Liquid Pyrolysis Products Research Articles

Hydrocarbon Generation Characteristics of Coal‐measure Source Rocks and their Contribution to Natural Gas: A Case Study of Middle and Lower Jurassic Targets from the Southern Junggar Basin Margin

AbstractIn order to study the hydrocarbon generation (HCGE) characteristics of coal‐bearing basins, the coal‐measure source rocks of the Middle Jurassic–Lower Jurassic (MLJ) of the piedmont thrust belt in the southern margin of the Junggar Basin in Northwest China are taken as research objects. More than 60 MLJ samples were collected from outcrops and wells. Total organic carbon (TOC), rock pyrolysis (Rock–Eval), organic petrological, vitrinite reflectance (%Ro), and hydrous pyrolysis were performed to analyze the relevant samples. The pyrolysis gases and liquid products were measured, and then the chemical composition, as well as carbon isotopes of the gases, were analyzed. The results indicate that the MLJ source rocks have the capacity for large‐scale gas generation. In addition, for coal‐measure source rocks, the heavier the carbon isotope of kerogen (δ13Ckerogen), the lower the liquid hydrocarbon and hydrocarbon gas yield, and the easier it is to produce non‐hydrocarbon gas. It is worth noting that when the δ13Ckerogen in organic matter (OM) is relatively heavier, the fractionation of its products may become weaker in the evolutionary process. The vital contribution of the MLJ source rock to natural gas resources in the study area was further confirmed by comparing it with the Jurassic source gas.

Upgrading of kraft lignin pyrolysis products: Managing sulfur impurities

Pyrolysis stands as a powerful method for the valorization of biomass like kraft lignin, an aromatic-rich and sulfur-containing polymeric by-product from the pulping industry. Sulfur in the raw matrix is released during thermal processes and is redistributed in pyrolysis products. However, the presence of sulfur lowers the quality of products due to its corrosive and toxic character. In this work, commercial activated carbons have been used as adsorbents to remove the main sulfur compounds from the gas phase (i.e., CH3SH, COS, H2S). The analysis of sulfur content in biochar has been performed through SEM-EDXS, while the sulfur content in oils has been obtained by GC–MS analysis. The adsorption of sulfur on the activated carbon bed results in an enhancement of the release of sulfur in the gas phase from 34 % without activated carbon to 44 %. Up to 88 % of H2S removal is achieved after the adsorption step, together with a reduction of the overall sulfur content in the bio-oil rich in intermediates such as guaiacols and alkylated phenols. The residual sulfur contained in the liquid product is lowered to 3 % of the total sulfur in the system, thus improving the quality of the liquid pyrolysis product. This process limits the amount of sulfur in the gas and improves its quality and market value. At the same time, this results in a redistribution of sulfur in pyrolysis products such as bio-oil, improving its range of application as a source of chemical intermediates from kraft lignin.

CO-PROCESSING OF COTTON SOAPSTOCK, COAL DUST AND POLYMER WASTE BY PYROLYSIS METHOD

The work is aimed at solving the problems of rational consumption of secondary raw materials on the basis of carbon-containing waste of industries, saturation of the market with additional products and protection of the environment from the toxic effects of waste. Aim of work: the study of the co-pyrolysis process of gossypol resin (GR) from cotton soapstock of "Shymkentmay" JSC, coal dust (CD) of Kulan deposit and plastics waste (PW) in N2 medium. The methodology of work included the establishment of optimal modes of the process, determination of yield, composition and properties of pyrolysis products. Analysis of pyrolysis products by IR spectroscopy, XRD, chromatomass spectrometry. Study of the component composition of liquid pyrolysis products by the method of extraction separation in Soxhlet apparatus into oils, asphaltenes and resins. Assessment of perspectivity of co- pyrolytic processing of carbon-containing wastes from different industries for industrial development. Results and discussion. The optimum temperature of GR pyrolysis (T=450 ⁰С) was established, at which the yield of liquid product was on average 33.01 wt.%, gas yield – 60.33 wt.%, yield of solid residue – 6.65 wt.%. The co-pyrolysis of GR and CD at 1:1 ratio and T=500 ⁰C in N2 atmosphere was investigated for the first time. A high yield of liquid product – 47.34 wt.%, low gas formation – 2.31 wt.% and a large amount of solid residue – 50.34 wt.% were observed, which is apparently due to the formation of coal semicoke and coke. The process of co- pyrolysis of GR, CD with D=90 μm and PW (PE:HPPP – 1:1) at the ratio of 1:1:1 and temperatures of 500 ⁰С-700 ⁰С in N2 atmosphere was investigated for the first time. It is shown that the main contribution to the formation of liquid products in the given temperature regimes is made by GR and PW. Conclusion. Co-processing of carbon-containing wastes was found to be of interest and practical importance, both in terms of obtaining marketable products and maintaining a safe ecology.

