Liquid Petroleum Products Research Articles

Development of methods for calculating thermal conductivity of gas condensates-alternative motor fuels

The article is devoted to the development of methods for calculating the thermal conductivity of complex hydrocarbon mixtures such as gas condensates, which are widely used as components for motor and jet fuels. The work was carried out on the basis of the results of experimental studies of thermal conductivity of the eight most representative deposits in Central Asia in terms of group hydrocarbon composition. An analysis of existing equations for calculating the thermal conductivity of liquid petroleum products and the possibility of their use for gas condensates was carried out. A number of new equations are presented for calculating the thermal conductivity of gas condensates depending on the group hydrocarbon composition in a wide range of temperatures and pressures.

INCREASING THE ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LEVEL OF THE TERRITORY ADJACENT TO LOCATIONS OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS

Accumulation of flammable and combustible liquids on a relatively small area of the tank park leads to an increased environmental and fire hazard of such productions. The possible leakage of dangerous liquid and depressurization of tanks negatively affects the state of the environment in the surrounding area. A fire in a tank is one of the most dangerous emergency situations that could lead not only to significant material and environmental damage, but also to human casualties. The situation is also complicated by the economically determined tendency to use larger tanks, which significantly increases the volume of flammable liquids per unit area. This, in turn, increases the risk of fire spreading to neighboring tanks in the absence of timely localization and elimination of the fire. It is urgent and necessary to improve the methods of researching the properties of the materials of liquid hydrocarbon tanks and to assess the effects of external factors of natural and technogenic origin on these environmentally dangerous objects. The method of determining the dynamic characteristics of shell structures made of steel and partially filled with liquid (petroleum products) has been developed in the paper. A numerical analysis of the dynamic characteristics for the model of tanks for the storage of liquid hydrocarbons has been carried out. The optimal parameters of shell structures to reduce their deformations during fluid oscillations (using the example of liquid hydrocarbons) have been determined. It has been proved that taking into account the elasticity of the tank walls leads to a significant decrease in the oscillation frequencies compared to the frequencies of unfilled shells, while the lowest frequencies of filled and unfilled shell structures can correspond to different wave numbers. Extending the service life of tanks, preserving their tightness and stability under various natural and technogenic influences, preventing leaks, spills and fire hazards is necessary to increase the level of environmental safety of the surrounding territories.

Current State of Research on the Mechanism of Cavitation Effects in the Treatment of Liquid Petroleum Products—Review and Proposals for Further Research

Cavitation, as a unique technology for influencing liquid substances, has attracted much attention in the oil refining industry. The unique capabilities of cavitation impact can initiate the destruction of molecular compounds in the liquid. At the same time with a large number of successful experimental studies on the treatment of liquid hydrocarbon raw materials, cavitation has not been introduced in the oil refining industry. Often the impossibility of implementation is based on the lack of a unified methodology for assessing the intensity and threshold of cavitation creation. The lack of a unified methodology does not allow for predicting the intensity and threshold of cavitation generation in different fluids and cavitation-generating devices. In this review, the effect of cavitation on various rheological properties and fractional composition of liquid hydrocarbons is investigated in detail. The possibility of using the cavitation number as a single parameter for evaluating the intensity and threshold of cavitation generation is analyzed, and the limitations of its application are evaluated. The prospects of introducing the technology into the industry are discussed and a new vision of calculating the analog of cavitation numbers based on the analysis of the mutual influence of feedstock parameters and geometry of cavitators on each other is presented.

