Liquid Temperature Profiles Research Articles

Ground- and ship-based microwave radiometer measurements during EUREC4A

Abstract. During the EUREC4A field study, microwave radiometric measurements were performed at Barbados Cloud Observatory (BCO) and aboard RV Meteor and RV Maria S Merian in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic. We present retrieved integrated water vapor (IWV), liquid water path (LWP), and temperature and humidity profiles as a unified, quality-controlled, multi-site data set on a 3 s temporal resolution for a core period between 19 January and 14 February 2020 in which all instruments were operational. Multi-channel radiometric measurements were performed at BCO and aboard RV Meteor between 22 and 31 GHz (K-band) and from 51 to 58 GHz (V-band). Combined radar–radiometer measurements of a W-band Doppler radar with a single-channel radiometer instrument were conducted at 89 GHz aboard RV Meteor and RV Maria S Merian. We present a novel retrieval method to retrieve LWP from single-channel 89 GHz measurements, evaluate retrieved quantities with independent measurements, and analyze retrieval uncertainties by site and instrument intercomparison. Mean IWV conditions of 31.8 kg m−2 match independent radiosoundings at BCO with a root-mean-square difference of 1.1 kg m−2. Mean LWP conditions in confidently liquid cloudy, non-precipitating conditions ranged between 63.1 g m−2 at BCO and 46.8 g m−2 aboard RV Maria S Merian. Aboard the ships, 90 % of LWP was below 120 g m−2 with a 30 % uncertainty for LWP of 50 g m−2. Up to 20 % of confidently liquid cloudy profiles ranged below the LWP detection limit due to optically thin clouds. The data set comprises of processed raw data (Level 1), full quality-controlled post-processed instrument data (Level 2), a unified temporal resolution (Level 3), and a ready-to-use multi-site time series of IWV and LWP (Level 4), available to the public via AERIS (https://doi.org/10.25326/454##v2.0; Schnitt et al., 2023a). The data set complements the airborne LWP measurements conducted during EUREC4A and provides a unique benchmark tool for satellite evaluation and model–observation studies.

CFD modelling of the non-isobaric evaporation of cryogenic liquids in storage tanks

A new CFD model relevant to non-isobaric cryogen evaporation has been developed. It considers the heat influx, from the surroundings to the liquid and vapour phases, and the heat transfer between the phases. The phase change is modelled considering two contributions: an interfacial energy balance far from the tank wall, and by direct wall-to-liquid conduction near the wall. The model provides well resolved liquid and vapour temperature and velocity profiles, as well as pressure build-up and evaporation rates. It shows that below the vapour-liquid interface, liquid natural convection is dampened by thermal stratification, which is driven by the increase of the interfacial temperature due to increase in pressure. The pressure build-up is mainly governed by the heating of the vapour, particularly at the beginning of the evaporation. The model was used to analyse liquid velocity profiles for two different sets of experimental data for evaporation of liquid nitrogen by optimizing empirical parameters, namely the wall heat partitioning fraction and the overall heat transfer coefficients. The results show that a large fraction of the vapour heat ingress is not transferred to the vapour phase bulk. Instead, it is transported through the walls and transferred to the liquid at the liquid-vapour-wall contact point, driving phase change. Heat conduction from the walls to the interface has a significant effect, even for low heat fluxes, and cannot be neglected.

Green synthesis and catalytic activity assessment of bespoke nano-catalyst for eco-friendly green propellant systems based on hydrogen peroxide

AbstractMuch effort has been devoted to replace pollutant, toxic, cancerogenic hydrazine-based propellants. Hydrogen peroxide could secure promising characteristics as well as high density specific impulse. Effective catalysts with high durability are required to commence H2O2decompositions, and to inherit hypergolic nature with different hydrocarbon fuels. Silver nanoparticles (18 nm) were synthesized via hydrogen gas evolved by water electrolysis. MnO2(20 nm) was developed in a sustainable manner via green hydrothermal processing. High crystalline, mono-dispersed particles were developed. Catalytic activity was assessed via precise measurements of liquid temperature profile (LTP) up to the boiling point of hydrogen peroxide. Whereas silver demonstrated LTP peak within 20 s; MnO2experienced LTP within 40 s. Catalyst survivability was recorded via precise measurement of life time mass loss rate upon catalyst addition to hydrogen peroxide. While silver nano-catalyst demonstrated high performance at the reaction start; silver was found to be poisoned with crystalline phase change to silver oxide within 20 s. On the contrary, manganese oxide experienced high durable catalytic action. Consequently, MnO2could be candidate for H2O2monopropellant thrusters as catalyst bed. On the other hand, silver nanoparticles could be candidate for a single use in bipropellant system to inherit hypergolicity. This study presents a pioneering report on facile synthesis of catalyst nanoparticles; comprehensive catalytic activity assessment of silver to manganese oxide for H2O2decomposition was represented. Proper catalyst assortment for practical applications was represented.

