Liquid-vapor Phase Transition Research Articles

Influence of liquid–vapor phase change on the self-propelled motion of droplets on wettability gradient surfaces

Self-propelled motion of sessile droplets on gradient surfaces is key to the advancement of microfluidic, nanofluidic, and surface fluidic technologies. Precise control over droplet dynamics, which often involves liquid–vapor phase transitions, is crucial for a variety of applications, including thermal management, self-cleaning surfaces, biochemical assays, and microreactors. Understanding how specific phase changes like condensation and evaporation affect droplet motion is essential for enhancing droplet manipulation and improving transport efficiency. We use the thermal Navier–Stokes–Korteweg equations to investigate the effects of condensation and evaporation on the motion and internal dynamics of droplets migrating across a surface with a linear surface energy profile. The study focuses on the early dynamics of self-propelled motion of a phase changing droplet at sub-micron scale before viscous forces are comparable with the gradient forces. Our results demonstrate that phase change significantly affects the self-propelled motion of droplets by reshaping interfacial mass flux distributions and internal flow dynamics. Condensation increases droplet volume and promotes extensive spreading toward regions of higher wettability, while evaporation reduces both volume and spreading. These changes in droplet shape and size directly affect the driving forces of motion, augmenting self-propulsion through condensation and suppressing it during evaporation. Additionally, each phase change type generates distinct internal flow patterns within the droplet, with condensation and evaporation exhibiting unique circulatory movements driven by localized phase changes near the contact lines.

Numerical research on geothermal energy extraction in backfilled mines by using the excellent heat transfer performance of loop heat pipe

Deep mine harbor substantial geothermal energy. Integrating a heat exchanger within the backfill body mitigates thermal hazards and facilitates the concurrent extraction of mineral and geothermal resources. Inspired by the capabilities of superior thermal conductivity, high heat transfer limit without additional energy consumption of loop heat pipe (LHP), a novel cemented paste backfill system coupled with an LHP heat exchanger (LHPHE-CPB) was developed to effectively improve the thermal conductivity of backfill body and enhance the extraction performance of geothermal energy in backfilled mines. The temperature evolutions of LHPHE-CPB system and the mechanisms of vapor-liquid phase transition and two-phase flow within LHP were numerically analyzed during the stages of heat storage and simultaneous heat storage/heat release. Orthogonal tests meticulously examined the effects of surrounding rock temperature, and the inlet temperature and flow rate of cooling water on the system's heat transfer performance. Optimal operating conditions for the system, in terms of reducing backfill body temperature, achieving favorable temperature differentials between the inlet and outlet cooling water, and enhancing the heat extraction capacity of system, were determined through range and variance analyses. This research establishes a theoretical foundation for the application of LHP in efficiently extracting geothermal energy from backfilled mines.

Durable Surfaces of Both Wettability Extremes with Stable Dew Harvesting Performance During Liquid–Vapor-Phase Transitions

Durable Surfaces of Both Wettability Extremes with Stable Dew Harvesting Performance During Liquid–Vapor-Phase Transitions

The Effect of Wettability on Confinement-Induced Phase Behavior and Storage of Alkane in Nanoporous Media.

The impact of wettability on the confined phase behavior of fluids is paramount for various applications, such as gas storage, carbon dioxide sequestration, and water purification. However, the understanding of the fluid-solid intermolecular interactions in confined systems is still limited and requires further investigation. This work investigates the effect of hydrophilic and hydrophobic nanoporous materials on the adsorption and desorption isotherms of n-butane. The hydrophilic samples in this research are MCM-41 silica powder with two different pore sizes (80 and 100 Å). MCM-41 samples were successfully treated with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) to create hydrophobic adsorbents. Isotherms of n-butane in materials with different wetting states were generated at various temperatures using an upgraded gravimetric apparatus. The results demonstrated that n-butane was adsorbed more onto the hydrophilic MCM-41 materials during the initial adsorption process. The lower affinity between n-butane and the modified MCM-41 samples slightly increased the capillary condensation and evaporation pressures in these materials compared to those in the original ones. However, it is noted that wettability's influence on the confined phase transitions of n-butane was not significant in this study. Interestingly, the hysteresis behavior of the vapor-liquid and liquid-vapor phase transitions due to confinement was independent of the surface's wetting properties. Kelvin's equation for a hemispherical meniscus was adopted to evaluate the capillary evaporation pressures of n-butane in nanopores. The calculated pressures showed agreement with experimental data when appropriate pore size and surface tension values were applied. These findings provide valuable insights into the impacts of surface chemistry and wettability on the phase behavior of hydrocarbon gas in nanoporous media. Furthermore, this study enriches the experimental database on confined fluids, which is essential for developing accurate theoretical and modeling tools for numerous industrial and scientific applications.

