Liquified Petroleum Research Articles

Development of a Mobile Liquified Petroleum (MLP) Gas Leakage Alert System with Multilingual Notifications

Development of a Mobile Liquified Petroleum (MLP) Gas Leakage Alert System with Multilingual Notifications

Beyond air pollution: a national assessment of cooking-related burns in Ghana

IntroductionHousehold energy transitions have the potential to reduce the burden of several health outcomes but have narrowly focused on those mediated by reduced exposure to air pollution, despite concerns about...

DETECTION OF LPG VEHICLES IN RISKY AREAS WITH COMPUTER VISION TECHNIQUES

Vehicle use is becoming more widespread day by day due to the world population growth. Within the scope of intelligent transportation systems, the information technologies sector and the transportation sector work in an integrated manner to solve the problems caused by the increasing number of vehicles. Data obtained with sensors and cameras are analyzed with artificial intelligence-based information technologies and used in autonomous vehicles, security, traffic management, navigation and passenger information systems. Computer vision enables machines to extract meaningful patterns and relationships from images by combining image processing and deep learning technologies. Computer vision techniques are applied in many fields such as tourism, health, industry, defense, transportation, service, e-commerce, etc. The applications developed provide solutions to various challenges in the transportation sector. For vehicles using Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) fuel, the gases in LPG tanks are flammable and pose a potential explosion hazard, especially in certain areas in cities. Entry of LPG vehicles is prohibited in institutions and organizations such as hospitals, shopping malls, hotels that have indoor parking services. The control method of the ban is carried out by assigning a personnel and checking the vehicle trunks. In this study, LPG fueled vehicles were automatically detected using computer vision techniques. Vehicle image data captured by mobile cameras in different provinces in Turkey were trained and compared with four different deep learning models. As a result of training and performance tests on the models, the YOLOv8 model was more effective than the other models with an accuracy of 0.994 mAP and a speed of 11.6 ms. It has been shown to be a stable model in terms of real-time monitoring in real life. It is envisaged that the developed system can contribute to the applications of computer vision techniques as well as benefit the national economy, public life safety and environmental protection.

Performance of double-arch tunnels under internal BLEVE

Double-arch tunnels, as one of the popular forms of tunnels, might be exposed to boiling liquid expanding vapour explosions (BLEVEs) associated with transported liquified petroleum gas (LPG), which could cause damage to the tunnel and even catastrophic collapse of the tunnel in extreme cases. However, very limited study has investigated the performance of double-arch tunnels when exposed to internal BLEVEs and in most analyses of tunnel responses to accidental explosions. The TNT-equivalence method was used to approximate the explosion load, which may lead to inaccurate tunnel response predictions. This study numerically investigates the response of typical double-arch tunnels to an internal BLEVE resulting from the instantaneous rupture of a 20 m3 LPG tank. Effects of various factors, including in-situ stresses, BLEVE locations, and lining configurations on tunnel responses are examined. The results show that the double-arch tunnels at their early-operation ages are more vulnerable to severe damage when exposed to the BLEVE due to the low action of in-situ stress of rock mass on the response of early-age tunnels. It is also found that directing the LPG tank to different driving lanes inside tunnels can affect the BLEVE-induced tunnel response more significantly than varying the configurations of tunnel lining. Moreover, installing section-steel arches in the mid-wall can effectively improve the blast resistance of the double-arch tunnels against the internal BLEVE. In addition, the prediction models based on multi-variate nonlinear regressions and machine learning methods are developed to predict the BLEVE-induced damage levels of the double-arch tunnels without and with section-steel arches.

Simulation and optimization of a liquified petroleum gas sweetening process using Aspen HYSYS

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is one of the common fossil fuels that can be derived from natural gas or crude oil. In either case, it contains impurities such as H2S and CO2, which should be removed to obtain sweet liquified petroleum gas with a pure concentration of hydrocarbons such as ethane, propane, and butane. The most common method of gas sweetening process is by using amine compounds, which come in various types, each designed for specific and selective removal of acidic gases. In this study, methyldiethanolamine (42 wt.%) was used as a solvent to extract approximately 0.8% of H2S from sour LPG at a temperature of 400C. The objective of this study focuses on simulating and optimizing the LPG sweetening unit using Aspen HYSYS V11 to investigate the different parameters that affect the separation of acidic gases and to achieve high profitability. The number of trays, circulation rates, temperature, mass and molar flow rates, and other parameters were studied to reduce the H2S concentration to 0% in the treated LPG stream. The sweetening process was proposed to produce LPG with high levels of specific preferred specifications such as calorific value and purity, in addition to being environmentally friendly.