Behaviors and mechanism of volatiles producing during coal pyrolysis with calcium oxide loading: Insights from model compounds analysis

Calcium is a highly effective catalyst for controlling the tar compounds produced during the pyrolysis of low-rank coal, forming valuable end products. However, the exact catalytic mechanism of calcium in coal pyrolysis remains unclear due to the complex nature of coal. In this study, the pyrolysis process and tar composition of lignite, both with and without the addition of calcium, were investigated across three distinct temperature intervals. The addition of calcium oxide increased the hydrocarbon content of tar by 16.39 % in the low-temperature range and 26.53 % in the intermediate-temperature range. Four model compounds containing different coal-related functional groups were selected to investigate the effects of calcium on pyrolysis performance and tar composition using thermogravimetric analysis, fixed bed reactor experiments, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The addition of calcium did not affect the thermal decomposition of polystyrene or polyethylene terephthalate; however, the primary pyrolysates underwent secondary reactions on the surface of calcium, which affected the composition of the liquid pyrolysis product. Meanwhile, calcium interacted with the carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups in trimeric acid and phenolic resin to form carboxylates and phenates, which affected the thermal reaction and distribution of liquid products. The influence of calcium on the transformation mechanism of coal-related functional groups provides a theoretical basis for understanding the mechanism of calcium-catalyzed coal pyrolysis.

SECONDARY POLYMERS AS A PROSPECTIVE RAW MATERIAL FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HIGH-OCTANE AUTOMOBILE GASOLINE

The article analyzes the possibility of expanding the raw material base of the production process of commercial high-octane automobile gasoline of the A-92 and A-95 brands due to the involvement of secondary polymer raw materials. The types of raw materials that will make it possible to obtain basic fractions or components of commercial gasolines that will be used in the production of commercial automobile gasolines that, according to their chemical composi- tion and properties, will meet the requirements of environmental safety standards adopted in Ukraine and the countries of the European Union have been determined. It was established that the main raw material capable of replacing oil and gas condensate is secondary polyolefin raw material, represented by polyethylene (HDPE and LDPE) and polypropylene (PP), and the main process of its processing is thermal or thermocatalytic pyrolysis. Priority is given to raw materials that are directly generated in production in the form of waste and raw materials that come from sorting points. At the same time, secondary polymer raw materials, regardless of their source of origin, must undergo a stage of preliminary preparation, which includes sorting, crushing, washing and drying of raw materials. Practical studies have shown that this process is implemented on reactor-type installations at temperatures of 320–450 °C and pressures of 0.1–3.5 MPa and allows obtaining a significant yield (35–70 %) of the liquid product of pyrolysis – a gasoline fraction with a boiling point of 30–200 °C. Along with liquid products, more than 15 % of gases (ethylene, propylene and butylene) are formed, which should be processed into polymer gasoline (base fraction) and high-octane components – alkylates. As a result of the research, a scheme for the production of commercial high-octane automobile gasoline from secondary polymer raw materials (HDPE, LDPE and PP) is proposed, which is based on the rational use of production resources and production by-products.