Selection of equipment for oil tank repair in northern conditions

Introduction. The oil industry is a key component of the economy of the Russian Federation. A large number of tanks are used to store oil, each of which needs timely repair. According to the results of some research, almost half of the accidents are caused by excess uneven settlement of the tank, which causes premature failure. To restore the serviceable and operable condition of the tanks, it is necessary to carry out repair work, the quality and efficiency of which depends on the repair equipment used. An urgent task is to justify the choice of equipment for the repair of tanks, in particular, steel tanks of a vertical type.Methods and materials. A review of the different types of tanks was carried out and showed that vertical steel tanks are the most widely used. One of the ways to eliminate the uneven settlement of the tank is to raise it with the help of jacks and form a new base with the elimination of the slope.Results. The repair process for a 10,000 m3 steel vertical tank was considered. The values of the mass of the tank were obtained when filling with liquid petroleum products at 1% of the maximum occupancy. The value of the load on one lifting device is obtained. The design of the device structure and the strength calculation in the Compass 3D program were completed.Сonclusions. The most efficient type of the lift from the existing ones was determined, and its design was modernized. The strength calculation showed that the hydraulic lift is efficient under the given conditions.

Influence of optimization model parameters on the main characteristics of the architectural and structural type of the combined vessel

Transportation of liquid cargo on specialized vessels has the disadvantage of not being able to reload. This is primarily due to the impossibility of placing dry cargo on the return trip in cargo tanks, both from the point of view of the need to clean up the latter, and from the point of view of access to cargo tanks with bulky or bulk cargo. This problem can be solved with the use of specialized cargo combined vessels, which have separate cargo spaces for dry cargo back loading, and traditional tanks for the transportation of liquid petroleum products. The above design solution reduces the carrying capacity of petroleum products compared to a "clean" tanker due to an increase in the weight of the hull, as well as due to the limitation of the permissible capacity, since, especially for river vessels and vessels of mixed (river-sea) navigation, there is no possibility of increasing the dimensions of the vessel. The article presents a mathematical model and the results of test calculations for the choice of an architectural and structural type of cargo combined vessel for inland and mixed (river-sea) transportation. It is shown that the so-called platform vessels have the greatest prospects both in terms of the profit they bring to the shipowner and in terms of minimum operating costs.

Bioremediation of contaminated soil with hydrocarbons discharged from liquid petroleum gas filling refineries by Burkholdaria cepatia

Commercial, industrial, and military activity, largely in the 19th and 20th centuries, have led to environmental pollution that can threaten human health and ecosystem function, liquid gas petroleum (LPG) products are the major sources of energy for industry and daily life that cause environmental contamination during various stages of production, transportation, refining and use. Screening of bacterial isolate by using clear zone techniques and biomass and optical density. Results revealed that isolate Burkholdaria cepatia showed a high ability for hydrocarbons biodegradation and this isolate identified depending on morphological cultural, gram stain, microscopic features, biochemical tests, and VITEK2 compact. In this study, Burkholdaria cepatia had been examined to degrade hydrocarbons in soil. Such strain which is isolated from petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil has the ability to utilize a variety of hydrocarbons substrates. Optimal conditions that include (time, temperature & pH) were studied for hydrocarbons biodegradation by Burkholdaria cepatia, results showed with high growth and hydrocarbons biodegredation. Biodegradation Experiments were carried out in lab scale and the growth of microorganisms was investigated directly and indirectly. Results showed an extent of biodegradation more than 80% can be achieved within 10 days using.

A Combined Semi-Supervised Deep Learning Method for Oil Leak Detection in Pipelines Using IIoT at the Edge

Pipelines are integral components for storing and transporting liquid and gaseous petroleum products. Despite being durable structures, ruptures can still occur, resulting not only in financial losses and energy waste but, most importantly, in immeasurable environmental disasters and possibly in human casualties. The objective of the ESTHISIS project is the development of a low-cost and efficient wireless sensor system for the instantaneous detection of leaks in metallic pipeline networks transporting liquid and gaseous petroleum products in a noisy industrial environment. The implemented methodology is based on processing the spectrum of vibration signals appearing in the pipeline walls due to a leakage effect and aims to minimize interference in the piping system. It is intended to use low frequencies to detect and characterize leakage to increase the range of sensors and thus reduce cost. In the current work, the smart sensor system developed for signal acquisition and data analysis is briefly described. For this matter, two leakage detection methodologies are implemented. A 2D-Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model undertakes supervised classification in spectrograms extracted by the signals acquired by the accelerometers mounted on the pipeline wall. This approach allows us to supplant large-signal datasets with a more memory-efficient alternative to storing static images. Second, Long Short-Term Memory Autoencoders (LSTM AE) are employed, receiving signals from the accelerometers, and providing an unsupervised leakage detection solution.

