Liquid Sb Research Articles

Mechanism for the synergistic removal of Sb(Ⅲ) and Sb(V) from printing and dyeing wastewater by polyferric sulfate

Herein, the synergistic removal of Sb(Ⅲ) and Sb(Ⅴ) from wastewater by polymeric ferric sulfate (PFS) and the oxidation process were investigated. The results showed that PFS exhibited superior performance on Sb(Ⅲ) removal in terms of coagulant dosage, applied pH, and anti-interference properties than Sb(V) removal. For the Sb liquid in pure water matrix (Sb=1000 μg/L), when the dose was 60 mg/L and the final pH was 5.0, the independent removal of Sb(Ⅲ) and Sb(V) was 95% and 90%, respectively. Meanwhile, Sb(Ⅲ) removal in the PFS coagulation system remained stable within a wider pH range (pH=3–9). Sb(Ⅲ) could be preferentially removed in the solution column and had an inhibitory effect on the adsorption of Sb(V). Sb(Ⅲ) was also partially oxidized to Sb (V) during the coagulation process, which was influenced by the coagulant dosage and the solution pH. The results of the actual printing and dyeing wastewater (PDW) treatment indicated that the pre-reduction of Sb(V) to Sb(Ⅲ) could significantly increase the total Sb removal from 72.0% to 97.5%. The characterization results, such as Zeta potential and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), indicated that the Sb(Ⅲ) removal by PFS was achieved mainly through chemical adsorption. While the Sb(V) removal was realized by both chemical adsorption and electrostatic adsorption, the electrostatic adsorption contributed more than the chemical adsorption. This study provides a new idea for understanding the synergistic removal of Sb(Ⅲ) and Sb(V) using PFS in PDW advanced treatment.

Stress fluctuations and adiabatic speed of sound in liquids: a simple way to estimate it from ab initio simulations

One of the fundamental quantities in dynamics of the liquid state, the adiabatic speed of sound c_s, is extremely difficult to predict from computer simulations, especially in ab initio simulations. Here we derive an expression for the instantaneous correlator of fluctuations of longitudinal component of stress tensor, which contains c_s along with others quantities easy accessible via classical and ab initio computer simulations. We show that the proposed methodology works well in the case of Lennard-Jones and soft-sphere simple fluids, Kr–Ar liquid mixture in connection with simulations with effective pair interactions as well as for liquid Sb, fluid Hg and molten NaCl from ab initio simulations.

Quasi-bound atoms in collective dynamics of liquid Sb

We report an ab initio simulation and theoretical study of collective dynamics in liquid Sb at 973 K. An application of the GCM (generalized collective modes) theoretical approach to analysis of simulation-derived time correlation functions resulted in two types of propagating eigenmodes. We found that the almost flat dispersion of the high-frequency branch of propagating modes can be explained by out-of-phase oscillations of nearest neighbors which form quasi-bound atomic pairs for at least 30 ps. We discuss the features of collective dynamics in non-simple metallic melts containing quasi-bound pairs.

Glassy and liquid Sb2S3: insight into the structure and dynamics of a promising functional material

High optical and electric contrast between the SET (crystalline) and RESET (amorphous) logic states is related to the different short and intermediate range order in orthorhombic and vitreous Sb2S3.

Effect of nanofiller concentration on its dispersion in a system of liquid crystalline SB(3R)-11 and single walled carbon nanotubes

We report on the concentration dependence of the dispersion of single walled carbon nanotubes, SWCNTs, in a nanocomposite with a recently synthesized ferroelectric and optically active thermotropic liquid crystal ((R,E)-4-(4-((3,7-dimethyloctyl) oxy) styryl) phenyl 4-(undecyloxy)benzoate. Excellent dispersion of the SWCNTs in the concentration range from 0.01 up to 10 wt % was proven by means of differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. It is believed to be facilitated by the formation of core-shell fibres, consisting of liquid crystal decorated SWCNTs, yet in the solution state. The fibres are maintained after the solvent evaporation and so the aggregation at elevated temperatures is prevented. The preservation of the liquid crystalline behaviour in all investigated cases can be considered as an additional benefit.

