Liquid Waste Handling Research Articles

Effect of Doping ZnO on Activated Carbon Prepared from Waste Paper for Photocatalytic Applications

Accumulation of untreated and unrecycled paper has a negative impact on the environment. Like liquid waste handling, paper waste handling is also still being developed. It is known that activated carbon (AC) is one of the promising adsorbents that can be used to solve the environmental issue. Activated carbon can be made from organic waste, such as waste paper. The objective of this study is to investigate the operation condition of the pyrolysis process to obtain the activated carbon. The furnace temperature was set at 400°C for 1 hour under N2 stream with a flow rate of 0.5 L/min. To provide a synergistic effect in the adsorption process, ZnO was derived from ZnCl2 as a chemical activator for making active carbon. While Zn (CH3COO)2.2H2O with different concentrations of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 M was grown into the pores of activated carbon. The photocatalytic activity of AC/ZnO was identified in the degradation process of methylene blue as a model of organic pollutants. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) were used to characterize the product. The morphology of ZnO was observed in the form of a flower-like and occupying the surface of activated carbon. The photocatalytic activity showed that the methylene blue was completely degraded.

Eco-friendly self-terminated process for preparation of CaO catalyst based on chitosan production wastes for biodiesel production

One of the major obstacles to the realization of a sustainable planet is the handling of liquid waste, which is where Chitosan production waste (CPW) have been becoming a significant environmental issue. Chitosan production waste derived CaO catalyst (CPW-CaO) was synthesized through a self-termination precipitation of acidic waste (de-mineralization step) with alkali waste (de-proteination/de-acetylation) then calcination and utilized as an eco-friendly and cost-effective catalyst to generate biodiesel from Soybean deodorizer distillate oil (SDDO). XRD, EDS, FTIR, SEM, and BET were used to characterize CPW-CaO. The catalyst demonstrated exceptional catalytic performance in the conversion of SDDO to sustainable biodiesel which matched the EN fuel specifications at 8% catalyst dosage, 12:1 ration of methanol to SDDO, 2 h, and 65 °C reaction temperature as optimum conditions that yielding a 97.1% conversion. For the first four reaction cycles, the CPW-CaO catalyst was able to produce a comparatively high conversion of biodiesel, according to the reusability study. The catalyst regeneration can be recycled for more than four cycles to produce a comparatively high biodiesel yield. The results of this study provide a cost-effective and ecologically friendly method for producing biodiesel.

Public Perception of The Implementation of an Eco Fishig Port Priciple at The Fish Auction Place of Karangantu, Serang City

Eco port is a predicate of a port that has implemented systematic efforts or steps to build and maintain an environmentally friendly port area. Poor sanitation and hygiene conditions such as large amounts of waste from fishing port activities can cause environmental pollution and affect public health. This research aims to determine public perception towards the management of the Fish Landing Place (TPI) of Karangantu in accordance with the principle of eco fishing port. Primary data was obtained through observations in July-August 2022 on ship unloading activities until the transaction process at Karangantu TPI. Interviews with Karangantu Archipelagic Fishing Port (PPN) employees, TPI managers and TPI service users were conducted to find out each stakeholder's perception of environmental sanitation conditions and hygiene of fish catches. Secondary data were obtained from various publications available in Karangantu PPN. Data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively (tables and graphs) and quantitatively (Likert scale). The results showed that the management of Karangantu TPI is in accordance with the eco port principle. However, the public considers that the parameters of liquid waste handling and the quality of fish catches landed at TPI Karangantu must be improved.