Thermodynamically consistent phase field model for liquid-gas phase transition with soluble surfactant

Despite the enormous potential in facilitating natural development and migration of interfaces during multiphase simulation, the phase-field method remains restricted to low-density ratios, owing to inherent thermodynamic inconsistency, especially for multiphase flow systems with surfactants. The present paper first constructs a liquid-vapor phase transition phase-field model with soluble surfactants using the second law of thermodynamics as the original model. Then, a simplified liquid-vapor phase transition model with soluble surfactants that satisfies thermodynamic consistency is proposed to simulate pool boiling at higher-density ratio. A novel numerical algorithm for the simplified model that satisfies semi-discrete thermodynamic consistency is also developed. Compared with the original model, the thermodynamically consistent characteristics of the simplified numerical model proposed in this paper can significantly reduce the spurious velocity on the interface of a static droplet and thus enable the numerical model to simulate liquid-vapor transition at higher liquid/vapor density ratios. Vapor-liquid coexistence, Laplace's law, and multiple bubble coalescence are used to validate the accuracies and effectiveness of the mathematical model and numerical algorithm. The liquid/vapor density ratio can reach 6776:1 under saturation temperature 0.3Tc (Tc is the critical temperature). The approach is then used to model pool boiling at a low saturation temperature (0.5Tc) with and without soluble surfactants, significantly lower than reported in comparable literature. The results demonstrate that surfactants significantly influence the dynamics of bubbles, and a critical concentration can be identified. In addition, soluble surfactants can also suppress coalescence between adjacent bubbles and prevent the formation of larger bubbles during pool boiling.

The ion-activated attractive patchy particle model and its application to the liquid-vapor phase transitions.

Patchy particles are an intriguing subject of study and indeed a model system in the field of soft matter physics. In recent years, patchy particle models have been applied to describe a wide variety of systems, including colloidal crystals, macromolecular interactions, liquid crystals, and nanoparticle assemblies. Given the importance of the topic, rationalizing and capturing the basic features of these models is crucial to their correct application in specific systems. In this study, we extend the ion-activated attractive patchy particles model previously employed to elucidate the phase behavior of protein solutions in the presence of trivalent salts. Our extension incorporates the effect of repulsion between unoccupied and occupied binding sites, depicted as patches. Furthermore, we examine the influence of model parameters on the liquid-vapor coexistence region within the phase diagram, employing numerical methods. A deeper understanding of this model will facilitate a better comprehension of the effects observed in experiments.

Assessment of Hydrophilicity/Hydrophobicity in Mesoporous Silica by Combining Adsorption, Liquid Intrusion, and Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy.