Considerations on Copper Smelting from Fahlores and the Metallurgy of Cu-As Bronzes

The copper production in the Alps began three thousand years BC, usually near ore deposits in Austria and Switzerland. For copper smelting, sulphidic ores like chalcopyrite and fahlores were used. Copper produced from fahlores was widely used in the Alps resulting in As and Sb contents in the metallic copper. Such copper alloys were generally referred to as arsenical bronzes. However, in ancient bronze objects, a wide range of arsenic content was observed. One question relates to how much arsenic is transferred into the bronze alloy during smelting. By thermodynamic equilibrium calculations, the roasting and smelting processes are simulated and show that As reacts already to gaseous As compounds before Cu2S is attacked and metallic Cu is formed. In case of Sb liquid, Sb2O3 is formed quickly during roasting and is finally enriched in the slag.These results have been confirmed by the investigation of an ancient copper ingot containing 4 wt. % As and 2.5 wt. % S as well as smaller quantities of Sb, Ni, Fe, and Ag. The main phases apart from metallic copper are Cu3As, Cu2S, and Sb oxide. In a slag sample, an inclusion was characterized containing chalcopyrite, FeO, and Sb oxide This result is in accordance with the thermodynamic calculations where Sb2O3 was obtained.Another interesting point is the As loss of arsenical bronzes during remelting. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations reveal that Cu3As is very stable and during remelting no evaporation of As is observed. Moreover, during oxidation of metallic Cu-As, the formation of Cu2O is favoured from Cu and not from Cu3As. Consequently during melting of Cu-As for casting, at first Cu2O is formed resulting in an As enrichment in the melt and in the casted object, respectively. These effects are superimposed and, if recycled Cu alloys are used, the starting concentration of As is unknown.

Utilizing in situ alloying reaction to achieve the self-healing, high energy density and cost-effective Li||Sb liquid metal battery

As expected, a desired electrochemical energy storage system can simultaneously combine the low-cost raw materials with ultra-high energy density and no performance degradation characteristics. Here, we use liquid lithium as the anode, solid antimony as the cathode, molten LiF–LiCl–LiBr (or molten LiF–LiCl) as the electrolyte and test the battery at 550 °C. It can provide the energy density as high as 421.6 Wh kg −1 , while the energy storage cost is only 42.4 $ kWh −1 . More importantly, due to the self-healing characteristic of the pure antimony electrode, no capacity fading is observed during 470 cycles. Therefore, with all the merits, the Li||Sb liquid metal battery has become a competitive choice in the field of grid-level energy storage. • Utilizing in-situ alloying reaction to achieve the self-healing process. • Li.||Sb liquid metal battery delivers a very high energy density of 421.6 Wh kg −1 . • The energy storage cost is the lowest among all liquid metal batteries. • The all-liquid state can also appear in the middle state of discharge.

Low energy excitation in liquid Sb and liquid Bi observed in inelastic x-ray scattering spectra

The dynamic structure factor S(Q, E), where Q and E are momentum and energy transfer, respectively, has been measured for liquid Sb, using inelastic x-ray scattering. A modified damped harmonic oscillator model function was applied to analyse S(Q, E) of liquid Sb and also to that of liquid Bi by Inui et al (2015 Phys. Rev. B 92, 054206). The obtained excitation energy was in fairly good agreement with that predicted by ab initio molecular dynamics simulations on these liquid semi-metals. The excitation energy of the longitudinal acoustic mode in liquid Sb and liquid Bi exhibits flat-topped Q dependence whereas the lower excitation energy below the longitudinal acoustic excitation shows Q-gap behaviour. From the viscosity estimated from the Q-gap experimentally obtained, it is inferred that the lower energy excitation arises from the transverse acoustic excitation in the liquids.

Stable Positive Current Collectors for Li||Sb–Sn Liquid Metal Batteries

The corrosion of a liquid Sb–Sn alloy on a positive current collector (PCC) can seriously affect the performance of Li||Sb–Sn liquid metal batteries (LMBs) and hinder their industrial applications. This work systematically investigated Ti, Mo, and W as the PCCs of Li||Sb–Sn LMBs corrosion behaviors and electrochemical properties. The corrosion mechanism and cell performance recession reason are illuminated based on compatibility analysis and electrochemical measurements. Ti and Mo are more easily dissolved in the liquid Sb–Sn alloy than W, forming Ti–Sb–Sn and Mo–Sb–Sn corrosion products. The average corrosion rates of Ti, Mo, and W in the liquid Sb-Sn alloy are 0.105, 0.068, and 0.014 mm/a, respectively. These corrosion behaviors not only affect the cell voltage and capacity to varying degrees but also may cause potential security liability. Hence, W is an admirably stable PCC of Li||Sb–Sn LMBs, which can also serve as an electroconductive and corrosion-resistant protective coating to reduce cost and solve the forming problem.