A novel screw-type pyrolysis system for selectively producing value-added chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass

AbstractIn this study, a new unique screw-type (auger) reactor system was developed to selectively obtain valuable chemical-enriched liquid pyrolysis products. The new design has heating segments with increased temperature along the reactor tube and three-staged fractional condensing lines following pyrolysis gas ports at the end of each heating segment. To maximize liquid product yield, the effects of some parameters such as feeding rate, screw rate, and temperature profile were studied by the experiments designed with Response Surface Methodology (RSM). By fixing the maximum temperature at the last heating segment of a tubular reactor to 550 °C, the conditions for maximum liquid product yield were determined as feeder driver frequency of 21 Hz (13.6 rpm), auger driver frequency of 36 Hz (24.3 rpm), and ΔT (temperature difference between consecutive heating segments) of 66 °C. Biomass feeding rate and volumetric fullness ratio of the reactor at these conditions were 42 g min−1 and 0.58 (v/v), respectively. Under these conditions, total liquid, solid, and gas product yields were obtained as 57%, 19%, and 24%, respectively. In addition, analyses of the liquid fractions showed that valuable chemicals could be obtained selectively in a large extent by using the new design.

FEATURES OF RECEIVING THE GASOLINE FRACTION BY THERMAL PYROLYSIS OF POLYOLEFIN RAW MATERIALS

The article examines the peculiarities of the process of thermal pyrolysis of secondary polymer raw materials, aimed at obtaining a gasoline fraction - the basis for obtaining mixed or synthetic automobile gasoline. Based on the global experience of polymer processing, polyolefins represented by high-density polyethylene (HDLP) and polypropylene (PP) were chosen for the study. Thermal pyrolysis was carried out at atmospheric pressure (0.10-0.12 MPa) on a reactor-type laboratory installation with subsequent removal of the gasoline fraction (30-210 °C) from liquid pyrolysis products according to the ASTM D 86 method. It has been established that the temperature interval in which pyrolysis of polyolefin raw materials must be carried out is for HDLP - 400-430 °С (the maximum output of the gasoline fraction at 420 °С); for PP - 350-370 °C (maximum yield of gasoline fraction at 365 °C). By controlling the duration of thermal pyrolysis, it is possible to increase the yield of the gasoline fraction by an average of 15-17%, which must be taken into account during the industrial implementation and further operation of pyrolysis plants for polymer raw materials. Increasing the temperature of the end of boiling of the gasoline fraction from 150 °С to 210 °С allows to increase its output by 9% (for HDLP) and by 12% (for PP). But at the same time, there is also an increase in the content of olefins in it (by 13-14%), which is a positive point from the point of view of resistance to detonation of the gasoline fraction, and a negative point - in view of its low chemical stability. The conducted studies showed that secondary polyolefin raw materials should be considered as an alternative to classic raw materials (oil and gas condensate), and the pyrolysis process as the main technological process for obtaining the gasoline fraction - the basis for obtaining commercial automobile gasoline. Prospective places for the implementation of this technology are both production sites of oil refineries and sites located in close proximity to places of accumulation of raw materials - ports, city landfills, special landfills.

Phytotesting of Liquid Products of Wood Pyrolysis on Seeds of Higher Plants

Phytotesting of Liquid Products of Wood Pyrolysis on Seeds of Higher Plants

Study on the composition of gasoline fractions obtained as a result of waste tires pyrolysis and production bitumen modifiers from it

