List Of Arguments Research Articles

Drivers of Arab Countries’ Growing Interest to the Eurasian Geopolitical Space

Facing the dynamic development of diversified contacts between Russia and the Arab world amidst the steadily increasing political and economic interest of Arab countries[1] in the Eurasian geopolitical space, an adequate assessment of the causes and the strength potential of such growth has acquired particular importance. This enables us to hedge both political and business risks by predicting scenarios for the future development, and, which is even more important, to address effectively challenges and problems. The successful implementation of the Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation approved on March 31, 2023 in the medium and long terms depends on the survivability of the new paradigm of relations between Russia and the Arab countries, regardless of the anti-Russia Western sanctions. This fully correlates with Russian efforts to promote integration processes in Eurasia, primarily under the within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization as well as outside Eurasia with the involvement of big Eurasian states (India, China) and the non-Eurasian “rising powers” (Brazil, South Africa, etc.) on the BRICS platform. The comprehensive analysis of the factors which have been stimulating the interest of the Arab countries in Eurasia, complementing the already existing sporadic domestic and foreign studies, is intended to form a list of arguments in favor of proving the hypothesis of the strategic, rather than purely tactical nature of the intentions of Arab elites to cooperate with Russia and other Eurasian states. Such arguments imply among other things the common perception by Russia and the Arabs of the current historical transition from the unipolar to a multipolar world.

Identifying the underlying psychological constructs from self-expressed anti-vaccination argumentation

People’s negative attitudes to vaccines can be motivated by psychological factors—such as fears, ideological beliefs, and cognitive patterns—known as ‘attitude roots’. This study had two primary objectives: (1) to identify which of 11 known attitude roots are featured in individuals’ self-expressed reasons for negative vaccine attitudes (i.e., a linguistic analysis); (2) to explore how attitude roots present in self-expressed texts are linked to specific psychological measures. To achieve Objective 1, our study collected data from December 2022 to January 2023 from 556 participants from the US, who wrote texts to explain the reasons for their negative vaccine attitudes. The texts encompassed 2327 conceptually independent units of anti-vaccination argumentation, that were each coded for its attitude root(s) by at least two psychological experts. By allowing participants to spontaneously express their attitudes in their own words, we were able to observe how this differed from what participants reported to endorse when presented with a list of arguments. We found that there were four groups of attitude roots based on linguistic similarity in self-expression. In addition, latent class analysis of participants’ coded texts identified three distinct groups of participants that were characterised by their tendency to express combinations of arguments related to (1) fears, (2) anti-scientific conceptions, and (3) politicised perspectives. To achieve Objective 2, we collected participants’ responses to 11 validated measures of psychological constructs expected to underlie the respective 11 attitude roots, and used a correlational design to investigate how participants’ self-expressed attitude roots were linked to these measures. Logistic regressions showed that an expected psychological construct was the strongest, and significant, predictor for expression of three out of the four attitude root groups. We discuss the implications of these findings for health communicators and practitioners.

Efficient Detection of Exchangeable Factors in Factor Graphs

To allow for tractable probabilistic inference with respect to domain sizes, lifted probabilistic inference exploits symmetries in probabilistic graphical models. However, checking whether two factors encode equivalent semantics and hence are exchangeable is computationally expensive. In this paper, we efficiently solve the problem of detecting exchangeable factors in a factor graph. In particular, we introduce the detection of exchangeable factors (DEFT) algorithm, which allows us to drastically reduce the computational effort for checking whether two factors are exchangeable in practice. While previous approaches iterate all O(n!) permutations of a factor's argument list in the worst case (where n is the number of arguments of the factor), we prove that DEFT efficiently identifies restrictions to drastically reduce the number of permutations and validate the efficiency of DEFT in our empirical evaluation.

Symmetry Properties of Models for Reversible and Irreversible Thermodynamic Processes