Life Cycle Assessment of Organic Arabica Coffee Products

Upstream to downstream activities of organic Arabica coffee in Klungkung Village can cause environmental pollution and have the potential to be a contributor to increased greenhouse gases (GHG) and inefficient use of energy. On the upstream side, Arabica coffee cultivation activities use organic fertilizers, but the type and dosage of organic fertilizers are without proper knowledge. On the downstream side, it uses various technologies and produces various wastes that are not yet environmentally friendly. This study aims to determine how much the impact of processing organic Arabica coffee products on the environment can be reduced so that the product can be said to be feasible as an environmentally friendly product. The method used is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) which has stages, goals and scope, life cycle inventory, life cycle impact assessment, and interpretation. Processing organic Arabica coffee products produces a GWP of 18.0589 kg CO2-eq, and the energy use efficiency shows a NER value of 0.03 and a NEV of -33.12. The recommended alternative improvements are making all solid waste into organic fertilizer and anaerobic handling of liquid waste to produce biogas which can be used as an alternative fuel to replace LPG in the roasting process. If the alternative recommendations for improvement are implemented, it can reduce the GWP value to 6.3514 kg CO2-eq and increase the efficiency of energy use consisting of NER values of 4.53 and NEV of 126.46. Keywords: Arabica, GWP, Energy, LCA, Organic

Assessment of Liquid Waste Handling Practice of Addis Ketema and its Impact on Shankela River, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Addis Ketema is one of the ten sub-cities of Addis Ababa, where the biggest market and the biggest bus station in Ethiopia are located. The liquid waste that is generated from this sub-city is not being handled properly. The objective of this study is to assess the liquid waste handling practice of Addis Ketema and its impact on Shankela River. The data is collected by observation, interviewing garage employees, and interviewing residents. In addition, a triplicate water sample was collected from four sampling sites of Shankela River by using grab sampling. The physicochemical characteristics of the river such as temperature, pH, electric conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, biological oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand were analyzed to determine the impact of the poor liquid waste handling practice of the sub-city on the river. The main reasons that contributed to the poor liquid waste handling practice of Addis Ketema are the discharge of untreated effluents from small and large scale factories, the migration of people from different parts of the country, the poor liquid waste handling practice of residents, the poor solid waste handling practice of Merkato and Autobis Tera, the poor liquid waste handling practice of condominium’s and the poor liquid waste handling practice of garages. The interview result shows that out of 81garage employees, only 43 percent have a perception about the health and environmental impacts that come with the poor handling of garage effluent. The questioners that are collected from residents show that compared to other zones, zone 3 has poor liquid waste handling practice. Zone 3 is the third zone with 61 out of 100 residents in having low perception about environmental pollution. It is the first zone in having large number of residents, with 87 out of 100 residents, to be affected with water-borne diseases. It is the third zone with 62 out of 100 residents in dumping their liquid waste improperly. It is the last zone with 12 out of 100 residents in handling the generated liquid waste properly and it is the second zone with 45 out of 100 residents in using bottled water over the water that is supplied by Addis Ababa water and sewerage authority. The physicochemical characteristics of Shankela River indicate that even though the river is polluted by other factors before entering into the sub-city, the poor liquid waste handling practice of the sub-city is affecting the river even more by increasing the pollutant load. Developing sanitary infrastructures, Awareness creation, enforcing environmental laws are some of the methods that can be employed to improve the poor liquid waste handling practice of Addis Ketema.

The Capability of Mangrove Charcoal in Adsorption Process of Indigosol Substance in Wastewater of Batik Industry

The development of the textile industry has had a positive impact on economic growth in Indonesia. Batik is one of the products of the textile industry that is proliferating in Indonesia. Dyes are the main ingredients in the textile and batik industrial process. One of the dyes used is indigosol, and about 15% of the total dyes used will result in industrial liquid waste. The presence of these dyes can damage the water and soil ecosystems. Liquid sewage treatment is needed to minimize the amount of contamination against groundwater and surface water. A standard method used in the handling of liquid waste is by adsorption process with various adsorbents. Commonly used adsorbents are silica gel, activated alumina, zeolite, polymer, and activated carbon. Activated charcoal from mangroves becomes an alternative to natural adsorbents with a large surface area. The ability of activated charcoal as an adsorbent was the focus of this study, both by the activation process by Fe cations and the addition of hydrogen peroxide activators. Characterization using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer is performed to see changes in indigosol concentration during the adsorption process. Results have shown that charcoal with Fe and H2O2 give a better performance on adsorption of indigosol than pure charcoal. Removal of indigosol by charcoal + Fe and H2O2 can reach 51%.