Waste tires pose a significant threat to the environment. On the other hand, they are a potential raw material for energy production. Pyrolysis is one of the most promising methods for utilizing waste tires in a circular economy. The aim of the research was to study in detail the composition of gasoline fractions obtained during waste tires pyrolysis, and to search for effective methods of their application/processing without the use of catalysts and scarce hydrogen. Pyrolysis of waste tires was carried out on a pilot-scale industrial unit with a productivity of up to 15 tons/day of raw material. The liquid pyrolysis products were separated into several fractions: boiling below 140 0C, boiling at the range of 140–200 0C and fraction boiling above 200 0C. The residual fraction, based on its performance indicators, can be used as a component in fuel oils. The gasoline fractions (<140 0C and 140–200 0C) cannot be used as components in commercial fuels due to their high content of unsaturated and aromatic compounds. The obtained components of the gasoline fractions were analyzed with the usage of infrared spectroscopy and/or chromatography. Modifiers were synthesized from the gasoline fractions to improve the adhesive properties of bitumen. It was found that the resulting products (residue after obtaining bitumen modifiers) contain lower amounts of aromatic and unsaturated compounds compared to the initial gasoline fractions. This will allow reducing the content of these harmful components in the further use of gasoline fractions. Addition of the received modifiers to road bitumen brand BND 70/100 in the amount of 1% wt. Makes it possible to obtain bitumen with improved adhesive properties of the BNDA 60/90 brand.

Investigation of the Effects of Temperature and Catalyst on the Liquid Products of Waste Lubricant Oil Catalytic Pyrolysis

Catalytic pyrolysis is the process in which organic materials undergo catalytic thermal decomposition in the absence of oxygen. In this study, catalytic pyrolysis was conducted by heating waste lubricant oil in a modified catalytic reactor for 60 minutes at 350, 450, and 550°C. Furthermore, the effect of a catalyst on the pyrolysis of waste lubricant oil was investigated. The catalyst used was natural zeolite with particle sizes of 70/100 mesh, 200/250 mesh and &gt; 400 mesh. The catalytic pyrolysis liquid products obtained were then analyzed to determine the viscosity, density, heat value and composition of carbon compounds. The results show that temperature, the addition of catalysts and the catalyst particle size affect the physical and chemical properties of liquid products. On the basis of these properties, liquid products can be grouped into several types of liquid fuels namely, gasoline, kerosene and diesel. The liquid products obtained with a catalytic pyrolysis at temperature 550°C and catalyst particle size of &gt; 400 mesh have a density, viscosity, yield and heating value of 829.760 kg/m3, 1.9508 mPa⋅s, 45.33% and 10.981 calories/gram, respectively. The composition of carbon compounds in liquid products is 20.39% for C &lt; 8 compounds and 79.61% for C8-C18 compounds. These liquids are similar to gasoline, kerosene and diesel.

Copolymerization of Industrial Organochlorine Waste with Wood Pyrolysis Products for Bitumen Compositions

The work presents a new approach to the copolymerization and co-processing of industrial organochlorine waste (OCW) resulted in the production of vinyl chloride at Karpatnaftochim LLC, Kalush, Ukraine, and liquid wood pyrolysis products (LWPP) generated by the activated charcoal production at Perechyn Forestry and Chemical Plant, LLC. Kalush, Ukraine. This article highlights studies of the composition of the raw materials and the properties of the resulting products. Through the use of infrared spectroscopy and DTA analysis, the primary structure and properties of copolymers, oligomers, asphalt and bitumen products obtained from OCW and LWPP were determined. It describes the trial of the liquid products of wood pyrolysis in bitumen compositions with OCW.

Preparation of hydrocarbon resins by suspension oligomerisation of the C9 fraction of gasoline pyrolysis initiated by amino peroxides

The object of research is the production of C9 hydrocarbon resins by oligomerization of oil refining by-products. In the technology of hydrocarbon resins by free radical oligomerization, there is a disadvantage in the use of high temperatures and a long reaction time. The resulting products have a dark color, which limits their use in paints and varnishes. The technology of hydrocarbon resins, which consists in the suspension oligomerization of hydrocarbons of the C9 fraction in an aqueous medium, at low temperatures and stirring, was studied. N-substituted amino peroxides, which are characterized by a low temperature of use, were used as initiators. The raw materials used were C9 fractions of liquid gasoline pyrolysis products with an unsaturated compound content of 54.7 %. The optimal conditions were established: temperature – 364 K, time – 180 min, Re=10120, initiator concentration – 0.064 mol/l, the share of C9 fraction in the reaction mixture – 25 %. Under these conditions, a light hydrocarbon resin with a color index of 20 mg I2/100 ml and a softening point of 352 K was obtained. The use of amino peroxide initiators allows for the suspension oligomerization of the hydrocarbon fraction C9 at low temperatures (303–353 K) and within a short reaction time (180 min). This oligomerization technology makes it easy to remove excess heat and maintain isothermal conditions in the reaction zone. This prevents the development of side oxidation reactions that cause darkening of the product. The research results make it possible to improve the process of oligomerization of the hydrocarbon fraction using new initiators and obtain light-colored hydrocarbon resins. This will reduce energy costs for production and improve the characteristics of hydrocarbon resins