The problem of formulating variational models for irreversible processes of media deformation is considered in this paper. For reversible processes, the introduction of variational models actually comes down to defining functionals with a given list of arguments of various tensor dimensions. For irreversible processes, an algorithm based on the principle of stationarity of the functional is incorrect. In this paper, to formulate a variational model of irreversible deformation processes with an expanded range of coupled effects, an approach is developed based on the idea of the introduction of the non-integrable variational forms that clearly separate dissipative processes from reversible deformation processes. The fundamental nature of the properties of symmetry and anti-symmetry of tensors of physical properties in relation to multi-indices characterizing independent arguments of bilinear forms in the variational formulation of models of thermomechanical processes has been established. For reversible processes, physical property tensors must necessarily be symmetric with respect to multi-indices. On the contrary, for irreversible thermomechanical processes, the tensors of physical properties that determine non-integrable variational forms must be antisymmetric with respect to the permutation of multi-indices. As a result, an algorithm for obtaining variational models of dissipative irreversible processes is proposed. This algorithm is based on determining the required number of dissipative channels and adding them to the known model of a reversible process. Dissipation channels are introduced as non-integrable variational forms that are linear in the variations of the arguments. The hydrodynamic models of Darcy, Navier–Stokes, and Brinkman are considered, each of which is determined by a different set of dissipation channels. As another example, a variational model of heat transfer processes is presented. The equations of heat conduction laws are obtained as compatibility equations by excluding the introduced thermal potential from the constitutive equations for temperature and heat flux. The Fourier and Maxwell–Cattaneo equations and the generalized heat conduction laws of Gaer–Krumhansl and Jeffrey are formulated.

Why use component-based methods in sensory science?

This paper discusses the advantages of using so-called component-based methods in sensory science. For instance, principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) regression are used widely in the field; we will here discuss these and other methods for handling one block of data, as well as several blocks of data. Component-based methods all share a common feature: they define linear combinations of the variables to achieve data compression, interpretation, and prediction. The common properties of the component-based methods are listed and their advantages illustrated by examples. The paper equips practitioners with a list of solid and concrete arguments for using this methodology.

Action Nominal Constructions and Their Use in a Swedish COVID-19 Corpus

Swedish has two main types of action nominal constructions (ANCs), either compounding or phrasal (incorporating or nominal, in Koptjevskaja-Tamm 1993), which contain deverbal nouns in -ande or -(n)ing, along with dependent elements. This study investigates Swedish ANCs in use, based on a limited data set from a COVID-19 corpus. It adopts a lexeme-based approach, where deverbal nouns (simplex action nominals), whether including -ande or ‑(n)ing, are morphological constructs and contain a verb lexeme, specified for a list of arguments and an event structure. The study focusses on two questions: to what extent do the two suffixes occur in the compounding versus phrasal ANCs, and to what extent and by what means are the arguments of the verbal base expressed in the compounding versus phrasal ANCs. The data of 328 ANCs (type) show that compounding ANCs predominate over phrasal ANCs, whether combined with -ande or -(n)ing, and that -(n)ing is much more frequent than -ande. As for the expression of arguments, the compounding ANCs contain equally often a modifier (similar to NN-compounding) or an Arg2/internal argument, whereas the phrasal ANCs more often express the Arg2. The Arg1/external argument tends to be expressed as a preposed genitive in one out of ten cases in both compounding and phrasal ANCs. Within a lexeme-based account, we can speak of a gradual transition from morphological constructions, more typically primary compounds (noun-noun) and less typically deverbal compounds (such as compounding ANCs), over to syntactic constructions (such as phrasal ANCs). In conclusion, the study suggests that compounding ANCs are the preferred option in contemporary Swedish for both suffixes, with compounding ANCs, in particular those with -(n)ing, bordering on NN-compounding. Given that both phrasal and compounding ANCs with -ande or -(n)ing occur, albeit to different extents, competition between the morphological and syntactic patterns remains unresolved.

Inner-Biblical Allusion and the Direction of Dependence: Toward a Comprehensive List of Criteria

A prevailing need in biblical studies is a comprehensive set of valid arguments for determining the direction of dependence once a literary relationship between two texts in the Hebrew Bible is reasonably established. This study takes a step toward addressing this lacuna by inductively cataloguing, illustrating, and evaluating eight criteria used to substantiate a proposed direction of borrowing in cases of inner-biblical allusion in Isaianic scholarship. These criteria provide a working list of plausible arguments that can be used when claiming the direction of influence in other cases of inner-biblical allusion throughout the Hebrew Bible. Such a list encourages both methodological clarity due to the increased precision of defined categories and scholarly creativity by suggesting multiple viable means to argue for the direction of dependence.