Atmospheric temperature, water vapour and liquid water path from two microwave radiometers during MOSAiC

The microwave radiometers HATPRO (Humidity and Temperature Profiler) and MiRAC-P (Microwave Radiometer for Arctic Clouds - Passive) continuously measured radiation emitted from the atmosphere throughout the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of the Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition on board the research vessel Polarstern. From the measured brightness temperatures, we have retrieved atmospheric variables using statistical methods in a temporal resolution of 1 s covering October 2019 to October 2020. The integrated water vapour (IWV) is derived individually from both radiometers. In addition, we present the liquid water path (LWP), temperature and absolute humidity profiles from HATPRO. To prove the quality and to estimate uncertainty, the data sets are compared to radiosonde measurements from Polarstern. The comparison shows an extremely good agreement for IWV, with standard deviations of 0.08–0.19 kg m−2 (0.39–1.47 kg m−2) in dry (moist) situations. The derived profiles of temperature and humidity denote uncertainties of 0.7–1.8 K and 0.6–0.45 gm−3 in 0–2 km altitude.

Numerical investigation of a squeezing flow between concentric cylinders under the variable magnetic field of intensity

The ongoing research aims to examine the mass and heat transmission phenomena of squeezing flow between two concentric cylinders under the effect of heat sources and magnetic fields. The impacts of the Lorentz force on the behavior of the liquid flow are elucidated via a magnetic field incorporated in the momentum equation. Furthermore, within concentric cylinders, the expression Q = frac{Q_0}{1-beta t} has been employed as a source/sink. The proposed model of PDEs formulates the physical phenomena of time-dependent incompressible two-dimensional squeezing flow via modified Navier-Stokes equation, energy equation, and mass transfer equation, and variable magnetic field. The proposed model involved a highly nonlinear system of PDEs, which has been reduced into a system of ODEs via Lie group of similarity transformation and subsequently solved numerically in MATLAB by Parametric Continuation Method. The direct impact of the squeezing parameter on the profile of temperature and concentration has been observed. The results shown that an increment in the heat source indicates a decline in the liquid temperature profile, that an increment in the heat source indicates a decline in the liquid temperature profile. An increment in the heat source indicates a decline in the liquid temperature prof. At the same time, an inverse relationship is observed for the concentration profile. Therefore, we have witnessed a significant increase in the velocity profiles of the flow, mainly as a result of the heat absorption coefficient. In addition, the declining effect of the Soret number on the concentration profile is noticed. It has been found that it enhanced the entropy generation rate for Pr, Omega, and Ec, while an opposite impact has been noticed at the Bejan number. The numerical outcomes of the proposed model that explain fluid flow characteristics and fluid flow characteristics are quantitatively elucidated by tables and displayed graphically. The comparison of two numerical results in the cases are found to be in good agreement, as shown in Tables.

Numerical model of heat and mass transfer and separation of the dispersed phase in high-speed dispersed-annular flows of gas and liquid

To solve scientific and technical problems, physical processes are considered and systems of equations are written numerical and approximate mathematical model of combined heat and mass transfer at contact cooling of gases and heating of water, as well as turbulent transfer of particles in an ascending dispersed annular flow of gas and liquid. The numerical model is based on a system of equations in particular derivatives in two-dimensional form with boundary conditions of the fourth kind. Approximate model built using a system of algebraic equations of the cell model of the flow structure for gas and liquid phases, where the main parameters are the number of cells of complete mixing, coefficients heat and mass transfer and turbulent transfer of particles. An example of solving a system of equations is shown cell model with calculation of gas and liquid temperature profiles, moisture and particle concentrations, and also the efficiency of the heat and mass transfer process, the efficiency of separation of the finely dispersed phase from the gas liquid film in cocurrent flow. Comparative characteristics of film devices are given. Noted introduction of scientific and technical developments in the purification of natural gas at production sites. Keywords: heat and mass transfer, gas cooling, particle separation, phase co-current flow, systems of transfer equations.