Handling of Tofu Liquid Waste in Central Sokaraja Village, Banyumas Regency

Pollution of water, air, soil, and disposal of hazardous and toxic materials (B3) is a problem that must be around communities living around industrial areas. One of the problems that occur due to human activities is air pollution at air sources because it receives a pollution load that exceeds its carrying capacity. Pollution that causes a decrease in water quality can come from waste. Tofu liquid waste pollution is one of the causes of environmental pollution and can cause disease to humankind and manage a wastewater treatment system based on the nature and character of the tofu wastewater itself. This research discusses handling tofu liquid waste handling in the Village of Central Sokaraja based on Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management (Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, UUPPLH). This research approach method is normative juridical. The normative juridical method is carried out through literature studies that examine secondary data in the form of laws and regulations, court decisions, agreements, contracts, or other legal documents, research results, assessment results, and other references. The handling of liquid tofu waste is not going well in Hamlet Muntug and Hamlet Kauman, Central Sokara Village. Due to WWTP, whose construction and pump system are not under the WTP establishment standards, and the public awareness of the craftsmen who know about environmental awareness. Furthermore, WWTP must carry out a full assessment to handle industrial tofu waste and involve competent stakeholders in their fields. Furthermore, the Village Government of Sokaraja provides solutions and education to the surrounding community, especially those involved in industries related to environmental protection and management.Keywords: Handling, Tofu Liquid Waste, Pollution

Bacterial communities in the digester bed and liquid effluent of a microflush composting toilet system.

Lack of access to clean water and sanitation is a major factor impacting public health in communities worldwide. To address this, the S-Lab at Providence College and the Global Sustainable Aid Project developed a microflush composting toilet system to isolate and treat human waste. Solid waste is composted within a filter-digester bed via an aerobic process involving microbes and invertebrates. Liquid waste may be sanitized by solar disinfection (SODIS) or slow sand filtration (SSF). Here, we used 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of samples from a scaled-down test version of the system to better understand the bacterial component of the toilet system. Immediately after fecal matter was deposited in the test system, the bacterial community of the filter-digester bed at the site of deposition resembled that of the human gut at both the phylum and genus level, which was expected. Genus-level analysis of filter-digester bed samples collected over the next 30 days from the site of deposition showed reduced or undetectable levels of fecal-associated taxa, with the exception of Clostridium XI, which persisted at low abundance throughout the sampling period. Starting with the sample collected on day 4, the bacterial community of the filter-digester bed at the site of deposition was dominated by bacterial taxa commonly associated with environmental sources, reflecting a major shift in bacterial community composition. These data support the toilet system’s capacity for processing solid human waste. We also analyzed how SODIS and SSF sanitization methods affected the bacterial community composition of liquid effluent collected on day 15 from the test system. Untreated and treated liquid effluent samples were dominated by Proteobacteria. At the genus level, the bacterial community of the untreated effluent included taxa commonly associated with environmental sources. In the SODIS-treated effluent, these genera increased in abundance, whereas in the SSF-treated effluent, they were greatly reduced or undetectable. By analyzing operational taxonomic units that were unclassified at the genus level, we observed that SSF appears to introduce new taxa into the treated effluent, likely from the biological film of microbes and small animals that constitutes the key element of SSF. These data will inform continued development of liquid waste handling strategies for the toilet system. Using the test system as an indicator of the performance of the full-scale version, we have shown the effectiveness of the microflush composting toilet system for containing and eliminating gut-associated bacteria, thereby improving sanitation and contributing to better public health in rural and peri-urban communities.

RANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI PENGUKURAN GREEN PRODUCTIVITY DAN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN USAHA KECIL MENENGAH

Batik Kampoeng Jetis is one of the centers batik who have the potential pollution of waste that is high enough so needed an improvement in production process and the management of liquid wastes and solid wastes from the production process. It says quite high because the volume of liquid waste produced by ± 568 m³ per day to produce pieces of batik ± 1400 per day. Batik Kampoeng Jetis also expect the economic benefits of increased productivity resulting from efficient use of resources in order to improve management of the environment. There are two interests, economic interests and the interests of environmental protection. Green Productivity and Environmental Management Accounting are used to accommodate these two interests. Green Productivity is a strategy to increase company productivity and environmental performance simultaneously in the overall social economic development (APO, 2003). Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) is for exploring the costs rather than regard it as an overhead cost. Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) to calculate how much the costenvironment and create an alternative that can provide benefits. The results of this study is to design measurement procedures standardized assessment of Batik Green Productivity for UKM that can ensure sustainability in both the financial and environmental aspects so that they can still survive without ignoring their negative contribution to the environment. Handling of liquid waste that is applied can provide improvements of productivity and environmental performance, although the increase is achieved only 1.3%. But this provides evidence that by implementing Green Productivity and Environmental Management Accounting will be able to increase the productivity and environmental performance.While the profit potential of products that can be achieved by using the Environmental Management Accounting is estimated at 4.4% or Rp.2.194.936.000, - per year.

IbM KELOMPOK PETERNAK SAPI PERAH Dl BENDUL MERISI KELURAHAN BENDUL MERISI, KECAMATAN WONOCOLO, KOTA SURABAYA

Potential products fresh milk from a partners dairy farmers in the area Bendul Merisi Surabaya is still quite favorable, but the technology has not been used in terms of addressing the problem of livestock waste, so the existence of the business partners still largely very simple in handling the waste, which could impact unhealthy society around. The existence of farm businesses that are geographically dense settlements which are urban areas in Surabaya, where villagers are a mixture of local women for newcomers. Required touch technology and knowledge in the group of dairy farmers are still traditional, thus providing added value to the farm business that is expected to have an impact on the surrounding environment healthier. In the implementation of community service (PPM) is made to partners I, namely Mr. Masoud located in the Bendul Merisi, 27 Surabaya and partners II, Mrs. Aslam in the Bendul Merisi, 31 Surabaya, both within the village RW.6 RT.5 Bendul Merisi Wonocolo Subdistrict Surabaya. Priority issues in general partners after advocacy by Tim PPM states have realized the importance of livestock wastewater treatment so as not to impact negatively on the environment and understand the importance of fresh milk production management by developing a broader market access (internet media). The purpose of this devotion 1). provide a good understanding of the handling of liquid waste from the farm; 2). provide a good understanding of marketing management of fresh dairy products; 3). develop household business partners who are economically independent. The method is offered for problems of waste and management are 1) helping to prepare the handling and management of liquid waste effectively is by building bathtub tiered so that the water coming out of the location of the farm is quite clean and does not pollute the environment, 2) help increase the marketing management product by utilizing Internet access. By the conclusion of 2016 IbM have done the steps are 1) the innovation of science and technology in the form of construction of wastewater treatment basin farms in stages; 2) advocacy to partner in improving the understanding of appropriate technology and 3) to facilitate the implementation of Internet technology to expand its internet blog marketing information and business networks. With these steps, the partners feel the positive benefits such as ease of access to fresh milk sales and the emergence of consciousness and moral responsibility for pollution of river water in view of the farm is located in a densely populated urban environment Surabaya. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/abdimas.v2i2.1811

Industrial Mercury Pollution in a Mountain Valley: A Combined Geophysical and Geochemical Study