Effect of aqueous phase bio-oil and its typical organic matter washing pretreatment on catalytic pyrolysis characteristics of biomass

In this work, APBO and its typical organic matter (HAc, Phenol, Guaiacol) were used to pretreat wheat straw separately, and CFP characteristics of wheat straw before and after the pretreatment were investigated. Washing with four different solutions removed more than 95% of K+ and over 86% removal of Na+; the removal effect of APBO on Ca2+ and Mg2+ is more evident with more than 84%. Washing reduced AAEMs, thereby reducing acids and ketones and increasing sugars in the bio-oil. TGA demonstrated that different washing significantly increased wheat straw's maximum weight loss rate and overall weight loss rate. After the subsequent addition of HZSM-5 catalyzed pyrolysis, the level of oxygen-containing compounds in bio-oil was significantly reduced and the aromatic hydrocarbon level increased from 2.19% (R) to 14.89% (CR), 31.28% (APBO-CR), 25.9% (HAc-CR), 24.74% (Phenol-CR), 15.81% (Guaiacol-CR), and the highest selectivity was 54.57% for BTX (APBO-CR). The combined APBO washing and HZSM-5 is a potential technology for upgrading biomass and the liquid products of pyrolysis because it can effectively raise bio-oil quality.

Possible Uses of Decommissioned Coke Batteries

Since the 80s of the 20th century, as a result of the reduction in demand for coke, economic crises and the availability of coking coal, the operations of coke plants in Europe have been ending. Furthermore, the pressure for using renewable energy sources continues to increase, including the production of fuels. In most cases, the current solution is to add biocomponents to fuels produced in the classical way from oil. There are considerations about reusing these coke batteries, this time for the production of liquid fuels. Therefore, this work is devoted to the processing of biomaterials mixed with brown coal by the pyrolytic process. Extracted rapeseed meal, sunflower seed husks and dry distillery grain with solubles (DDGS) were selected as biomaterials. They are waste material from various productions, but these materials also show good energy potential. The brown coal came from the ČSA quarry, which is characterized by a low content of sulfur and ash and also improves the properties of liquid pyrolysis products, because it reduces polarity of organic phase, which enables easier separation of the aqueous and liquid phases of the product. Pyrolysis experiments were carried out in two different pyrolysis devices - i) in a micropyrolysis unit (sample loading: in the order of mg, heating rate: 100 °C s-1, fast removal of pyrolysis products); ii) in the pilot unit (sample weight: approx. 10 kg, heating rate: 5.2 °C min-1 and slower removal of pyrolysis products, cuboid shape of the pyrolysis retort simulating a coke oven battery). On the basis of mass balances and characteristics of micropyrolysis products, the pyrolysis temperature for pilot experiments was set at 650 °C. Behind the pyrolysis retort of the pilot unit, a thermic-catalytic reactor (catalyst: sulfurized aluminosilicate based on Ni-W) was connected in order to improve the quality of volatile pyrolysis products. The highest yields of organic phases of liquid products came from co-pyrolysis of coal and DDGS and coal with rapeseed meal. However, the characteristics of organic phases determined as the most advantageous material for the pyrolytic processing the rapeseed meal (specifically a higher proportion of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, a lower proportion of hydrocarbons with heteroatoms and a higher proportion of light fractions). The most beneficial pyrolysis mixture contained 35 % of rapeseed meal and the temperature in the catalytic part of the thermic-catalytic reactor was 300 °C.