Quantifying the Influence of Future Disruptive Scenarios to Priorities of Energy Supply Chains Systems of Liquified Petroleum Gas

Quantifying the Influence of Future Disruptive Scenarios to Priorities of Energy Supply Chains Systems of Liquified Petroleum Gas

Analysis of Steel Cutting Results Using a Semi-Automatic Oxy-LPG Gas Cutting Machine

The manufacturing industry, steel is one of the main materials in making every tool. Steel itself has different thicknesses according to its use, ranging from 1 mm-20 mm. The thicker the steel used, the more difficult the fabrication process, especially cutting the steel, will be. In general, the tool used to cut thick steel is Gas Cutting with the type of gas used being Oxygen and LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas), or you can also use Oxygen and Acytelene gas, this is more effective when compared to cutting steel or steel using cutting grinder. However, the operator who operates the cutting gas greatly influences the neatness of the cut results. Given these problems, this research aims to analyze the results of cutting steel or steel using semiautomatic Oxy-LPG cutting gas, and then the results of this research are compared with the results of cutting steel or steel using conventional Oxy-LPG cutting gas.

Economic Feasibility Study of Syngas-Derived Garden Waste Biomass as Liquified Petroleum Gas Substitute in Indonesia: A Case Study for 1-Megawatt Updraft Fixed Bed Gasifier

Economic Feasibility Study of Syngas-Derived Garden Waste Biomass as Liquified Petroleum Gas Substitute in Indonesia: A Case Study for 1-Megawatt Updraft Fixed Bed Gasifier

Experimental Investigation of a Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled with Liquified Petroleum Gas

Experimental Investigation of a Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled with Liquified Petroleum Gas

Pengaruh konversi mesin genset 160 cc berbahan bakar bensin dengan converter kit liquefied petroleum gas terhadap emisi gas buang

Usability of portable generators fueled by petroleum as a substitute for the community's primary source of electrical energy when the main electricity source black out is still the best choice for the community, limited space for good air circulation will make emissions harmful to users or community, innovation is needed to reduce the levels of exhaust emissions produced by saving fuel or converting the fuel used, one of which is by replacing the carburetor in portable generators fuel engine with a converter kit using Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG). In this study, the lowest use of petroleum fuel was obtained at 36.3 ml/minute or 0.406 liters/hour, consumption of LPG fuel is 0.159 liters/hour, exhaust emission test results obtained at 5.3% CO emissions from petroleum fuel and 125 ppm for HC fuel oil emissions, compared to the results of LPG CO exhaust emission tests. of 0.90% and fuel HC emissions ar LPG of 41 ppm, the use of LPG fuel in Portable Generators with a converter kit has the effect of using more efficient fuel and very low fuel emissions.

The association between household biomass fuel use and leukocyte telomere length among toddlers in Bhaktapur, Nepal