Проектирование параметрических циклов фрезерования отверстий на станках с ЧПУ

The paper describes the stages of designing the technological end hole milling cycle and presents the developed CONICALINT software, which generates a G-code with argument lists used to call up a technological cycle from the CNC system memory. The developed algorithm for the technological end hole milling cycle has a branched structure, since it can choose between two methods for calculating the internal cycle parameters and two milling methods – climb down and climb up. The calculation of the internal technological cycle parameters consists of calculating the coordinates of the points necessary to construct the helical path of the cutting tool, as well as the maximum permissible value of the helical pitch within a given set of input parameters. The initial calculation data are represented by thirteen parameters characterizing the geometry of the cutting tool, the geometry of the required machined surface, as well as the parameters that determine the milling method and the method for calculating the cutting mode and the starting points of the cutting tool path. We identified eight boundary conditions that determine the permissible values of the input parameters. Based on these conditions, we designed a system of inequalities with a set of error messages displayed to the user if any of the input parameters is entered incorrectly. The developed Gcode of the technological cycle subprogram for a CNC machine calculates the tool movement both along a helical and a conical helical path, depending on the input parameters, which allows using it to program cylindrical and conical hole milling. The developed CONICALINT software is a visual addition to the developed technological cycle of hole milling. The developed CONICALINT software is a visual addition to the developed technological hole milling cycle, which allows generating a control G-code with a set of twelve arguments.

Professionalization of the accounting profession: opportunities and threats related to certification. Evidence from Poland

Purpose: The purpose of the article was to assess the attitude of accountants to the process of professionalization based on voluntary certification. As part of implementing the auxiliary objective, a list of arguments for and against voluntary certification of the accounting profession in Poland was developed. Design/methodology/approach: The research project aimed at determining the current professionalization stage of Polish accountants. A survey method was used in empirical research, and followed by an in-depth secondary analysis of an open question regarding the justification of solutions that, according to the respondents, should be adopted in the future in practicing the accounting profession in Poland. The analyzed question was an extension of a closed question. Findings: The obtained results indicate a problem of a large diversity in the opinions expressed by the accountants and their willingness to accept various solutions, including voluntary certification. The arguments for and against professionalization of the profession, understood as voluntary certification, were grouped. The obtained results expand the knowledge about the expectations and fears of accountants in the field of solutions for practicing the accounting profession in Poland, revealing various interests and experiences of the accounting community in Polish business practice. Research limitations/implications: A limitation is no possibility to compare the conducted studies with others due to lack of this type of research in the environment and a limited number of survey questions constituting the basis for diagnosing the diversity of the accounting environment in Poland. Practical implications: The research is a continuation of studies diagnosing the current status in Poland and the possibility of applying new solutions regarding the practice of the accounting profession in the future. Social implications: The research results have impact on the development of the accounting profession and the market of accounting services in Poland as well as the role of accountants in sustainable economic and social development. Originality/value: The research broadens the knowledge about the determinants underlying professionalization of the accounting profession. The article is a voice in the discussion on the need to prepare new solutions for the accounting profession in Poland. Keywords: accountants, professionalization, accounting, deregulation in accounting profession, certification in accounting. Category of the paper: research paper.

The importance of remote sensing in geography education

This study highlights the importance of integrating remote sensing methods and materials into the school environment, particularly at the primary and secondary school levels. The integration of environmental and digital learning into educational programmes and strategies is an area that requires ongoing commitment and prominence. One approach to achieving this goal is to harness the potential of remote sensing in the classroom. Remote sensing is a multidisciplinary field linking geography, biology, physics, mathematics, and computer science. As a combination of the study of natural sciences and new technologies, and despite being a rapidly growing field driving high demand for skilled workers, this young discipline has yet to establish an adequate position in schools. Remote sensing methods and materials, can demonstrate, in practically real-time, environmental problems such as deforestation, fires, desertification, water pollution, rising water temperatures, glacial melting, drought, and many other phenomena. This overview study presents new perspectives alongside a list of arguments to support the importance of using remote sensing methods and materials in schools.

WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF YOUR RESEARCH? A FRAMEWORK FOR CLEAR ECOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

How to clarify the relevance of research is a challenge for ecologists since this is not a trivial question for any scientist but may be especially difficult for early-career researchers, who often find more difficulty in providing answers that are synthetic, logical, and cogent. However, a clear answer to this question is critical for obtaining funding and is increasingly required by journal editors in order to send papers to review, let alone to attract readers to the published paper. Here, we argue that relevance should in fact appear in all steps of ecological research, including project preparation (e.g., for funding requests), manuscript submissions, oral communications, and also in media releases. Herein we discuss a framework for ecological relevance based on five key elements: clear connections with theory, knowledge gap, novelty, methodological innovation, and applicability. There are different ways of combining these elements, but in order to make the relevance of a study clear, ecologists should make explicit how these elements are connected with their main research question. Journal editors and grant agencies or donors decide on the relevance of the submitted works or proposals. We argue that categorically deciding whether or not an article is relevant is a delicate issue, particularly if one considers how scientific works can range from a gradient of no relevance to extreme relevance. We hope that with this simple “must-have argument list”, ecologists, especially in early careers, can enhance and show the relevance of their work in improving the field of ecology and, ultimately, human society.