Pyrolysis of waste printed circuit boards: Parametric effects on product distribution, characterization and gas emissions

The efficient and environmentally friendly disposal of waste printed circuit board (WPCB) is of great significance for resource sustainability. This study focuses on the pyrolysis process of WPCB and the comprehensive characterization of the products. Meanwhile, the emission properties of the main gas products in the pyrolysis process of WPCB were investigated in real time. The results of pyrolysis experiments indicated that a solid yield of 79.03% was obtained by pyrolysis at 500 °C for 60 min, and 91.46% of copper and 95.36% of tin were recovered. The gas products mainly consisted of CO, CO2, CH4, H2, and C2H2. The liquid products contained phenols, aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones and furan derivatives. The pyrolysis gas and liquid products might be utilized as the raw material for fuel and other composite materials after purification. The process combines medium-temperature pyrolysis and crushing processes to recover metal fractions and high-value products from WPCB. This provides a solution for the large-scale pyrolysis of electronic waste.

Insights into the pyrolysis mechanisms of epoxy resin polymers based on the combination of experiments and ReaxFF-MD simulation

Epoxy resin offers promising properties in composites, while its cross-linked structure prevents the disposal of waste composites. Pyrolysis is an essential technique for the breakdown of epoxy resin polymers, but the fundamental reaction mechanisms need to be clarified. In this study, the combination of experimental studies and the reactive force field molecular dynamic (ReaxFF-MD) simulation were performed to determine the formation mechanisms of pyrolysis products considering the secondary reactions of intermediates. The pyrolysis process was divided into the cleavage and polycondensation stages based on the carbon atom numbers of the largest cluster. The cleavage stage began with the removal of side-chain substituents, followed by the breakdown of the primary epoxy resin chain, resulting in the generation of pyrolysis gas products, of which the OH, C-C-O, and CH3 groups were identified as the critical intermediates in the creation of H2O, CO, and CH4, respectively. Meanwhile, the simultaneous evolution of liquid pyrolysis products (bisphenol A, phenol, and benzene) was established. After the epoxy resin chains were completely cracked, the unsaturated hydrocarbon intermediates underwent the dehydrogenation and polymerization reactions, causing the formation of pyrolysis char and the continuous generation of H2, H2O, and CO. The findings could provide some guidance to selectively regulate the pyrolysis of epoxy resin matrix composites.

Developing alternatives to hydrocarbon via pyrolysis and gasification of industry residual biomass

&lt;p&gt;Pyrolysis and gasification are thermal treatment processes using biomass to produce biofuels that can replace fossil fuels in industrial boilers and furnaces. This paper discusses the potential utilization of four types of residual biomass highly produced in the Argentina Northeast (NEA) region, i.e., rice husk, an agricultural waste rich in cotton husk, carob sawdust, and spent red quebracho sawdust, as raw material. Pyrolysis liquid product yields were 34–51 wt% and char yields were 29–40 wt%; tar represented 16–23 wt%. For gasification, gas yields were between 45.6 wt% and 65.7 wt%; as for tar, it represented 2.4–14.1 wt% of initial biomass, and char yields were 31.4–40.3 wt%. Characterization of all products was performed to clarify their potential applications. Bio-oils, i.e., aqueous fractions of pyrolysis liquid products, have high water content (77–88 wt%), that is why they have lower density and viscosity than tars, oil fractions of pyrolysis liquids. However, chemical stability of bio-oils may vary, and their heating values are much lower than the heating values from tars. Based on these, it is possible to concluded that tar is the product with increased added value and higher energy properties. Efficiency of gasification and heating values of the gases obtained were high for waste rich in cotton husk and spent red quebracho sawdust, suggesting a good potential for the utilization in gasification processes. Additionally, char composition and properties for all biomasses, from both process, show that it is feasible to use them in several new applications.&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Asphaltite Pyrolysis in Fluidized Bed Reactor