We have developed a comprehensive strategy for quantitatively assessing the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of nanoporous materials by combining advanced adsorption studies, novel liquid intrusion techniques, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. For this, we have chosen a well-defined system of model materials, i.e., the highly ordered mesoporous silica molecular sieve SBA-15 in its pristine state and functionalized with different amounts of trimethylsilyl (TMS) groups, allowing one to accurately tailor the surface chemistry while maintaining the well-defined pore structure. For an absolute quantification of the trimethylsilyl group density, quantitative 1H solid-state NMR spectroscopy under magic angle spinning was employed. A full textural characterization of the materials was obtained by high-resolution argon 87 K adsorption, coupled with the application of dedicated methods based on nonlocal-density functional theory (NLDFT). Based on the known texture of the model materials, we developed a novel methodology allowing one to determine the effective contact angle of water adsorbed on the pore surfaces from complete wetting to nonwetting, constituting a powerful parameter for the characterization of the surface chemistry inside porous materials. The surface chemistry was found to vary from hydrophilic to hydrophobic as the TMS functionalization content was increased. For wetting and partially wetting surfaces, pore condensation of water is observed at pressures P smaller than the bulk saturation pressure p0 (i.e., at p/p0 < 1) and the effective contact angle of water on the pore walls could be derived from the water sorption isotherms. However, for nonwetting surfaces, pore condensation occurs at pressures above the saturation pressure (i.e., at p/p0 > 1). In this case, we investigated the pore filling of water (i.e., the vapor-liquid phase transition) by the application of a novel, liquid water intrusion/extrusion methodology, allowing one to derive the effective contact angle of water on the pore walls even in the case of nonwetting. Complementary molecular simulations provide density profiles of water on pristine and TMS-grafted silica surfaces (mimicking the tailored, functionalized experimental silica surfaces), which allow for a molecular view on the water adsorbate structure. Summarizing, we present a comprehensive and reliable methodology for quantitatively assessing the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of siliceous nanoporous materials, which has the potential to optimize applications in heterogeneous catalysis and separation (e.g., chromatography).

A Molecular Dynamics Perspective on the Impacts of Random Rough Surface, Film Thickness, and Substrate Temperature on the Adsorbed Film’s Liquid–Vapor Phase Transition Regime

While recent studies have proven an unexpected liquid–vapor phase transition of adsorbed liquid films, a comprehensive description of the mechanisms of different types of phase change regimes over realistic representations of random rough surfaces is absent in the literature. The current comprehensive study investigates the effects of a gold random rough surface, liquid film thickness, and substrate temperature on the liquid–vapor phase change regime of an adsorbed sodium liquid film, considering the evaporator section of a wicked heat pipe (WHP) using a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. At first, to generate a realistic random rough surface, a new and promising method is proposed that is entirely based on MD simulations. Then, to simulate the evaporator section of a WHP, a unique configuration for eliminating the vapor domain is developed. The simulation results reveal that three distinct regimes, namely, normal evaporation, cluster boiling, and film boiling, could be identified, which are presented on two-dimensional diagrams with the substrate temperature and liquid film thickness as coordinates for the ideally smooth and random rough surfaces. The results also manifest that even though using the random rough surface could lead to different phase transition regimes, the type of regime depends mainly on the substrate temperature and liquid film thickness. Furthermore, this study displays two different modes for normal evaporation. Also, it is shown that the impacts of the liquid film thickness and substrate temperature on the mode of normal evaporation are much more significant than the surface roughness.

Electrical properties of different materials studied by sub-microsecond underwater electrical explosions of single wires

Results of an experimental research and one-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of critically damped sub-microsecond timescale underwater electrical explosions of wires made of 12 different materials are presented. Using current and voltage waveforms, streak shadow images of the shocks generated in water and wire expansion obtained by one-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations, the maximal values of the energy density, energy density deposition rates, and specific action integrals were determined. It is shown that for all study materials, the deposited energy density significantly exceeds the energy density required for the solid–liquid phase transition but is substantially smaller to induce a full liquid–vapor phase transition of the wire. At the time when the maximal value of the deposited power is realized, the deposited energy densities were found to be larger than the atomization energy for all materials. Estimates of the plasma parameters show that the explosion of the wires can be characterized by a high resistance and lowly ionized weakly coupled plasma. Three groups of materials were distinguished by either decrease, plateau, or increase in the resistance after the maximum of the deposited power. It was confirmed that the observed maximum Planckian temperature for all wire material does not exceed 6000 K due to the “bath” effect and that there is a correlation between the wire radial expansion and the strong shock wave velocities.

Liquid-Vapor Coexistence and Spontaneous Evaporation at Atmospheric Pressure of Common Rigid Three-Point Water Models in Molecular Simulations.