Численная модель тепломассообмена и сепарации дисперсной фазы в высокоскоростных дисперсно-кольцевых потоках газа и жидкости

To solve scientific and technical problems, physical processes are considered and systems of equations are written numerical and approximate mathematical model of combined heat and mass transfer at contact cooling of gases and heating of water, as well as turbulent transfer of particles in an ascending dispersed annular flow of gas and liquid. The numerical model is based on a system of equations in particular derivatives in two-dimensional form with boundary conditions of the fourth kind. Approximate model built using a system of algebraic equations of the cell model of the flow structure for gas and liquid phases, where the main parameters are the number of cells of complete mixing, coefficients heat and mass transfer and turbulent transfer of particles. An example of solving a system of equations is shown cell model with calculation of gas and liquid temperature profiles, moisture and particle concentrations, and also the efficiency of the heat and mass transfer process, the efficiency of separation of the finely dispersed phase from the gas liquid film in cocurrent flow. Comparative characteristics of film devices are given. Noted introduction of scientific and technical developments in the purification of natural gas at production sites.

Solidification Enhancement in a Triple-Tube Latent Heat Energy Storage System Using Twisted Fins

This work evaluates the influence of combining twisted fins in a triple-tube heat exchanger utilised for latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) in three-dimensional numerical simulation and comparing the outcome with the cases of the straight fins and no fins. The phase change material (PCM) is in the annulus between the inner and the outer tube, these tubes include a cold fluid that flows in the counter current path, to solidify the PCM and release the heat storage energy. The performance of the unit was assessed based on the liquid fraction and temperature profiles as well as solidification and the energy storage rate. This study aims to find suitable and efficient fins number and the optimum values of the Re and the inlet temperature of the heat transfer fluid. The outcomes stated the benefits of using twisted fins related to those cases of straight fins and the no-fins. The impact of multi-twisted fins was also considered to detect their influences on the solidification process. The outcomes reveal that the operation of four twisted fins decreased the solidification time by 12.7% and 22.9% compared with four straight fins and the no-fins cases, respectively. Four twisted fins improved the discharging rate by 12.4% and 22.8% compared with the cases of four straight fins and no-fins, respectively. Besides, by reducing the fins’ number from six to four and two, the solidification time reduces by 11.9% and 25.6%, respectively. The current work shows the impacts of innovative designs of fins in the LHTES to produce novel inventions for commercialisation, besides saving the power grid.

Numerical analysis of nanomaterial-based sustainable latent heat thermal energy storage system by improving thermal characteristics of phase change material.

Thermal energy conversion and storage plays a vital role in numerous sectors like industrial processing, residential and mass cooking processes, thermal management in buildings, chemical heating, and drying applications. It will also useful in waste heat recovery operations in industrial/thermal power stations. The effect of Al2O3 nanoparticle volume fraction (0%, 2%, and 5%) in a paraffin phase change material (PCM) and heater location (Bottom and Sidewall) in a 2D square thermal energy storage system have been numerically analyzed in this study. Transient thermal analysis has been carried out in ANSYS Fluent R18.1 for 500, 1000, and 3000 s. Laminar flow conditions with an enthalpy porosity model are used to study the solidification and melting behavior of nano-PCM. A Grid independence test has been conducted and selected an optimum number of elements as 115538. The results revealed that the addition of nanoparticles in PCM improves its thermal characteristics. The variation of liquid fraction and temperature profile with time has been recorded, and this is due to Rayleigh-Benard convection. At a given time, the melting rate increases with an increase in nanoparticle concentration up to 2% insertion after that the melting fraction reduces for both bottom wall and sidewall heating. This is mainly due to viscous domination with the increase in physical characteristics like density and viscosity of the fluid. Also, the melting rate in the case of sidewall heating augmented more than the bottom wall heating due to negligible buoyancy effects in former than later. The outcome of this analysis helps to find out the optimum volume concentration of nanoparticles to maximize the thermal energy storage applications.