Many alpine valleys have inherited strong industrial remnants. Chemical and metallurgical companies were set up in these narrow glacial valleys at the beginning of the industrial era to benefit from cheap labor and hydroelectricity. Regulations concerning solid and liquid waste handling did not exist, and contaminated sediments were often used as soil amendment to improve soil texture, spreading the contamination, which local Authorities have now to deal with.In the present study we report on mercury contamination in the narrow alpine valley known as canton of Valais valley. Waste materials and contaminated sediments were deposited in the valley for many years. An electromagnetic conductivity survey allowed a definitive mapping of the extent of such practices because an EM conductivity contrast was clearly detectable between the added silty-clay material and the natural silty-sand soil. High EM conductivity correlates quite well with high Hg surface soil content. Cores drilled at hotspots and along the canal were analyzed for total mercury, methyl mercury, and core sedimentary features recorded. While up to 70cm thick, dredged, Hg-contaminated material was found to lay above the original sandy soil in housing areas, the mercury contamination extends down to 1.5 m depth, i.e. down to the water table, probably caused by the high sediment material organic content (OC), and OC-Hg enhanced transport. Methylation reductive conditions were observed, together with high MeHg relative abundance ([MeHg]/ [HgT]> 0.1%), in two environments, namely the zone of fluctuating water table and the canal water/sediment interface. Groundwater quality was not impacted, because of large groundwater fluxes observed in these glacial alpine valleys.

Liquid Waste Handling Facilities for a Conceptual Light Water Reactor Spent Fuel Reprocessing Complex

One alternative for closing the nuclear fuel cycle is efficient, high decontamination separation of uranium and plutonium and fabrication of a Pu-U mixed-oxide fuel Detailed flowsheets were prepare...

Effects of Liquid Swine Waste Applications on Corn Yield and Soil Chemical Composition

AbstractA 2‐year field experiment was conducted to study the effects of salt (0.2 and 0.5%) in swine rations, liquid waste handling systems (aerobic and anaerobic), and application rates on the recycling of swine wastes to Fox silt loam and Chalmers silt loam soils cropped to corn (Zea mays L.).Liquid swine waste (1.8 to 3.0% dry matter) was applied annually at rates of 45, 90, and 134 metric tons/ha. The high rate provided an average of 378 kg N, 113 kg P, 163 kg K, and 42 kg Na per ha. Check and inorganic fertilizer (168 kg N/ha, 56 kg P/ha, 112 kg K/ha) treatments were included.Soil Na, nitrate N, and extractable P concentrations increased with increasing waste application rates. Soil electrical conductivity was not affected by waste application rate. The effects of dietary salt levels and waste handling systems on the chemical composition of the soils were inconsistent.There was evidence for downward movement of Na, K, and NO3− in the soil profile of plots receiving waste and fertilizer. Downward movement of NO3− was observed to a greater extent in fertilizer‐treated plots than in waste‐treated plots. Under climatic conditions prevailing in this study, 2 years of waste application had no detrimental effects on the chemical composition of the two silt loam soils.Soil application of waste resulting from different dietary salt levels and waste handling systems resulted in similar corn yields and leaf chemical composition. Yields were higher from plots treated with waste and inorganic fertilizer compared to the check plot. Corn yields increased with increasing rates of waste application up to the 90‐metric tons/ha rate, then leveled off. Nitrogen, P, and K concentrations in corn ear leaf tissue increased with increasing waste applications.

Effects of Ration Roughage Content on Viscosity and Theoretical Head Losses in Pipe Flow for Beef Cattle Slurry

ABSTRACT IMPROVED methods of beef cattle liquid waste handling are required for efficient, economical, and environmentally sound feeding operations. In all operations, transporting waste to disposal areas or intermediate points for storage and/or processing is necessary. There are several alternatives for trans-porting liquid waste; however, pumping is a convenient and simple method. Designing adequate waste han-dling systems for liquids requires a knowledge of engi-neering concepts and properties inherent to waste ma-terials. Frecks (1972), and Sobel (1966) have identified basic liquid waste properties including total, volatile, and fixed solids, specific gravity, bulk density, particle den-sity, and liquid limit. Kumar (1970) found that manure slurries were non-Newtonian and listed apparent vis-cosities for liquid waste from dairy cattle; however, the effect of particle size and solids concentration on friction loss in pipe flow was not established. Design informa-tion for hydraulic flow in pipes and conduits is, there-fore, inadequate.