) model is trained on these MDPs to provide optimal solutions. Demonstrating its applicability and effectiveness, the proposed method is evaluated on various test systems with different unit numbers, constraints, and production cost functions. The experimental results show that the proposed method has better performance relative to alternative methods, such as binary alternative moth-flame optimization (BAMFO), binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO), teaching learning-based optimization (TLBO), new binary particle swarm optimization (NBPSO), binary learning particle swarm optimization (BLPSO), quasi-oppositional teaching learning-based algorithm (QOTLBO), binary-real-coded genetic algorithm (BRCGA), hybrid genetic-imperialist competitive algorithm (HGICA), three-stage priority list (TSPL), and hybridized evolutionary algorithm and sequential quadratic programming (HEPSQP). The novelties of the proposed method lie in its adaptability to longer planning horizons and linear dimensionality complexity, rendering it suitable for large-scale power systems.

Marriage as a hustle: The evolution of property law and the arrival of same‐sex marriage in Cuba

AbstractThis paper tells the coinciding stories of same‐sex marriage's arrival in Cuba and the evolution of Cuban property law. It argues that greater privatization in the Cuban system, including access to real estate ownership and small‐scale entrepreneurship, contributed to (did not solely determine) the advent of same‐sex marriage even though it was, practically speaking, wholly unnecessary to the goal of equalizing same‐sex couples with regard to property rights. Same‐sex marriage nonetheless scaled the priority list for advancing the interests of gays and lesbians in Cubans due, at least in part, to the discursive entwinement of marriage and property allocation including the “common sense” assumption that marriage is a regime of material benefits access to which determines whether gays and lesbians are being treated equally.

Establishing Priorities for Improving Data Collection and Measurement of Mental Health and Well-Being of Adolescents With Special Educational Needs Within Nonmainstream Schools: Protocol for a Delphi Study.

There are more than 1.5 million children and young people in England with special educational needs (SEN), with over 160,000 young people in the United Kingdom attending a special school or alternative provision (AP) setting. Young people with SEN have been found to be at risk for poorer mental health and well-being than non-SEN peers. However, there is a range of both school-related and research challenges associated with identifying difficulties in a timely manner. This Delphi study aims to determine a list of stakeholder priorities for improving school-based measurement of mental health and well-being among young people with SEN, at an aggregated level, within secondary special school or AP settings. A secondary objective is to inform the implementation of school-based well-being surveys, improve engagement in special schools or AP settings, and improve survey response rates among children and young people with SEN. A mixed methods Delphi study will be conducted, including a scoping review and preliminary focus groups with school staff members and researchers to establish key issues. This will be followed by a 2-round Delphi survey to determine a list of stakeholder priorities for improving the measurement of mental health and well-being at an aggregate level within special schools and AP settings. A final stakeholder workshop will be held to discuss the findings. A list of recommendations will be drafted as a report for special schools and AP settings. The study has received ethical approval from the University College London Research Ethics Committee. The stage 1 scoping review has commenced. Recruitment for focus groups will begin in Autumn 2024. The first round of the Delphi survey will commence in early 2025, and the second round of the Delphi survey in the spring of 2025. The final workshop will commence in mid-2025 with final results expected in late 2025. There is a need for clear recommendations for special schools and AP settings on priorities for improving the measurement of mental health and well-being problems among young people with SEN. There is also a need for recommendations to researchers implementing school-based well-being surveys, including the #BeeWell program, to enable them to improve their engagement in special schools and AP settings and ensure surveys are accessible. PRR1-10.2196/58610.

Identifying Development Priority Areas Using Index of Dissatisfaction: A Case Study of a Coastal Town in the Philippines

In local planning practice, subjective well-being (SWB) approaches continue to gain traction. For the past two decades, researchers have devised tools that generate action or priority lists, such as by asking self-reported life satisfaction or satisfaction levels across aspects of their lives (e.g., health, finances). These listings are especially beneficial for rural areas where local income and other resources are inadequate and misdirected. This article examines residents’ perceptions of a rural coastal community in the Philippines on various personal and related factors affecting their well-being. A comprehensive collection of quantitative tools (e.g., principal component analysis, seemingly unrelated regression, and Index of Dissatisfaction (IDS) scores) were used to identify priority development areas and to understand the factors influencing such decisions. The research process, which was both comprehensive and inclusive, took into account various locations, ages, levels of formal education, household sizes and employment characteristics, which have distinct choices. This broad scope of the research ensures that the voices and needs of all residents are heard and considered, promoting a sense of fairness and equity in the planning process and making the audience feel more informed and involved in the process of regional development.

Promising New Targets for the Treatment of Infections Caused by Acinetobacter baumannii: A Review.

Acinetobacter baumannii is a globally disseminated Gram-negative bacterium that causes several types of serious nosocomial infections, the most worrisome being ventilator-associated pneumonia and bacteremia related to using venous catheters. Due to its great ability to form biofilms, combined with its survival for prolonged periods on abiotic surfaces and its potential to acquire and control the genes that determine antibiotic resistance, A. baumannii is at the top of the World Health Organization's priority list of pathogens in urgent need of new therapies. In this sense, this review aimed to present and discuss new molecular targets present in A. baumannii with potential for promising treatment approaches. This review highlights crucial molecular targets, including cell division proteins, membrane synthesis enzymes, and biofilm-associated components, offering promising targets for novel antimicrobial drug development against A. baumannii infections.