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are widely used to investigate molecular systems at atomic resolution including biomolecular structures, drug-receptor interactions, and novel materials. Frequently, MD simulations are performed in an aqueous solution with explicit models of water molecules. Commonly, such models are parameterized to reproduce the liquid phase of water under ambient conditions. However, often, simulations at significantly higher temperatures are also of interest. Hence, it is important to investigate the equilibrium of the liquid and vapor phases of molecular models of water at elevated temperatures. Here, we evaluate the behavior of 11 common rigid three-point water models over a wide range of temperatures. From liquid-vapor coexistence simulations, we estimated the critical points and studied the spontaneous evaporation of these water models. Moreover, we investigated the influence of the system size, choice of the pressure-coupling algorithm, and rate of heating on the process and compared them with the experimental data. We found that modern rigid three-point water models reproduce the critical point surprisingly well. Furthermore, we discovered that the critical temperature correlates with the quadrupole moment of the respective water model. This indicates that the spatial arrangement of the partial charges is important for reproducing the liquid-vapor phase transition. Our findings may guide the selection of water models for simulations conducted at high temperatures.

Meshfree one-fluid modeling of liquid–vapor phase transitions

We introduce a meshfree collocation framework to model the phase change from liquid to vapor at or above the boiling point. While typical vaporization or boiling simulations focus on the vaporization from the bulk of the fluid, here we include the possibility of vaporization from the free surface, when a moving fluid comes into contact with a superheated surface. We present a continuum, one-fluid approach in which the liquid and vapor phases are modeled with the same constitutive equations, with different material properties. The novelty here is a monolithic approach without explicit modeling of the interface between the phases, neither in a sharp nor diffuse sense. Furthermore, no interface boundary conditions or source terms are needed between the liquid and vapor phases. Instead, the phase transition is modeled only using material properties varying with temperature. Towards this end, we also present an enrichment of strong form meshfree generalized finite difference methods (GFDM) to accurately capture derivatives in the presence of jumps in density, viscosity, and other physical properties. The numerical results show a good agreement with experimental results, and highlight the ability of our proposed framework to model phase changes with large jumps.

Highly parallelizable path sampling with minimal rejections using asynchronous replica exchange and infinite swaps

Capturing rare yet pivotal events poses a significant challenge for molecular simulations. Path sampling provides a unique approach to tackle this issue without altering the potential energy landscape or dynamics, enabling recovery of both thermodynamic and kinetic information. However, despite its exponential acceleration compared to standard molecular dynamics, generating numerous trajectories can still require a long time. By harnessing our recent algorithmic innovations-particularly subtrajectory moves with high acceptance, coupled with asynchronous replica exchange featuring infinite swaps-we establish a highly parallelizable and rapidly converging path sampling protocol, compatible with diverse high-performance computing architectures. We demonstrate our approach on the liquid-vapor phase transition in superheated water, the unfolding of the chignolin protein, and water dissociation. The latter, performed at the ab initio level, achieves comparable statistical accuracy within days, in contrast to a previous study requiring over a year.

Thermodynamics of Formation and Liquid-Vapor Phase Transitions of Antimony Alloys with Selenium and Sulfur.

The authors conducted liquid solution studies of antimony with selenium and sulfur in order to provide information on the thermodynamic functions of the formation of these alloys. The studies are based on the vapor pressure values of the components, comprising the double partial systems of antimony with antimony chalcogenides (Sb2Se3 and Sb2S3) and antimony chalcogenides with chalcogens (Se and S). We calculated the thermodynamic functions of mixing (graphical dependencies) and evaporation (tabular data) based on the partial vapor pressure values of components, which are represented by temperature-concentration dependencies. Based on the partial pressure values of melt components, we calculated the boundaries of liquid and vapor coexistence fields at atmospheric pressure (101.3 kPa) and in a vacuum (0.9 kPa). We established the absence of the stratification region on the Sb2S3-S diagram due to the fact that, on state diagrams, the stratification region is indicated at temperatures above 530 °C, while the boiling point of liquid sulfur at an atmospheric pressure corresponds to 429 °C. Based on the position of the field boundaries (L + V) on the state diagrams, the separation of antimony alloys with selenium and sulfur via distillation into elements at atmospheric pressure is difficult due to the high boiling points of antimony-based alloys in a vacuum: Sb2Se3-Se melts require some number of condensate re-evaporation cycles.