Pedagogical partnership in higher education institutions: expediency and capabilities

Pedagogical partnership in higher education institutions: expediency and capabilities

Links between the concentrations of gaseous pollutants measured in different regions of Estonia.

The factors that determine the concentrations of air pollutants (NO, NO2, SO2, O3), measured in 8 monitoring stations (4 rural background, 3 urban, and 1 industrial) in Estonia, are studied applying the factor analysis. The factor analysis reveals remarkable impact of COVID-19 lockdown, effects caused by dramatic decrease in oil-shale based energy production in Estonia provoked by new socio-economic conditions such as elevated price for CO2 emission quota, differences between rural and urban stations, maritime-continental difference for NO2 and ozone, and specific industrial impact in case of SO2. The multiple regression analysis to predict the ozone concentration in one rural background station at Tahkuse was performed, based on the ozone concentrations measured in other stations and the concentrations of NO, NO2, and CO2, recorded in the same station. It was found that the ozone concentration at Tahkuse is rather well predictable (determination coefficient, i.e., correlation coefficient squared, R2 = 0.714), using only the concentrations from another rural station at Saarejärve that is about 110 km away from Tahkuse. Adding all the available data into the list of regression analysis arguments, the model predictability is improved moderately (determination coefficient R2 = 0.795). Large model residuals above all tend to occur with the values measured and predicted at summer nights. Surprisingly, neither NO nor NO2 concentration measured in the Tahkuse station did appear a good predictor for ozone (R2 = 0.02 and 0.05, respectively), possibly long-range transport of ozone (that has also experienced NO and/or NO2 influence during transport) overrides the local effects of NO and/or NO2.

Scaling up interactive argumentation by providing counterarguments with a chatbot.

Discussion is more convincing than standard, unidirectional messaging, but its interactive nature makes it difficult to scale up. We created a chatbot to emulate the most important traits of discussion. A simple argument pointing out the existence of a scientific consensus on the safety of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) already led to more positive attitudes towards GMOs, compared with a control message. Providing participants with good arguments rebutting the most common counterarguments against GMOs led to much more positive attitudes towards GMOs, whether the participants could immediately see all the arguments or could select the most relevant arguments in a chatbot. Participants holding the most negative attitudes displayed more attitude change in favour of GMOs. Participants updated their beliefs when presented with good arguments, but we found no evidence that an interactive chatbot proves more persuasive than a list of arguments and counterarguments.

УКРАЇНА У ВИРІ МІЖНАРОЖНОЇ ІНТЕГРАЦІЇ

The process of international integration is considered as a result of modern global economic processes. The preconditions of international integration and the specifics of the conditions for Ukraine are analyzed. The geographical closeness of the countries is defined as an important, but not a single prerequisite for the international integration of the countries. The closeness of the levels of economic development and the degree of market maturity of the integrating countries is determined as strategic precondition for effective international integration. The existence of a significant gap between the level of economic development of Ukraine and the degree of market maturity of the European Union is emphasized and the threats to the country's integration in such conditions are listed. The evolution of international integration processes on the territory of the former Soviet Union, which directly or indirectly concerned Ukraine, is studied: CIS, Customs Union, Common Economic Space, Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC), and GUAM. The list of important arguments in favor of the European direction of Ukraine's international integration is determined. The Copenhagen criteria for the integration of Eastern countries into the European Union are considered: political, economic, organizational (commitments), legal. The danger of the consumer strategy of national economy development, which is a threat to Ukraine's European integration, is emphasized. It is concluded that Ukraine cannot remain outside economic and political groups because it is not only in the geographical center of Europe, but also in the vortex of world trade, the center of intersection of transport routes and geopolitical events influenced by the imperial ambitions of the Russian Federation. It is summed up that the European Union remains a strategic direction of Ukraine's international integration, which will provide long-awaited static and dynamic economic effects, safe living conditions and welfare of the population.

