Liquid Oxidation Research Articles

Strontium effect on the nature of phase equilibria in liquid metal containing calcium and aluminum

The use of complex strontium-containing alloys with alkaline-earth metals for steel out-of-furnace treatment makes it possible to increase the efficiency of the refining process and steel modifying. In this work based on the binary phase diagrams of SrO – CaO, SrO – Al2O3 , Al2O3 – CaO binary systems and data on possibility of the solid solution formation, the phase diagram of the SrO – Al2O3 – CaO system is modeled in the temperature range 1600 – 2600 °С. When constructing liquidus lines, the theories of perfect solutions (for solid solutions of strontium and calcium aluminates), regular solutions (for solid solutions of oxides) and irregular ionic solutions (for oxide melt) were used to calculate the activity of components. Thermodynamic analysis of the Fe – Sr – Ca – Al – O system was carried out as applied to the refining steel processes with alloys containing calcium and strontium at a temperature of 1600 °C. The simulation results showed that in in the process of refining the aluminium-deoxidized steel, a complex mechanism of interaction of active elements with oxygen will be realized. The interaction of calcium and strontium with oxygen occurs both for elements dissolved in iron and along the boundary of the gas phase containing calcium and strontium with the liquid iron melt. As a result of the interaction of calcium and strontium with oxygen in the presence of aluminium (0.05 %), the probability of formation of liquid oxide melts SrO – Al2O3 – CaO is high, which greatly facilitates the removal of reaction products from the melt. The resulting non-metallic inclusions are most likely to be complex calcium and strontium aluminates, which, due to the presence of strontium, are easily assimilated by slag. The formation of undesirable corundum inclusions during metal processing with complex alloys containing strontium and calcium is unlikely.

Bilayer solid electrolyte enabling quasi-solid-state lithium-metal batteries

NASICON-type electrolytes such as Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 (LAGP) potentially enable high safety and high energy for solid-state batteries. However, the poor interfacial stability with lithium metal remains a main issue. To overcome this challenge, we proposed a bilayer solid electrolyte architecture implementing a novel ultrathin solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) film in combination with LAGP to improve the interface with lithium metal. The SPE film is composed of a bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide-based ionic liquid and polyethylene oxide, which shows a remarkable ionic conductivity of 1.25 × 10−3 S cm−1 at room temperature. The application of this thin interlayer leads to an outstanding interface stability, allowing >2000 h of continuous Li stripping/plating in symmetric Li|SPE/LAGP/SPE|Li cells without any increase in polarization or indication of a short circuit. As a result, this approach enables Li|SPE/LAGP|NCM811 cells with a discharge capacity of ∼200 mAh g−1 at 0.1C and stable cycling for >400 cycles at 0.2C with a capacity retention of 83%. Additionally, the cell shows an extremely high average Coulombic efficiency of 99.96% demonstrating that the approach enables to achieve high-energy and long-term stable solid-state lithium-metal batteries.

Unsupervised Reaction Pathways Search for the Oxidation of Hypergolic Ionic Liquids: 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Cyanoborohydride (EMIM+/CBH–) as a Case Study

Hypergolic ionic liquids have come under increased study for having several desirable properties as a fuel source. One particular ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium/cyanoborohydride (EMIM+/CBH-), and oxidant, nitric acid (HNO3), has been reported to be hypergolic experimentally, but its mechanism is not well-understood at a mechanistic level. In this computational study, the reaction is first probed with ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to confirm that anion-oxidant interactions likely are the first step in the mechanism. Second, the potential energy surface of the anion-oxidant system is studied with an in-depth search over possible isomerizations, and a network of possible intermediates are found. The critical point search is unsupervised and thus has the potential of identifying structures that deviate from chemical intuition. Molecular graphs are employed for analyzing 3000+ intermediates found, and nudged elastic band calculations are employed to identify transition states between them. Finally, the reactivity of the system is discussed through examination of minimal energy paths connecting the reactant to various common products from hypergolic ionic liquid oxidation. Eight products are reported for this system: NO, N2O, NO2, HNO, HONO, HNO2, HCN, and H2O. All reaction paths leading to these exothermic products have overall reaction barriers of 6-7 kcal/mol.