BackgroundBiomass fuels are still in use for cooking by many households in resource poor countries such as Nepal and is a major source of household air pollution (HAP). Chronic exposure to HAP has been shown to be associated with shorter telomere length in adults.ObjectivesTo measure the association between exposure related to household biomass fuel in infancy and leukocyte telomere length (LTL) at 18–23 months of age among 497 children from Bhaktapur, Nepal.MethodsIn a prospective cohort study design, we have collected information on household cooking fuel use and several clinical, anthropometric, demographic, and socioeconomic variables. We estimated the association between biomass fuel use and the relative LTL in multiple linear regression models.ResultsMost of the families (78%) reported liquified petroleum gas (LPG) as the primary cooking fuel, and 18.7% used biomass. The mean relative (SD) LTL was 1.03 (0.19). Children living in households using biomass fuel had on average 0.09 (95% CI: 0.05 to 0.13) units shorter LTL than children in households with no biomass fuel use. The observed association was unaltered after adjusting for relevant confounders. The association between LTL and biomass use was strongest among children from households with ≤2 rooms and without separate kitchen.SignificanceExposure to biomass fuel use in early life might have consequences for longevity, and risk of chronic illnesses reflected in shortening of the telomeres. Our findings support the ongoing effort to reduce exposure to biomass fuel in low-resource settings.Impact statementsBiomass for cooking is a leading source of household air pollution in low and middle-income countries, contributing to many chronic diseases and premature deaths. Chronic exposure to biomass fuel through oxidative stress and inflammation has been associated with a shortening of the telomeres, a “biological marker” of longevity. This prospective cohort study describes the association between household biomass fuel use and leukocyte telomere length among 497 toddlers. Leukocyte telomere length was significantly shorter among children living in households with biomass fuel than in children from homes where mainly LPG was used for cooking.Clinical Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov: NCT02272842, registered October 21, 2014, Universal Trial Number: U1111-1161-5187 (September 8, 2014)

Analysis of Criminal Sanctions for Perpetrators of Mixing LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas)

LPG has long been an alternative to kerosene. One of the objectives of the kerosene to LPG conversion program in 2007 was to supply fuel that is comfortable, clean, and efficient. Despite the government's intention to help the less fortunate with the LPG gas subsidy program, some individuals have used this as an opportunity to abuse it. Not only was the distribution misdirected, but these individuals misused it for personal gain. They deliberately buy as much subsidized LPG gas as possible and then resell it in mixed form by transferring the contents of the 3 kg of subsidized gas into 12 kg of non-subsidized gas cylinders (Irawan, 2020). Based on this description, the author feels the need to conduct an analysis of several articles that discuss criminal sanctions for mixing LPG. The method used in this study is a normative juridical method with a statutory approach that analyzes all articles related to criminal sanctions for mixing LPG (liquefied petroleum gas). Based on the results of the discussion, the act of mixing subsidized LPG gas cylinders into empty cylinders of 12 kg or 50 kg size is very detrimental and can be regarded as a criminal act. So based on Article 62 paragraph 1 of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, which states that traffickers violate the provisions mentioned in Article 8, Article 9, Article 10, Article 13 paragraph (2), Article 15, Article 17 paragraph (1cerning Consumer Protection, which states that traffickers violate the provisions mentioned in Article 8, Article 9, Article 10, Article 13 paragraph (2), Article 15, Article 17 paragraph (1), letter a, letter b, letter c, letter e, paragraph (2), and number 18, the offender can be punished with imprisonment for a maximum of 5 (five) years or a fine of up to Rp. 2,000,000,000.00 (two billion rupiah).

Biomass fuel use and birth weight among term births in Nigeria.

Despite the high burden of household air pollution from biomass fuel in sub-Saharan Africa, the association of prenatal biomass fuel exposure and birth weight as a continuous variable among term births has not been extensively studied. In this study, our primary aim is to estimate the association between biomass cooking fuel and birth weight among term births in Kaduna, northwestern Nigeria. For replication, we also evaluated this association in a larger and nationally representative sample from the 2018 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Our primary analysis included 1,514 mother-child pairs recruited from Kaduna, in northwestern Nigeria, using the Child Electronic Growth Monitoring System (CEGROMS). Replication analysis was conducted using data from 6,975 mother-child pairs enrolled in 2018 Nigerian DHS. The outcome variable was birth weight, and the exposure was cooking fuel type, categorized in CEGROMS as liquefied petroleum gas, kerosene, or biomass fuel, and in the DHS as low pollution fuel, kerosene, or biomass fuel. We estimated covariate adjusted associations between birth weight and biomass fuel exposure in CEGROMS using linear regression and using linear mixed model in the DHS. In CEGROMS, adjusting for maternal age, education, parity, BMI at birth, and child sex, mothers exposed to biomass fuel gave birth to infants who were on average 113g lighter (95% CI -196 to -29), than those using liquified petroleum gas. In the 2018 Nigeria DHS data, compared to low pollution fuel users, mothers using biomass had infants weighing 50g (95% CI -103 to 2) lower at birth. Exposure to biomass cooking fuel was associated with lower birth weight in our study of term newborns in Kaduna, Nigeria. Data from the nationally representative DHS provide some support for these findings.