In this study, the pyrolysis properties of asphaltite samples taken from Şırnak and Hakkari regions in a fluidized bed reactor under catalyst and non-catalyst conditions were determined by rapid and batch pyrolysis. Basic analysis, FTIR and XRF analyses were performed for the raw material. GC-MS analysis methods were used for liquid pyrolysis products and FTIR were used for solids. In order to acquire the condition of the highest liquid product yield in pyrolysis, several effective variables such as particle diameter, vacuum, nitrogen flow rate, temperature, raw material feed rate, catalyst type, raw material type and duration were experimented and the results were evaluated. In general, the vacuum effect has led to an increase in liquid product yield and a decrease in gas product yield. Liquid product yield increased at 700°C pyrolysis temperature in continuous feed system and 550 - 650°C in batch system. In the pyrolysis studies carried out, a maximum liquid product yield of 16.5% was achieved in the continuous fed reactor at 700°C temperature, 400 mmHg vacuum, 2 g/min feed rate and 500 µm particle size.

Catalytic Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste to Liquid Fuel Using Local Clay Catalyst

Plastics are nonbiodegradable, and safe disposal of this waste poses an environmental challenge all over the world. Catalytic pyrolysis is superior to thermal pyrolysis as it uses lower temperatures and hence less energy. The main objective of this study was to produce liquid fuel from plastic waste using indigenous clay as a catalyst through catalytic pyrolysis. The clay from Kisumu County was characterized through an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRFS) and an X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The reaction setup consisted of a round-bottom flask reactor through which plastic feed and catalyst were heated in a temperature-controlled furnace. Vapor product was condensed using a Liebig type water condenser to give pyrolysis liquid product. Solid char was recovered from the flask at the end of the reaction. Optimization studies using central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were performed in design expert software to predict optimal conditions of the operating variables for maximum yield of the liquid fuel. Results show that clay has a composition of silica and alumina at 64.5 wt% and 16.3 wt%, respectively, indicating high acidity of the clay, being a requirement for a good pyrolysis catalyst. For high-density polyethylene and polypropylene, the highest liquid yield of 87.23 wt% and 60.36 wt%, respectively, was at 300°C and a catalyst concentration of 10 wt%. Indigenous clay was established to be a suitable catalyst for catalytic pyrolysis of plastic waste, with the potential to replace imported catalysts since high yields of liquid fuel were obtained at lower reaction temperatures of 300-450°C, as compared to the 600°C required for thermal pyrolysis. In conclusion, waste plastics can be used to generate alternative fuel for industrial use. The liquid fuel can be used in diesel engines as a transport fuel, in turbines for electricity generation, and as a heating source in boilers and furnaces. Further studies on the modification of the surface and structure of clay are suggested to enhance its catalytic performance in the pyrolysis process for a better fuel yield.

INVESTIGATION OF ARYLALKYLATION REACTIONS OF LIQUID PRODUCTS OF PYROLYSIS WITH 130-190°C FRACTION IN THE PRESENCE OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID IMPREGNATED KH-30 CATALYST OF PHENOL

Alkylation reactions of 130-190°C fraction of liquid products of pyrolysis with the presence of KH-30 catalyst impregnated with hydrochloric acid of phenol were studied. As a result, the effect of various parameters - reaction temperature, duration, molar ratios of initial components and the amount of catalyst - on the yield and selectivity of the target product was investigated. It was determined that the yield of para-arylalkylphenol is 78.6%, and the selectivity is 94.3%. Although more than 100 years have passed since the study of alkylation reactions of phenol, the preparation of alkylphenols and their various derivatives has not lost its relevance even today. Alkylphenol-based chemical compounds are finding new effective areas of use: they are insecticides, pesticides, etc. against agricultural pests. they are used as a ligand for catalytic precursors used in the production, oligo- and polymerization of olefins, and as an extractant in the purification of oil fractions from aromatic hydrocarbons. Keywords: phenol, fraction 130-190°C, catalyst, arylalkylation, para-arylalkylphenol.