Dynamic modeling and simulation of three-phase reactors for hydrocracking of vegetable oils

A dynamic, plug-flow, one-dimensional, and heterogeneous mathematical model for a trickle-bed reactor is described and used to simulate the catalytic hydrocracking of non-edible vegetable oil with countercurrent operation mode. The reactor model considers the hydrocracking reaction of triglycerides towards renewable fuels, which is present in the hydrotreatment process of vegetable oils. The dynamic model was first validated using experimental data reported in the literature, which were obtained in an isothermal micro-scale reactor with cocurrent downflow during hydrocracking of Jatropha oil over a commercial CoMo catalyst. Then, the three-phase reactor model was applied to predict the dynamic behavior of an industrial hydrocracking reactor in order to gain some insight into the transient behavior of the liquid molar concentration, partial pressure, and temperature profiles, which were obtained and discussed as a function of time and axial position of the catalytic bed. The simulations obtained with the proposed dynamic model showed good agreement with the experimental data and trends previously reported for the operation variables profiles at steady-state and relevant findings at industrial scale were obtained. One of the main challenges to produce biofuels by vegetable oils hydroprocessing is to control the high-temperature gradients along the catalyst bed because of the high reaction heat released; therefore, the development of dynamic trickle-bed reactor models, as shown in this work, can be used as a tool to predict the operational behavior of the unit under different reaction conditions and layouts to found the best scheme to control the effects by high-temperature rise.

Numerical Study of Thin Film Condensation in Forced Convection in a Canal Whose Walls Are Covered with a Porous Material: Influence of Jacob Number-Determination of Lengths of Entry

In this paper, the numerical study of the condensation of thin layers in forced convection of pure saturated vapor in a channel whose walls are covered with a porous material is presented. The generalized model Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer (DBF) is used to describe the flow in the porous medium, while the classical boundary layer equations have been exploited in pure liquid. This study examines and demonstrates the influence of the Jacob number on the velocity and on the temperature profiles in porous media and pure liquid, the thickness of the liquid film, the local Nusselt number and the Lengths of entry. It has been noticed that the Jacob's number is a very determining parameter on transfers and condensation. The higher the number of Jacob is, the slower the flow is, and therefore more condensation is favoured and the thickness of the liquid film increases. This increase in the thickness of the liquid film results in greater thermal resistance; therefore, a decrease in heat exchange and in the local Nusselt number can be noticed. An exponential decrease in the length of entry is noted and it is strong when the number of Jacob is between Ja = 1E-8 and Ja = 2E-8: a great sensitivity of condensation can be seen, in conclusion.

A hybrid multiphase flow model for the prediction of both low and high void fraction nucleate boiling regimes

The improvement of a hybrid (a combination of Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) and Eulerian model) multiphase flow solver for the numerical prediction of high- and low-void fraction flow boiling regimes is presented in this article. These flow regimes could simultaneously occur in core-catcher and in-vessel retention-external reactor cooling systems during a severe accident in nuclear power plant. To enhance the prediction of the low void fraction boiling regime, a turbulent rough wall function model is implemented in the hybrid model to reproduce the impact of coarseness induced by the existence of growing bubbles along the heating wall on the liquid velocity profile. With this wall function, a more accurate prediction of the radial velocity profile is achieved within the uncertainty of the velocity measurements. Moreover, an improved prediction of the radial void fraction is achieved using the model proposed by Lopez de Bertodano for turbulence dispersion force without compromising the prediction of the radial gas velocity profile and radial liquid temperature profile. Although the hybrid model shows potential in capturing the interface and dynamic behavior of large-scale bubbles (vapor slug) for high void fraction regime, the predicted wall superheat is higher than the measured values. This highlighted the need for the extension of the present wall boiling model to cover flow boiling involving sliding vapor slugs on the heated wall.

Industrial CO2 absorption into methyldiethanolamine/piperazine in place of monoethanolamine in the absorption column

The goal of the study is to assess the use of MDEA + PZ in place of MEA solvent in industrial conditions. In the first part of the paper, a concise package of the models and the correlations in the Rate-based model is introduced to simulate the capture processes. For this purpose, Onda, Bravo-Fair, and, Billet-Schultes mass transfer correlations are evaluated to determine the one with a precise prediction of CO2 absorption. The results show that Bravo-Fair mass transfer correlation has a lower average error, 10.24 %, compared to Onda, 16.41 %, and Billet-Schultes, 27.02 %.In the second part of this paper, different operational and process sensitivity analyses have been performed to investigate the capabilities of the MDEA + PZ in place of the prevalent solvents such as MEA in the industrial environment with the use of the data obtained from Kermanshah petrochemical’s Carbon Dioxide Recovery plant (CDR). According to the sensitivity analysis, which determines the influence of design parameters and operational conditions on CO2 absorption percentage, rich solvent temperature, liquid temperature profile, and CO2 mole fraction profile in the gas phase inside the CO2 absorption tower, the total solvent concentration is the most influential one in CO2 absorption (%) and rich solvent temperature (°C). Hence, in optimal conditions, the absorption percentage can be raised from the base case 64.62 % to 87.44 % for MDEA + PZ compared to 82.86 of MEA. In addition, the rich solvent temperature can be lifted to 53.61 °C in comparison with 47.24 °C for MEA.