Corrosion Behaviors of Iron, Chromium, Nickel, Low-Carbon Steel, and Four Types of Stainless Steels in Liquid Antimony-Tin Alloy

Corrosion resistance of metals and alloys toward liquid metals determines the service performances and lifetime of the devices using liquid metals. This paper studies the static corrosion behaviors of iron, chromium, nickel, low carbon steel, and four types of stainless steels (SS410, SS430, SS304, and SS316L) in liquid Sb-Sn at 500°C, aiming to screen corrosion-resistant stainless steel for Li||Sb-Sn liquid metal batteries (LMBs). The corrosion rates of Fe and Ni are 0.94 μm/h and 6.03 μm/h after 160 h measurement, respectively. Cr shows a low corrosion rate of < 0.05 μm/h, which is due to the formation of a relatively stable Cr-Sb layer that may be able to prevent the interdiffusion between the solid substrate and liquid Sb-Sn. Ni has a high corrosion rate because the formed Ni-Sb and Ni-Sn compounds are soluble in the liquid Sb-Sn. The corrosion products of both pure metals and SS can be predicted by thermodynamic and phase diagram analysis. Among the four types of stainless steel, SS430 shows the best corrosion resistance toward liquid Sb-Sn with a corrosion rate of 0.19 μm/h. Therefore, a liquid Sb-Sn resistant material should have a high Cr content and a low Ni content, and this principle is applicable to design metallic materials not only for LMBs but also for other devices using liquid Sb- and Sn-containing liquid metals.

Resistivity of Cu, Ni and Sb in undercooled liquid state

With the help of non-contact measurement, electrical resistivity of Cu, Ni, Sb has been measured to study the influence of short range order on electrons scattering in the normal and undercooled liquid state. Till the maximum undercooling, linear resistivity-temperature dependence is obtained in Cu and Ni melts. Nonlinear resistivity behavior is obtained in undercooled liquid Sb till a maximum undercooling of about 60 degree. The increase in viscous flow activation energy reveals structure transition in Sb melts. A drop in resistivity of Cu melts is obtained accompanying the recalescence. The abrupt jump in resistivity of Sb reveals the rapid growth of Peierls distortion during rapid solidification process.

The Renaissance of Liquid Metal Batteries

Next-generation batteries with long life, high-energy capacity, and high round-trip energy efficiency are essential for future smart grid operation. Recently, Cui et al. demonstrated a battery design meeting all these requirements—a solid electrolyte-based liquid lithium-brass/zinc chloride (SELL-brass/ZnCl2) battery. Such a battery design overcomes some inherent problems of conventional ZEBRA batteries and lithium ion batteries.

The Removal of Platinum Group Metals, Cs, Se, and Te from Nuclear Waste Glass Using Liquid Sb Extraction and Phase Separation Methods.

Recovery of platinum group metals (PGMs: Pd, Ru, Rh), Cs, Se, and Te from molten borosilicate glass containing simulated high level radwaste through the combination of liquid metal extraction and phase separation method under reductive heat-treatment was studied. In this process, the PGMs were extracted in recovered liquid metal phase, where Sb and Bi metals were used as the collecting metals. Meanwhile, Cs, Se, and Te were enriched in the phase separated potassium-rich materials on glass surface, which were extracted by water. The type of liquid metals had profound influence on the extraction behaviors of PGMs and other fission products from the glass melt. As a result, except the near extraction efficiency of Pd, Sb showed higher affinity for Ru and Rh than Bi metal. The higher phase separation efficiency of potassium-rich materials led to the higher extraction efficiencies of Cs, Se, and Te in liquid Sb extraction than Bi. Among the examined conditions, using liquid Sb extraction, the Pd, Ru, and Rh extraction efficiencies were 78.6%, 62.1% and 100% in liquid Sb metal phase, and 93.76% of Cs, 60.4% of Se, and 23.65% of Te in leachate were obtained.