Prerequisites for tractorization in Ukraine in the early twentieth century

The aim of the article is to establish the scientific prerequisites for tractorization in Ukraine in the early twentieth century. Research methods: general-historical and special-historical methods. Main results: the article examines historical background and factors that contributed to the spread and use of the first tractors in Ukraine, the emergence of domestic tractor construction and widespread tractorization of agriculture in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialistic Republic in the 20s years of the twentieth century. The author uses the term “tractorization” which has not been used in scientific sources for a long time. It means the spread of scientific, technical and everyday ideas about tractors, the creation and distribution of their various models, the introduction of these machines into domestic agriculture and other spheres of life at the beginning of the twentieth century. A list of arguments and facts confirms that 1913 was a turning point in the study, popularization and distribution of tractors both in the world and in Ukraine. The features and results of testing the first tractors on the territory of modern Ukraine are described. The outstanding role of the first scientists and engineers who organized the testing of tractors and disseminated information about the results of these tests on farms and at exhibitions (D. Artsybashev, A. Baranovsky, V. Batyushkov, K. Debu, V. Koval B. Lintvarev, M. Pigulevsky, A. Treivas) is shown. The significant contribution to the study of the tractor business and the promotion of foreign-made tractors in Ukraine made by scientific associations, state and public institutions, as well as individual scientists is highlighted. Concise conclusions: it is determined that tsarist Russia had all the conditions and resources for the development of its own tractor industry before 1917, including Ukraine. It is proven that the development of this industry was interrupted by the Bolshevik coup and the Civil War, and until the mid-1920s, the use of tractors in Ukrainian agriculture was only isolated and completely dependent on imports of this equipment. The mass production of tractors in the USSR was organized only in the early 1930s with the commissioning of Stalingrad Tractor and Kharkiv Tractor plants. Meanwhile the needs of Ukrainian agriculture in tractors were met mainly through the mass import mainly from the United States that became important for the tractorization and its technical modernization. The practical significance: recommended for use in teaching the history of science and technology of the early twentieth century. Originality: the generalization of experience of historiography research in tractorization process is used. Scientific novelty: for the first time the role of the All-Russian factory, trade-industrial, agricultural and scientific-artistic exhibition, which took place in Kyiv in the summer-autumn of 1913 and was accompanied by testing the tractors, is covered. Type of article: research.

The Right to Be Forgotten: The Balance Between Public and Private Interests in the Practice of Constitutional Control Organs

The internet information and telecommunications network, due to its accessibility and easy storage and distribution of huge amounts of data, and its ability to search and find information, plays a key role in the implementation of such fundamental rights as freedom of speech and the press. At the same time, there is an increasing risk that materials on the World Wide Web may harm the rights and legitimate interests of individuals, especially the right to privacy. In these conditions of eternal competition between the public and the private, the right to be forgotten arises as a mechanism that allows one to remove or slow the spread of unwanted information. The authors investigate the problem of implementing this relatively new opportunity in the context of finding a balance between the public interest in obtaining information and the private interest in destroying it. It is argued that this category of cases is difficult due to the lack of a unified standard of proof and criteria for evaluating arguments. Based on an analysis of the most important precedents, the most common legal positions on the issue are identified and critically assessed. An increasing priority afforded to public interest and the decreasing requirements for the deletion of information is revealed. The authors consider the emergence of the right to be forgotten as a new mechanism for settling disputes in a pre-trial manner, by allowing one to not completely destroy, but to suspend the dissemination of undesirable information, thereby protecting private interests without violating the legitimate rights of the public. The conclusion is made about the right to be forgotten as a compromise in the conflict of fundamental rights. An approximate list of arguments for applicants and respondents is provided, suitable for practical application in disputes about the right to be forgotten.

СПОСОБЫ ВЫЯВЛЕНИЯ ОТНОШЕНИЯ СТУДЕНТОВ К ЛЫЖНОЙ ПОДГОТОВКЕ В РАМКАХ ДИСЦИПЛИНЫ «ФИЗИЧЕСКАЯ КУЛЬТУРА И СПОРТ» КАК СРЕДСТВУ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ

Statement of the problem. Due to the natural conditions and climate of the Russian Federation, ski training for the sports and wellness purposes is one of the most affordable and popular types of physical exercise. This is no coincidence that besides being a compulsory element of the university curriculum, this physical activity got included into the recently revived All-Russian Sports Complex “Ready for Labour and Defense” approved in 2014. However, as the sports and wellness industry develops and the range of sports and wellness services offered to the population broadens, the ski sport coaches face the task of supporting and strengthening the interest of the youth in ski training. The problem of the physical culture teachers specializing in ski training is the search for arguments in favour of ski training within the Physical Culture and Sports discipline. To get the students majoring in non-sports subjects involve in ski training voluntarily, it is necessary to enhance their interest and get the students motivated to train. The purpose of the article is to explore the students’ attitude to ski training as a means of physical culture included into the Physical Culture and Sports discipline, the results of which should be considered as a management tool for the teacher consisting of motivated arguments, as well as improvement of the training program to enhance the students’ interest for such training. The research methods are based on analysis and synthesis of the scientific and research works focused on the development of motivation and its main elements, analysis of the published academic works and educational experience in the student youth sports and wellness activity domain, analysis of the traditional ski training methods used at universities and the practical experience of the university staff, practical sociological survey methods like questionnaires and interviews. The research results provide the foundation for the identification of the main positive and negative factors experienced by physical culture and sports majoring students at their ski trainings. Their interest is concentrated on the snowy period of the academic year; they generally prefer even aerobic activity on a small training loop, as well as training on skiing course slopes with multiple ascends and descends. More profound work on the improvement of skiing techniques in both snowy and non-snow periods, the need to intensify their skiing activity associated with excessive physical load meet negative attitude of the students. To improve the ski training motivation, a list of arguments in favour of outdoor training was formulated to help students understand and personally evaluate their capacity for physical development and health improvement. It is used to efficiently supplement the conviction and stimulation methods used to raise the students’ need for this type of training. To strengthen the cumulative positive motivation to do ski training, the students’ interest for improvement of specific qualities and technical elements was taken into account. Conclusion. To keep the students interested in ski training, to prevent passive observer attitude to the physical culture and sport discipline, it is necessary to rely upon the achieved results with due attention to the shaping of the student’s personality and his/her individual qualities and interests.

High Anti-Corruption Court of Ukraine: the peculiarities of establishment and the first results

The purpose of the article is to analyze the peculiarities of establishment of the High Anti-Corruption Court of Ukraine (HACC) and to consider the first results of its work. Methodology. Thus, the analysis and synthesis method as well as the logical method were used to formulate a holistic view on corruption and its features, as well as the ways, in which it can be manifested. The logical-semantic method was used to establish the meaning of the term “corruption”. The historical method was useful in studying the history of the establishment of the HACC. The comparative method was used when analyzing Ukrainian legal acts, which regulate the issue under consideration, as well as scientific views on the topic. The system and structural method was applied to determine the institutional features of the HACC. The method of systematic analysis made it possible to identify the operational characteristics of this agency. The legal modeling method was helpful in drawing conclusions of the research. The results of the study. The high level of corruption of Ukraine has led to the need to find the ways to counteract it. To that end, the system of bodies of pre-trial investigation and prosecution of high-ranking officials for corruption offenses has been created over the last three years. The establishment of the HACC was the final stage of this reform. Practical implications. Since the international experience in establishing anti-corruption courts is quite controversial, it was found that many scholars are skeptical about the ability of the HACC to reduce corruption in Ukraine. So, the list of arguments for and against the operation of HACC in Ukraine was comprehensively reviewed. Value / originality. As a result of the research, the authors identified both the shortcomings and the benefits of the work of Ukrainian anti-corruption court.

On Degenerations and Invariants of Low-Dimensional Complex Nilpotent Leibniz Algebras

Given two algebras and , if lies in the Zariski closure of the orbit , we say that is a degeneration of . We denote this by . Degenerations (or contractions) were widely applied to a range of physical and mathematical point of view. The most well-known example oriented to the application on degenerations is limiting process from quantum mechanics to classical mechanics under that corresponds to the contraction of the Heisenberg algebras to the abelian ones of the same dimension. Research on degenerations of Lie, Leibniz and other classes of algebras are very active. Throughout the paper we are dealing with mathematical background with abstract algebraic structures. The present paper is devoted to the degenerations of low-dimensional nilpotent Leibniz algebras over the field of complex numbers. Particularly, we focus on the classification of three-dimensional nilpotent Leibniz algebras. List of invariance arguments are provided and its dimensions are calculated in order to find the possible degenerations between each pair of algebras. We show that for each possible degenerations, there exists construction of parameterized basis on parameter We proof the non-degeneration case for mentioned classes of algebras by providing some reasons to reject the degenerations. As a result, we give complete list of degenerations and non-degenerations of low-dimensional complex nilpotent Leibniz algebras. In future research, from this result we can find its rigidity and irreducible components.