Constant chemical potential, pressure and temperature profiles in liquid–vapour equilibrium obtained by spinodal decomposition

Constant chemical potential, pressure and temperature profiles across a slab of liquid in equilibrium with its vapour confirm that, the spinodal decomposition procedure carried on the NVT ensemble simulated via molecular dynamics produce an equilibrium system. An initial homogeneous crystalline configuration of fluid is kept in a cell with a parallelepiped shape at a density near the critical density and a temperature between the triple and critical temperatures, form a slab of liquid in equilibrium with its vapour by the spinodal decomposition phenomenon if the simulation is performed in the NVT ensemble. An elongated box favours the formation of two planar parallel surfaces along the largest side of the box. We show in this paper that the ‘three conditions’ for thermodynamic equilibrium: constant temperature, constant pressure and constant chemical potential are met for such a system.

Numerical Investigation of Aligned Magnetic Flow Comprising Nanoliquid over a Radial Stretchable Surface with Cattaneo–Christov Heat Flux with Entropy Generation

The influence of entropy generation on aligned magnetic flow-including nanoparticles through a convectively heated radial stretched surface in the existence of Cattaneo–Christov heat flux is inspected. The highly nonlinear leading PDE’s via the similar scaling transformation are developed. The resulting system via the bvp4c technique from Matlab is computed. The impacts of rising constraints on the liquid velocity, nanoparticles concentration and temperature profile are argued and showed via portraits and table. In addition, the performance of liquid flow is inspected through the friction factor, the mass and heat transfer rate. With the rise in the thermal relaxation constraint, the thermal boundary layer is appreciably altered. Due to an aligned angle, the velocity of nanoliquid declines, while the concentration and temperature of nanofluid augment. It is also observed that the values of friction factor increase, whereas the values of heat and mass transfer decline due to an aligned angle. Entropy generation profiles developed due to magnetic parameters and the aligned angle. Lastly, a comparative scrutiny is composed via the previous studies which lead to support for our presently developed model.

Modeling of water evaporation from a shrinking moist biomass slab subject to heating: Arrhenius approach versus equilibrium approach

Liquid moisture evaporation and pyrolysis of a biomass fuel slab subject to heating were computationally investigated in a one-dimensional domain where the fuel shrinkage was accounted for. The evaporation dynamics was separately represented by equilibrium and Arrhenius models. The equilibrium model describes evaporation as a thermodynamic process whereas the Arrhenius model treats it as a chemical reaction. For calculations, Gpyro, a pyrolysis computational framework, was used after its source code was revised to include the equilibrium model. By default, Gpyro is only capable of operating with the Arrhenius model. In the present study, also, a continuum description of mass and energy conservation for a pyrolyzating, shrinking porous medium was provided in the form of integral-differential equations. Such a description in the previous Gpyro works was lacking for shrinking objects and the Gpyro documents only provided a numerically discretized equation form. Here, the approximations made to develop this form from the integral-differential equations were clarified. The model was validated against experimental data of cone calorimeter experiments. Two fuel moisture contents (FMC) of 26% and 100% (on dry basis) representing dead and living fuels, respectively, were examined. The living fuel is characterized by a high FMC although the difference between dead and living fuels is not limited to this parameter. The evaporation rate, liquid moisture mass fraction and temperature profiles obtained by using the equilibrium model exhibited abrupt changes at the evaporation front whereas those obtained by using the Arrhenius model showed a smooth behavior throughout the slab. The drying dynamics described by the equilibrium model was more consistent with the underlying physics of evaporation. The equilibrium model demonstrated a distinct evaporation front, did not result in evaporation below the normal boiling point of water and more accurately exhibited the impact of the initial FMC on the drying dynamics. Simulation results showed that the thermochemical evolution of living fuel was appreciably more sensitive to the evaporation model.