Electrochemical Separation of Alkaline-Earth Elements from Molten Salts Using Liquid Metal Electrodes

Closing the nuclear fuel cycle requires recycling used nuclear fuel. Additional waste is generated during recycling due to fission products accumulating in processing salts (LiCl–KCl). Reducing the waste generated during recycling entails recovering alkaline-earth fission products (Ba2+/Sr2+) from molten chlorides with a minimal loss of bulk electrolyte constituents (Li+/K+). Electrochemical codeposition of Ba2+/Li+ and Sr2+/Li+ into liquid metal (Bi, Sb, Sn, and Pb) and alloy (Bi–Sb) electrodes was investigated in LiCl–KCl–(BaCl2, SrCl2) electrolytes at 500 and 650 °C. For the pure Bi (500 °C) and Sb (650 °C) electrodes, the greatest percentage of charge was used to deposit Ba and Sr. Effective recovery of Ba/Sr by liquid Bi and Sb electrodes is supported via experimentally determined activity values of Ba/Sr in Bi and Sb. Alloying Sb with Bi increased Ba recovery but decreased Sr recovery, compared to the recovery using a liquid Bi electrode. The results suggest that alkaline-earth fission products can be recovered from molten chlorides using liquid metal electrodes via electrochemical separation, thereby providing a method to reduce the generation of nuclear waste from nuclear fuel recycling.

Enhanced resistance of gadolinium-doped cerium oxide to liquid antimony and antimony oxide corrosions by addition of iron oxide

To increase corrosion resistance of gadolinium-doped cerium oxide (GDC) electrolytes for direct carbon solid oxide fuel cells with liquid Sb anodes, GDC-based electrolytes with Fe2O3 addition of 1 (GDCF-1), 2 (GDCF-2) and 3 (GDCF-3) mol.% have been prepared and evaluated chemically and electrochemically in contact with liquid Sb and Sb2O3 at 750 °C for 100 h. The results show that Fe2O3 addition significantly increases the resistance of the electrolytes to the chemical corrosion by liquid Sb, and GDCF-2 demonstrates the highest resistance with a corrosion affected thickness of about 60 μm, which is smaller than 1/8 of that of GDC. What's more, the affected thickness is only about 4 μm for GDCF-2 in contact with liquid Sb2O3. Under a current density of 100 mA cm−2 with liquid Sb as anode, the cell voltage almost increases linearly and cell ohmic resistance decreases in the 100 h's operation. The performance promotion is resulted from the reduction of GDCF-2 thickness caused by liquid Sb/Sb2O3 corrosion, but the total thickness reduction is about 200 μm, which is only 2/5 of that of GDC.

The effect of atmospheric plasma jet on Fusarium species producing mycotoxins T2 and DON: An approach for physical and chemical investigation

Fusarium genus is a filamentous ascomycete fungi with the ability to produce toxins. Sampling was carried out between 2015-2016 in three tea courses from Mazandaran and Gilan provinces. At intervals of 3, 7 and 15 days, the plates were examined and the colonies grown in each plate were identified and their macroscopic characteristics were recorded. Finally, 150 colonies were selected. Samples cultured in a plate were cultured in liquid medium sB + ME and sB + yE. The environments were examined for successive days and slides were prepared and stained with lacto phenol. This is to ensure the inactivation of fungi exposed to plasma or the removal of spores from the sample surface. There is a significant relationship between the DON produced in the potato medium containing yeast extract and DON contained in the sample taken from the same medium that was exposed to plasma jet for 60 seconds This feature was statistically significant in comparison between changes in the toxicity of T2 and toxin after 60 seconds of treatment with jet plasma and T2 reducibility severity to DON. Plasma treatment results showed a significant reduction in time-dependent toxin concentrations. These results indicate that the plasma system has a high potential not only to destroy mycotoxins, but also toxins produced from fungi, which can be greatly reduced and can be used effectively in the food industry.