Effects of an LPG stove intervention on gestational blood pressure: findings from Household Air Pollution Intervention Network randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Cooking and heating using solid fuels can cause dangerous levels of exposure to household air pollution (HAP). HAPIN is an ongoing randomized controlled trial aimed at assessing the impact of a liquified petroleum gas (LPG) cookstove and fuel intervention on HAP exposure and health among householders in India, Guatemala, Peru and Rwanda that rely chiefly on solid cooking fuels. Given the potential impacts of HAP exposure on cardiovascular outcomes during pregnancy, we seek to characterize the relationship between personal exposures to HAP and gestational blood pressure (GBP) among pregnant women. METHODS: The trial enrolled approximately 800 pregnant women between 9 and 20 gestational weeks (GW) from each participating country (N=3195) and randomly allocated half to an intervention group that received an LPG stove and fuel throughout the duration of their pregnancy; control group members received no intervention at trial launch. We continuously monitor intervention fidelity and adherence. We assess repeated 24-hour personal exposure to PM2.5/BC/CO and gestational systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at on enrollment and at two follow-up visits at 24-28 GW and 32-36 GW. Effects of the intervention on gestational SBP and DBP will be reported using both an intention-to-treat (ITT) and exposure-response analysis. RESULTS:Preliminary data from stove use monitoring shows nearly exclusive use of the intervention during the follow-up period. Preliminary data from personal exposure monitoring shows a substantial exposure contrast between intervention and control arms, with PM2.5 below the WHO interim target-1 level of 35 µg/m3, compared with the pre-intervention median of 84.5 µg/m3. Analysis of intervention effects on SBP and DBP are being finalized and will be presented. CONCLUSIONS:This study will add new evidence to the field of HAP exposure and BP among women during pregnancy, a critical window for health over the life course in both mother and child. KEYWORDS: Household Air Pollution, Gestational Blood Pressure, Randomized Controlled Trial, Liquified Petroleum Gas

Time Use Implication of Clean Cookstoves in Rural Settings in Ghana: A Time Use Study.

Whilst the health benefit of using clean cookstoves and fuels is widely known, there is limited information on the non-health benefit of these stoves, especially in low-middle-income countries. This paper reports the time use implications of using clean cookstoves and fuels by comparing liquified petroleum gas (LPG), an improved biomass cookstove (BioLite), and traditional biomass cookstoves (three-stone fires) in Ghana. Using survey-based time diaries, information on all the activities undertaken by study participants during a 24-h was collected and analyzed. The findings of the study show that LPG users spent significantly less time gathering firewood compared to the users of improved cookstoves and three-stone fires. LPG users spent slightly less time per cooking episode, generally, and there was no significant difference in cooking time across the three cookstoves mostly due to stove stacking. Time spent engaging in economic activities was highest for LPG users and improved biomass cookstove users, at least when compared to three-stone fire users. In this study, we provide evidence on the time use implications of clean cookstoves, highlighting their non-health benefits and supporting efforts towards the adoption and sustained used of clean cookstoves

PEMANFAATAN PENGEMBANGAN JARINGAN GAS BUMI SEBAGAI PENGGANTI LPG RUMAH TANGGA DI KABUPATEN BOJONEGORO, JAWA TIMUR

This study was purposed to determine the cost saving obtained by household respondents from utilization of natural gas network development which will be installed replacing LPG uses in Bojonegoro regency. All 4,000 respondents still using Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) as fuel. Most of the respondents (93%) using LPG 3 kg (subsidy), 6% LPG 12 kg and 1% LPG 5.5 kg for their household needs. Commercially, cost savings obtained from natural gas network development instead LPG 3 kg is Rp 878,-/bottle, LPG 5.5 kg Rp 71,277,-/bottle and LPG 12 Rp 76,913,-/bottle. The average amount of natural gas per house is 12.39 m3/month. Total gas demand for 4,000 household respondents is 0.062 mmscfd and for all households in Bojonegoro regency is 6.48 mmscfd.