Reuse of low sulfur oil residues as a base for boiler and marine fuel

THE PURPOSE. A complex of various physico-chemical methods has been studied to explore the possibilities of reuse of oil residues (oil sludge) of low-sulfur high-paraffin oil deposits of the Mangyshlak peninsula (Kazakhstan) as a promising raw material for boiler and marine fuel with improved operational and environmental characteristics.METHODS. Determination of the conditional viscosity of oil sludge (in degrees Engler, ° E) was carried out using an Engler viscometer VU-M-PCP according to GOST 6258-85 «Petroleum products. The method of determining the conditional viscosity». Studies of the lowest working heat of combustion of oil sludge were carried out using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter ABK-1B (Russia) according to GOST 21261-91 "Petroleum products. Method for determining the highest heat of combustion and calculation of the lowest heat of combustion". Determination of the mass fraction of sulfur in the studied oil sludge was also carried out using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter ABK-1B (Russia) according to GOST 3877-88 «Petroleum products. Method of determination of sulfur by burning in a calorimetric bomb». To analyze the results obtained, data obtained using the nuclear magnetic resonance method were used. Proton NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AVANCE III NMR spectrometer operating at a frequency of 600.13 MHz for 1H and equipped with a highresolution inverse sensor for three cores (TXI, 5 mm). Data processing and analysis were performed using Bruker Topspin 3.6.1.RESULTS. It is shown that in terms of heat of combustion and viscosity properties at temperatures above 50 oC, this oil sludge is similar to boiler fuel oil M100. It was found that the use of carbonate sludge of chemical water treatment at a concentration of 0.1 wt. % allows you to further reduce the viscosity by 5-6% and reduce the sulfur content in the combustion products, without reducing the lower working heat of combustion of the oil product. The complex nature of the relationship between the width of NMR lines and viscous properties has been revealed, which may indicate the existence of associates of highmolecular paraffins even in slightly viscous liquid petroleum products. The nature and characteristic sizes of the resulting associates are discussed. It is shown that the addition of medium-distillate diesel fractions will make it possible to obtain a better fuel option for marine engines, gas turbine and boiler installations with a reduced amount of resinous-asphaltene substances, reduced viscosity values and solidification temperatures, high heat of combustion and low sulfur content.СONCLUSION. The conducted complex of physico-chemical studies has shown the possibility of using low-sulfur Mangyshlak oil sludge as a basis for obtaining fuel for marine engines, gas turbine and boiler plants, steam boilers and industrial furnaces.

Evaluation of deep learning approaches for oil & gas pipeline leak detection using wireless sensor networks

Pipelines are one of the most common systems for storing and transporting petroleum products, both liquid and gaseous. Despite the durable structures, leakages can occur for many reasons, causing environmental disasters, energy waste, and, in some cases, human losses. The object of the ESTHISIS project is the development of a low-cost and low-energy wireless sensor system for the immediate detection of leaks in metallic piping systems for the transport of liquid and gaseous petroleum products in a noisy industrial environment. In this study, two distinct leakage detection methodologies are presented. First, a 2D-Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model undertakes supervised classification in spectrograms extracted by the signals acquired by the accelerometers mounted on the pipeline wall. This approach allows us to supplant large-signal datasets with a more memory-efficient alternative to storing static images. The second methodology entails a Long Short-Term Memory Autoencoder (LSTM AE), which directly receives the signals from the accelerometers, providing an unsupervised leakage detection solution. Field tests for the validation of our methods were performed using an experimental pipeline network, while evaluation of their efficiency in a real environment was conducted in the premises of an oil refinery in Greece. Results evince the potency of the LSTM AE to recognize in real-time the emergence of deficiencies and the efficacy of the CNN models to classify accurately spectrograms reflecting the operational condition of the monitored pipelines.