Syllable structure and stratification in Bangla

Abstract This study attempts to analyse the permissible syllable structures and the aspiration and voicing of word-initial and word-final segments in the syllable structure of Bangla. A corpus study leads to a detailed analysis of Bangla syllable structure restrictions, relative to the three traditional strata of the Bangla lexicon, namely, Native Bangla (NB, Tadbhava), Sanskrit borrowings (SB, Tatsama and Ardha-Tatsama), and other borrowings (OB, Deshi and Bideshi), following Ito and Mester’s work on the Japanese lexicon. Complex codas are allowed only in OB. Complex onsets are ruled out in NB while they have the maximal form s+C+liquid in SB and OB. There is no onset maximisation: Medial clusters in all strata avoid complex onsets if a consonant can be syllabified into the preceding coda (Vp.lV rather than V.plV). Aspiration is banned from the coda in NB but not generally in SB and OB, where restrictions that are more complex obtain. Obstruent voicing contrasts are present in onset and coda, but voicing agreement is enforced in obstruent clusters. Analyses of these restrictions are presented in Optimality Theory: the different strata of the lexicon may have different phonologies, i. e. different constraint ranking.

Enthalpies of mixing in ternary Ce–Cu–Sb liquid alloys

Abstract The enthalpies of mixing in liquid alloys of the ternary Ce–Cu–Sb system were determined over a wide range of compositions by means of isoperibolic calorimetry at temperature 1300 K. Measurements were performed along five sections (x Cu/x Sb = 0.20/0.80; 0.40/0.60 and 0.60/0.40 for x Ce changed from 0 up to 0.35 and x Cu/x Ce = 0.20/0.80 and 0.60/0.40 for x Sb changed from 0 up to 0.25). The enthalpies of mixing in the ternary system were found to be exothermic and steadily increasing in absolute values from the binary constituent systems Ce–Cu and Cu–Sb towards the Ce–Sb boundary, reaching the minimum value of approximately –120 kJ · mol–1 in the vicinity of the phase CeSb.

Hot corrosion of yttria-stabilized zirconia by liquid antimony and antimony oxide

Direct carbon solid oxide fuel cells (DC-SOFCs) with a liquid Sb anode have many advantages over other types of SOFCs; however, their electrolyte faces corrosion by liquid Sb and Sb2O3. To evaluate the tolerance of the electrolyte to the liquid Sb and Sb2O3, 8 mol.% Y2O3–ZrO2 electrolyte (YSZ) discs are prepared and evaluated at 750 °C for up to 100 h in both chemical and electrochemical modes, simulating DC-SOFC operating conditions. In the chemical mode, the corrosion by liquid Sb causes Y dissolution from YSZ into the liquid Sb, while the YSZ experiences a phase transformation from cubic to tetragonal structure and grain boundary crack on the surface. Liquid Sb2O3 is more corrosive than liquid Sb, penetrating additionally the grain boundaries into a depth around 15 μm. In the electrochemical mode, liquid Sb is separated from YSZ by a layer (~150 μm) of liquid Sb2O3 formed during cell operation. The liquid Sb2O3 layer so formed corrodes YSZ in the same way as in the chemical mode, but the corrosion is intensified with the presence of a current, resulting in a top porous layer (~15 μm) on YSZ surface with a grain boundary penetration layer (~100 μm) underneath.

Thermodynamic properties of Sr-Sb alloys via emf measurements using solid CaF2-SrF2 electrolyte

The thermodynamic properties of Sr-Sb alloys were determined by electromotive force (emf) measurements to understand the solution and phase behavior of Sr in Sb. A Sr(s) | CaF2-SrF2 | Sr(in Sb) electrochemical cell was used to measure emf values at 833–1113 K for Sr mole fractions over xSr = 0.03–0.84. The activity of Sr in liquid Sb was as low as 6.9 × 10−13 at 973 K and xSr = 0.03, implying strong chemical interactions. Six intermetallic compounds were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD): SrSb2, Sr2Sb3, Sr11Sb10, Sr16Sb11, Sr5Sb3, and Sr2Sb. Phase transition temperatures were verified by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for xSr = 0.03–0.48. Integrating the thermodynamic properties of the Sr-Sb system from emf, XRD, and DSC measurements, three characteristic transition temperatures were newly defined and an experimentally-determined Sr-Sb phase diagram was constructed up to xSr = 0.50.