In-Field Emission Measurements from Biogas and Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Stoves

Household air pollution from solid fuel cooking causes millions of deaths each year and contributes to climate change. These emissions can be reduced if households transition to cleaner cooking fuels such as LPG or biogas, yet emission measurements during actual use are limited. Six LPG and 57 biogas cooking event emissions were measured during typical cooking practices in Nepal. Emission factors are reported for elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), and carbon monoxide (CO) and compared to measurements from wood stoves in the same households. Biogas cooking emission factors were 7.4 ± 10.9 mg MJ − 1 for PM 2.5 and 0.2 ± 0.3 mg MJ − 1 for EC on a fuel energy basis, and were not significantly different from LPG stoves (9.5 ± 6.8 mg MJ − 1 for PM 2.5 and 0.3 ± 0.3 mg MJ − 1 for EC, p > 0.05). Wood stoves emitted 50 times more PM 2.5 than biogas on a fuel energy basis and 230 times more EC. EC emissions were about 3% of total particle emissions from biogas and LPG stoves. Most PM 2.5 emissions from gas stoves were attributed to food frying and stove ignition (90%), not the gas fuel (10%), implying that there is a limit to emission reductions that can be achieved with improved fuels.

KAJIAN PROSES DAN ANALISIS KELAYAKAN FINANSIAL USAHA UBI CILEMBU BAKAR

Ubi cilembu merupakan varietas unggul lokal asal Desa Cilembu Kabupaten Sumedang, Jawa Barat. Rasa yang manis seperti madu dihasilkan melalui proses penanaman pada ketinggian tertentu, pemeraman setelah pasca panen, dan dipanggang menggunakan oven. Kebijakan konversi bahan bakar minyak ke bahan bakar gas, berimplikasi pada usaha pemanggangan ubi cilembu yang sebelumnya menggunakan oven berbahan bakar minyak tanah. Namun seiring terbatasnya ketersediaan dan tingginya harga minyak tanah menuntut modifikasi oven pemanggang menggunakan bahan bakar gas. Penelitian ini bertujuan melakukan kajian proses dan menganalisis kelayakan finansial usaha pemanggangan ubi cilembu. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode ekperimen yang di kolaborasikan dengan metode deskriptif untuk untuk menganalisis kelayakan finansial usaha pemanggangan ubi cilembu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa suhu rata-rata ruang pemanggang adalah 138 0C, kapasitas efektif pemanggangan 6,64 kg/jam, laju konsumsi LPG 0,44 kg/jam, Laju penurunan berat rata-rata ubi cilembu selama proses pemanggangan 5,66 gram per menit untuk grade C dan 3,68 gram per menit untuk grade B dengan rendemen ubi cilembu pangang yang dihasilkan sebesar 77,38% dan bobot sebesar 22,62%. Berdasarkan analisis kelayakan finansial didapatkan HPP Rp. 14.132,72/kg, NPV Rp. 73.154.539/bulan, BCR 1,28, IRR 20,06 % dan modal akan kembali pada bulan kedelapan.

Commentary: Switching to biogas – What effect could it have on indoor air quality and human health?

Indoor combustion of solid biomass fuels such as wood and charcoal is common in large parts of the world and has been demonstrated to lead to high levels of exposure to fine particulate matter and gases such as carbon monoxide. Such exposures have been shown to be linked to increased risk of respiratory and cardiovascular illness and may contribute to as many as 2 million early deaths globally per annum. There are a range of interventions currently being trialled including improved cookstoves and changes in fuel type. Small household biogas digesters are now available and are likely to have the capacity to significantly reduce household concentrations of respirable particulate matter and carbon monoxide. Although no direct evidence is available, comparison with households using Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) would suggest that improvements in indoor air quality may be of the order of 66–99%. Such improvements in households taking up this technology could bring respiratory and cardiovascular health benefits of the order of 20–25% reduction in risk of a wide range of diseases. There is a need for well-designed longitudinal studies to examine the impact of introducing biogas digesters to communities on both exposure to indoor air pollution and the health effects this may bring.

A Pilot Study Evaluating Changes to Household Emissions and Health Risk Following Indonesia’s Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Conversion Program

A Pilot Study Evaluating Changes to Household Emissions and Health Risk Following Indonesia’s Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Conversion Program