ANALYSIS OF SECOND-GRADE FLUID FLOW IN POROUS CHANNEL WITH CATTANEO-CHRISTOV AND GENERALIZED FICK’S THEORIES

This attempt executes the combined heat mass transport features in steady MHD viscoelastic fluid flow through stretching walls of channel. The channel walls are considered to be porous. The analysis of heat transport is made by help Cattaneo-Christov heat diffusion formula while generalized Fick’s theory is developed for study of mass transport. The system of partial differential expressions is changed into set of ordinary differential by introducing suitable variables. The homotopic scheme is introduced for solving the resultant equations and then validity of results are verified by various graphs. An extensive analysis has been performed for the influence of involved constraints on liquid velocity, concentration and temperature profiles. It is noted that the normal component of velocity decreases by increasing Reynolds number while retards for increasing viscoelastic constraint. Both temperature and concentration profiles enhanced by increasing combined parameter and Reynolds number. The presence of thermal relaxation number and concentration relaxation number declines both temperature and concentration profiles, respectively.

Using rate based simulation, sensitivity analysis and response surface methodology for optimization of an industrial CO2 capture plant

Using optimum conditions in CO2 capture processes to maximize CO2 capture capacity and rich amine temperature leads to saving energy and reducing costs. In the present article, an industrial CO2 capture process with aqueous MEA was studied using the sensitivity analysis and an optimization method. The process was simulated using a rate-based model. The results were validated against four different industrial operational data. In the four different industrial situations, the average relative error was 1.38%–3.85%. The liquid temperature profiles and CO2 absorption (%), calculated by the model agree with the real operational data. In the second part of the work, a sensitivity analysis of the absorption column's important variables was carried out to determine sensitive parameters for CO2 absorption capacity and rich MEA temperature. The variables are gas flow rate, solvent flow rate, flue gas temperature, inlet solvent temperature, CO2 concentration in the flue gas, loading of inlet solvent, and MEA concentration. Based on the results, all of the operational parameters except the inlet solvent and the inlet liquid temperature are considered influential. In the third and final part of the article, the operational conditions are optimized to maximize CO2 absorption (%) and rich solvent temperature. Response surface methodology (RSM) is used as a statistical optimization tool. The experimental design data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and fitted to the second-order polynomial equation using multiple regression analysis. By applying the optimum operational conditions in the model, CO2 absorption (%) and rich solvent temperature of 95.63% and 56.15 °C can be obtained, which indicate 13% and 17% increase, respectively compared to the base case. The results showed that the absorber's energy consumption is decreased by 16%, when applying optimum operational conditions. In contrary to previous studies, it is found that rich solution temperature is not a function of lean solution temperature. According to the results, the inlet gas flow rate is the most influential parameter in CO2 absorption and rich solution temperature.

Numerical Modeling of Heat and Specie Transfer in a Diffusion Dominated Continuum Model of Binary-Alloy Castings

A numerical modeling of diffusion-controlled heat and specie transfer using a source base method to determine evolution of liquid/solid fraction from energy equation both for constant densities in the phases and variable densities as a function of temperature and concentration was developed to predict macro-solute redistribution in binary alloy system. From the results, it is observed that there was a solute depleted zone near the chill surface and that, the source base method can be effectively implemented without the need for setting a large arbitrary value in determining the derivative of liquid fraction-temperature function . The cooling curve and the liquid volume fraction versus temperature profile shows a smooth transition from fully liquid to mushy zone and then to fully solid state, hence, adequate handling of the jump discontinuity was ensured. The liquid fraction-temperature relation outlined in this work is suitable for tracking the liquid/solid interface.

3D flow of Carreau polymer fluid over variable thickness sheet in a suspension of microorganisms with Cattaneo-Christov heat flux

Numerical study of three dimensional Carreau liquid flow with heat and mass transport features over a variable thickness sheet filled with microorganisms is analyzed. We considered the non-uniform heat sink or source and multiple slip effects. The governing non-linear partially differential expressions are developed into ordinary differential systems by using variable transformations. These expressions are solved numerically by using Runge-Kutta fourth order method connected with shooting methodology. A Parametric study is implemented to demonstrate the effects of Hartmann number, Prandtl number, Weissenberg number, Peclet number, chemical reaction and heat sink/source parameters on liquid velocity, temperature and concentration profiles. The quantities of physical interest are described within the boundary layer. From this analysis, we found that the magnetic parameter decrease the local Sherwood and local Nusselt numbers for both and cases. The constraint of chemical reaction enhances the mass transfer rate and decelerates the density of motile mass transfer rate. The space dependent and temperature dependent heat source/sink suppress the local Nusselt number.