Extraction of Time-Domain Characteristics and Selection of Effective Features Using Correlation Analysis to Increase the Accuracy of Petroleum Fluid Monitoring Systems

In the current paper, a novel technique is represented to control the liquid petrochemical and petroleum products passing through a transmitting pipe. A simulation setup, including an X-ray tube, a detector, and a pipe, was conducted by Monte Carlo N Particle-X version (MCNPX) code to examine a two-by-two mixture of four diverse petroleum products (ethylene glycol, crude oil, gasoline, and gasoil) in various volumetric ratios. As the feature extraction system, twelve time characteristics were extracted from the received signal, and the most effective ones were selected using correlation analysis to present reasonable inputs for neural network training. Three Multilayers perceptron (MLP) neural networks were applied to indicate the volume ratio of three kinds of petroleum products, and the volume ratio of the fourth product can be feasibly achieved through the results of the three aforementioned networks. In this study, increasing accuracy was placed on the agenda, and an RMSE < 1.21 indicates this high accuracy. Increasing the accuracy of predicting volume ratio, which is due to the use of appropriate characteristics as the neural network input, is the most important innovation in this study, which is why the proposed system can be used as an efficient method in the oil industry.

Prediction the Liquid Petroleum Products Viscosity

Based on the principle of corresponding states, a method developed for prediction the viscosity of liquid petroleum products that differ significantly in physicochemical properties and fractional composition. New approaches to the determination of the reduced temperature and viscosity are proposed. The initial data for the computation are the molar mass, the average volume boiling point and the relative density at 20 °C. Testing of the new technique in the temperature range (0.4–0.7)Tpc at pressures up to 10 MPa showed that the deviation of the predicted viscosity values from the experimental data is comparable with the experimental error.

Applications of Discrete Wavelet Transform for Feature Extraction to Increase the Accuracy of Monitoring Systems of Liquid Petroleum Products

This paper presents a methodology to monitor the liquid petroleum products which pass through transmission pipes. A simulation setup consisting of an X-ray tube, a detector, and a pipe was established using a Monte Carlo n-particle X-version transport code to investigate a two-by-two mixture of four different petroleum products, namely, ethylene glycol, crude oil, gasoline, and gasoil, in deferent volumetric ratios. After collecting the signals of each simulation, discrete wavelet transform (DWT) was applied as the feature extraction system. Then, the statistical feature, named the standard deviation, was calculated from the approximation of the fifth level, and the details of the second to fifth level provide appropriate inputs for neural network training. Three multilayer perceptron neural networks were utilized to predict the volume ratio of three types of petroleum products, and the volume ratio of the fourth product could easily be obtained from the results of the three presented networks. Finally, a root mean square error of less than 1.77 was obtained in predicting the volume ratio, which was much more accurate than in previous research. This high accuracy was due to the use of DWT for feature extraction.

Sustainable Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Petroleum Products

In nature, it acts, simultaneously or successively, synergistically or antagonistically, on small or larger spaces, for a long or very short time, numerous natural or artificial processes that pollute, leading to the alteration of the quality of the environment. The basic activity carried out within the oil scaffolding consists in the extraction of crude oil and gases from the deposits in their exploitation, their collection, separation of phases (crude oil, reservoir water, gas), crude oil treatment, storage and sending to users. Contamination of the field related to drilling-extraction wells with crude oil, heavy petroleum products, salt water, various chemicals, etc. has a random character, but with undesirable implications on soil, surface water and / or groundwater, depending on the nature of the pollutant, its quantity and area of spread Pollution sources in the oil industry, both systematic and accidental, have a greater or lesser spread, depending on the size of the field, the type and composition of the extracted fluids, the extraction technology used, the age of oil exploitation in the area, relief and hydrographic network. Having available the data provided by the pollution diagnosis, it is possible to assess the risk that the investigated pollution represents for the people on the site and for the natural environment. If it turns out that the risk is significant, then the decision is made to switch to depollution works. The choice of an appropriate depollution path is made on the basis of relevant technical and economic criteria, which is a feasibility study. The proposed depollution technology must be the most appropriate for the case at hand and, at the same time, be available on the technology market. The most important part of the paper is dedicated to presenting the results of an experimental study on the depollution of soils contaminated with liquid petroleum products by sparging technologies, in order to ensure a sustainable remedy. The results of the soil analysis used in the experimental determination are presented, as well as the physic - chemical characteristics of the main soil pollutants. In the experimental part, laboratory decontamination of systems consisting of polluted soils was performed at the laboratory level, using air as a depollution agent. The processing of the data obtained from the experimental determinations allowed obtaining qualitative and quantitative information related to the decontamination speed depending on the nature of the soil, the nature and concentration of the pollutant and the temperature of the decontamination air. Estimating the cost places this technology at a low level compared to thermal technologies and slightly higher than microbiological technologies.