Dual‐Stroke Soft Peltier Pouch Motor Based on Pipeless Thermo‐Pneumatic Actuation

Soft pneumatic actuators are made of flexible materials that deform in response to pressure changes. Due to their reliability, safety, and flexibility, such actuators enable diverse hardware design and become indispensable for soft robots. However, bulky air compressors and pipes constrain their further integration and lightweight. The liquid–vapor phase transition can produce significant encapsulated volume changes and achieve pipeless thermo‐pneumatic actuation. Herein, a novel soft thermoelectric‐based actuator, named Peltier pouch motor (PPM), is presented with modular and dual‐stroke characteristics enabled by active phase transition of low‐boiling‐point liquid. Furthermore, its lightweight and stretchable compliance contributes to assembly‐induced hyper‐modularity to create diverse degrees‐of‐freedom hybrid systems. Finally, the various forms of PPM units are exploited and versatile locomotion is facilitated for five different applications under multi‐medium scenarios, including thermo‐responsive land locomotion, submersible noise‐free hovering, smart curtains control, body‐temperature‐driven wrist rehabilitation, and adaptive hybrid gripper. In these results, it is indicated that the proposed PPM unit advances in hyper‐modularity with excellent performance in high load rate (around 400%), heat transfer efficiency (heating boost, 425%; cooling boost, 138%), and thermal response performance (heating, 0.57° s−1; cooling, 0.29° s−1; 4.5 V), inspiring widely innovative soft robots through the pipeless thermo‐pneumatic actuation.

VLE measurement of binary systems 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ionic liquids and ethanol or water

Experimental vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for binary systems of ethanol or water with four ionic liquids (ILs) comprising 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cation and different anions were measured at atmospheric pressure within a broad region of IL concentrations, IL mole fraction ranging between 0 and 0.7 or even 0.87. Siwoloboff procedure of vapor–liquid phase transition temperature measurement was applied to estimate VLE of the binary mixtures. Obtained t–x data were fitted assuming ideal vapor and non-ideal liquid phase behavior, using the original NRTL equation to calculate component activity coefficients. VLE description results are presented in form of equilibrium diagrams and as the variation of activity coefficients with mixture composition. Quality of the VLE data fitting was assessed based on root mean square deviations and mean deviations in temperature. Some experimental binary t–x data sets were compared to those available in literature (measured in much narrower concentration range) or predicted from ternary VLE data. The selection of ILs in this study was related to the separation of ethanol−water mixture by extractive distillation. Principal IL selection criterium was its ability to affect the ethanol–water relative volatility. Thermodynamic description of the VLE data of IL-containing systems within a wide concentration range is an essential building block of the mathematical model of separation devices, especially in case of regeneration equipment where concentrated IL is present.

Role of site–site interaction on the phase equilibria of multiple-site associating fluids in a functionalized slit pore

Vapor–liquid phase equilibria for multiple sites associating fluids with different associating strengths are investigated in a slit pore using grand-canonical transition matrix Monte Carlo method. The increase of critical temperature from two-site to four-site associating fluids at constant site strength is quite significant as compared to that of the one-site to two-site associating fluids, which is more pronounced at higher associating strength (ϵ* = 6). Monomer fraction and cluster size distribution are used to investigate the association of fluid particles in coexistence phases. The monomer fraction for both phases decreases with increased associating sites on the fluid particles due to more site–site interaction with neighboring fluid particles and forming a larger cluster. Therefore, the number of associating sites and their distribution play a vital role in the association of fluid particles. Moreover, the saturation chemical potential changes with the arrangement of the sites. For two-site associating fluids, we observe early vapor–liquid transition when the sites are oppositely placed, and when the sites are placed at 90°, the vapor–liquid transition is observed at the higher chemical potential. Moreover, four-site associating fluids with a square arrangement show early vapor–liquid phase transition, mainly because these arrangements of sites effectively interact with surface sites and the molecules in the next layer.