Development of a Robust Method for the Determination of Fluorine in Liquid Petroleum Products

A robust method for the determination of total fluorine in liquid petroleum products is developed. The methodology is based on the oxidative pyrohydrolytic combustion of the sample, followed by the analysis of the evolved gases absorbed in an absorbing solution by ion chromatography. The detection limit reached for fluorine is 0.5 mg·kg -1 and the quantification limit is 1.4 mg·kg -1 , thanks to the optimisation of different variables: combustion variables (temperature and time), sampling loop, and sample weight. The validation process has been developed by calculation of the uncertainty of the measurement and the analysis of spiked samples as there are no certified reference materials. The new methodology set up permits the determination of fluorine over organic materials from the refining industry of different matrices such as fuel oil, acid soluble oil, etc., containing from very low to high fluorine concentrations in a relatively short time, which makes the methodology suitable to be used as a control method. With this methodology, there is no need of sample preparation which implies the no use of acids for that, thus being environmentally friendly.

Analysis of Knocking Characteristic in Dual Fuel Engine - the Effects on Diethyl Ether

In Diesel engines, where fuel is pumped into highly compressed air towards the end of the compression cycle, knocking is more or less unavoidable. By this time there is already a quantity of fuel in the combustion chamber which will first burn in areas of higher oxygen density before the full charge is combusted. The sudden rise in pressure and temperature produces the distinctive 'knock' or 'clatter' diesel, some of which must be allowed in engine design. The aim of knock control strategies is to try to maximize the trade-off between protecting the engine from damaging knock incidents, and optimizing the output torque of the engine. Knock events are a random process and independent. Knock controllers can't be programmed in a deterministic model. Due to the random nature of arriving knock events, a single time history simulation or experiment of knock control methods cannot provide a repeatable measurement of the controller efficiency. The desired trade-off must therefore be achieved in a stochastic context that could provide an appropriate environment for designing and evaluating the output of various knock control strategies with rigorous statistical properties. Clutching characteristics of a dual fuel diesel engine with direct injection of diesel and a liquid petroleum product in dual fuel mode. The engine is tested for knock reduction by adding Diethyl ether in to the diesel along with Liquid petroleum product. Variation of knocking was plotted with respect to different parameters and the result booted as knocking is minimized by the addition of diethyl ether.

Simulation Study of Utilizing X-ray Tube in Monitoring Systems of Liquid Petroleum Products

Radiation-based instruments have been widely used in petrochemical and oil industries to monitor liquid products transported through the same pipeline. Different radioactive gamma-ray emitter sources are typically used as radiation generators in the instruments mentioned above. The idea at the basis of this research is to investigate the use of an X-ray tube rather than a radioisotope source as an X-ray generator: This choice brings some advantages that will be discussed. The study is performed through a Monte Carlo simulation and artificial intelligence. Here, the system is composed of an X-ray tube, a pipe including fluid, and a NaI detector. Two-by-two mixtures of four various oil products with different volume ratios were considered to model the pipe’s interface region. For each combination, the X-ray spectrum was recorded in the detector in all the simulations. The recorded spectra were used for training and testing the multilayer perceptron (MLP) models. After training, MLP neural networks could estimate each oil product’s volume ratio with a mean absolute error of 2.72 which is slightly even better than what was obtained in former studies using radioisotope sources.

Prediction of the Viscosity of Liquid Petroleum Products

The article deals with the new technique for predicting the viscosity of liquid petroleum products, which differ significantly in physicochemical properties and fractional composition, in a wide range of state parameters. No specific information is used to predict viscosity other than molar mass, average volume boiling point, and relative density at 20 °C. It is shown that the deviation of the predicted values from the experimental data is comparable to the error of the viscosity measurement. Methods for correcting the calculation results using limited experimental information are proposed. The application of the developed method is advisable in conditions of a lack of empirical information about the petroleum products viscosity. Keywords: viscosity prediction; petroleum products; petroleum fractions.

Optimal economic operation of liquid petroleum products pipeline systems

AbstractThe majority of overland transport needs for crude petroleum and refined petroleum products are met using pipelines. Numerous studies have developed optimization methods for design of these systems in order to minimize construction costs while meeting capacity requirements. Here, we formulate problems to optimize the operations of existing single liquid commodity pipeline systems subject to physical flow and pump engineering constraints. The objectives are to maximize the economic value created for users of the system and to minimize operating costs. We present a general computational method for this class of continuous, non‐convex nonlinear programs, and examine the use of pump operating settings and flow allocations as decision variables. The approach is applied to compute optimal operating regimes and perform engineering economic sensitivity analyses for a case study of a crude oil pipeline developed using publicly available data.

Development of a robust method for the determination of fluorine in liquid petroleum products

A robust method for the determination of total fluorine in liquid petroleum products is developed. The methodology is based on the oxidative pyrohydrolytic combustion of the sample, followed by the analysis of the evolved gases absorbed in an absorbing solution by ion chromatography. The detection limit reached for fluorine is 0.5 mg·kg−1 and the quantification limit is 1.4 mg·kg−1, thanks to the optimisation of different variables: combustion variables (temperature and time), sampling loop, and sample weight. The validation process has been developed by calculation of the uncertainty of the measurement and the analysis of spiked samples as there are no certified reference materials. The new methodology set up permits the determination of fluorine over organic materials from the refining industry of different matrices such as fuel oil, acid soluble oil, etc., containing from very low to high fluorine concentrations in a relatively short time, which makes the methodology suitable to be used as a control method. With this methodology, there is no need of sample preparation which implies the no use of acids for that, thus being environmentally friendly.

Industrial and ecological safety analysis for modeling oil and petroleum products spills in the Arctic waters of the Kola Bay

The paper analyses the industrial safety of the coastal and water areas of the Kola Bay of the Barents Sea when modeling the spill of oil or petroleum products. It gives a brief description of the methods and stages of liquidation of oil spills in the water and coastal areas as well as the main causes of accidents. It presents the results of physical and mathematical calculations in theoretical modeling of oil and petroleum products spills, namely: fire risk analysis, calculation of the minimum amount of combustible substance with partial destruction of the tank, calculation of probable areas of hazard boundary during an accident at the pump station, results of calculating the probability of explosion at the pumping station, and individual, collective and social risks. The most likely scenario is an event with partial depressurization (the probability will be 3.9·10−5 1/year): partial depressurization of the tank with liquid oil or petroleum products → oil slick formation → oil slick fire → personnel and equipment present in the hazardous area → exposure of people to thermal radiation. It was found that a minimum of 1182 kg of spilled crude oil is required for uncontrolled combustion to occur with an intensity of thermal radiation of not more than 4.2 kW/m2 m. The time to reach the maximum volumetric average temperature (894 K) in an accident at the pumping station is 136.8 minutes. In these calculations, the individual risk Rind = 3.31·10−5 1/year exceeds the regulatory standard, which shows an urgent need to reduce this risk. The collective risk is: Rcol total = 1.98·10−4 persons/year. Regarding the social risk, we can conclude that the minimum number of injured people will be three in case of an accident at the pump station or during the spill of oil or petroleum products into the Kola Bay, taking into account the fire development. The presented theoretical accident models will reduce the risk of major accidents involving petrochemical pollution of environmental objects, thereby preventing environmental damage, and the problem of the management of large oil spills at various facilities and technological systems of industrial enterprises will be solved.