Numerical Investigation of the Cavitation Characteristics in Venturi Tubes: The Role of Converging and Diverging Sections

Cavitation is a typical physical process that has shown to be highly valuable in the wastewater treatment field. This study aims to investigate the effects of the converging and diverging sections of a Venturi tube on the cavitation flow field. Multiphase flows in tubes are presented using the mixture model and the standard k-ε model. And the Schnerr and Sauer cavitation model is employed to simulate the vapor–liquid phase transition process. Both grid independence and the numerical method’s feasibility were validated before the research. The results showed that the influence of the divergence section length on Venturi cavitation characteristics depends on the provided pressure conditions. As the pressure increases, shorter divergence sections result in more significant cavitation effects. The length of the convergence section displays various cavitation behaviors under different pressure situations. A small contraction section length can achieve better cavitation effects in high-pressure applications, whereas the opposite is true in low-pressure cases. Within the scope of this study, it was observed that the Venturi tube with a divergent section of 14 Lt and a convergent one of 2.4 Lt provided enhanced cavitation performance when subjected to inlet pressures ranging from 0.8 to 1.2 MPa. Our findings indicate that the selection of converging and diverging section lengths in Venturi tubes should consider the corresponding operational pressure conditions, which provides valuable guidance and engineering significance in the research and development of Venturi cavitation devices in hydraulic engineering.

Liquid–vapor phase transition process during underwater electrical wire explosion

The liquid–vapor two-phase region has attracted the attention of various fundamental studies and applications. To explore the liquid–vapor two-phase region, underwater electrical wire explosion (UEWE) is a useful tool. In this work, we observe two different mechanisms of the liquid–vapor transition in UEWE: volume vaporization and spinodal decomposition. The main factors through which the mechanisms occur are the heating power and pressure accumulation in the system during UEWE. From the electrical properties and shadowgraph images, the phase transition process of the exploding wire is analyzed. The effects of possible instabilities during the liquid–vapor phase transition are also discussed. We expect that the thermodynamic properties of the liquid–vapor two-phase region can be explored using the UEWE technique based on the understanding of the phase transition process.

Vapor-Liquid phase transition of associating fluids in a functionalized cylindrical pore: a Monte Carlo study

In this study, we investigate the phase behaviour of associating fluids with two interacting sites inside a functionalised cylindrical pore using Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulations. The structural behaviour of the coexisting liquid and vapor phases is characterised by the radial density, orientation, and bond formation inside cylindrical pores of different radii. The critical properties of the phase diagrams of the confined fluids were investigated as functions of the associating strengths at different pore sizes. The impact of site strength on the phase diagram is characterised by the critical and structural properties of the coexisting phases inside the cylindrical pore. The organisation of the associating fluids near the pore surface strongly depends on the surface – site interaction with the interfacial fluid molecules that propagate to the bulk regime of the system. Thus, the surface site density is a crucial parameter for manipulating the properties of coexisting phases and critical properties of the phase diagram.

Improved multi-relaxation time thermal pseudo-potential lattice Boltzmann method with multi-block grid and complete unit conversion for liquid–vapor phase transition

In recent years, the thermal pseudo-potential lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) has been widely adopted in numerical simulations of liquid–vapor phase transition systems. However, the unit conversion for thermal pseudo-potential LBM remains incomplete and elusive, and the numerical simulation efficiency is limited by the uniformly single-block grid. In this paper, the dimensionless evolution equations of thermal pseudo-potential LBM with multi-relaxation time operators are derived for the convenience of adopting real physical parameters and improvement of computational efficiency. The energy equation is re-derived and improved for enhanced accuracy and convenience of numerical calculation. Additionally, a more accurate Martin–Hou equation of state for cryogen is adopted and a modified term for surface tension coefficient is improved to confirm that the surface tension coefficient is grid independent. Moreover, a three-layer boundary structure for the coarse grid is proposed to introduce the multi-block grid into the thermal pseudo-potential LBM for taking into account the intermolecular force and internal heat source term. The aforementioned works improve the thermal pseudo-potential LBM and enable efficient and accurate simulation of the liquid–vapor phase transition within the three-dimensional structure with real physical parameters of a specific working fluid. Finally, numerical simulations are adopted to validate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed improvements for simulating liquid–vapor phase transition.