Effect of solid oxidation products on the ablation mechanisms of ZrC and HfC based coatings above 2000°C

Solid and liquid oxidation products have been considered to be the key issues to influence the ablation resistance of UHTCs coatings. However, the effect of solid oxidation products on the ablation performance is not clear. In the present work, four kinds of UHTCs coatings (ZrC, ZrC-30vol.%SiC, HfC, HfC-30vol.%SiC) were selected to study the effect of different solid oxides on the ablation behaviors of UHTCs coatings. The results showed that the HfC-based coatings had thinner oxide scale and SiC-depleted layer, which shown better ablation resistance than the ZrC-based coatings. Based on the characterization of oxygen vacancy and density functional theory (DFT) calculation, it is thought that the solid oxidation products of HfO2 possesses higher defect formation energy compared with ZrO2, which can help to restrain the diffusion of oxygen and contribute to the better ablation resistance.

Numerical simulation of corrosion phenomena in oxygen-controlled environment for a horizontal lead-bismuth reactor core

In order to explore the core corrosion characteristics of horizontal lead-bismuth reactor in oxygen-controlled environment, a liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) corrosion model including the growth and removal process of oxide layer was established in this paper. The coupling method of double-layered oxidation model and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to simulate the long-term oxidation corrosion of horizontal LBE reactor core numerically. The results show that the average total oxide layer thickness of fuel rod surface is 1.59 μm, and the thickest oxide layer is 3.48 μm on the fuel rod surface at the core outlet after 20,000 h. The fuel rods maintain a double-layer oxide layer structure. The growth rate and removal rate of the oxide layer on fuel rod surface increase with the increase of inlet temperature and the decrease of inlet flow rate. The growth rate of the oxide layer on fuel rod surface increases with the increase of inlet oxygen concentration, while the removal rate decreases. At higher temperature above 420℃, lower flow velocity below 0.25 m/s and lower oxygen concentration below 2 × 10−8wt%, the magnetite layer will first be completely removed from the surface of the fuel rods at the core outlet. The liquid LBE oxidation corrosion model and coupled CFD method presented in this paper can be used for numerical simulation of oxidation corrosion in different units of LBE cooling system.

Deep extractive and oxidative removal of 2- and 3-methylthiophene using a hierarchical architecture of α-Keggin-type polyoxotungstate

2-methylthiophene (2 MT) and 3-methylthiophene (3 MT) are two pollutants that are not removed through the usual purification in the gas refineries and lead to the release of SOX after combustion. A novel active hierarchical architecture of Fe2O3 hollow nanospindle coated by polyaniline-Zinc(II)-substituted α-Keggin type polyoxotungestate (Fe2O3NHS@PA/αSiW11Zn composites) is presented for removal of 2-methylthiophene (2 MT) and 3-methylthiophene (3 MT) as representative of alkylthiophenes. In this research, using a combined method based on simultaneous extraction techniques, 99.1% of 2 MT and 98.7% of 3 MT were successfully removed. The process involves the simultaneous use of ultrasound-assisted extraction phenomenon by an ionic liquid and catalytic oxidation by the heterogeneous hybrid nanocatalyst (UA-ECODS). The advantages of this process include the possibility of producing ultra-clean fuels, mild operational conditions, and cost-effectiveness. For this purpose, Box-Behnken Design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to design experiments and study the parameters. The affecting factors were optimized in terms of removal efficiencies by response surface methodology. The oxidation progress was studied more closely based on a pseudo-first-order kinetic model at different temperatures for various ultrasonic times. The Fe2O3NHS@PA/αSiW11Zn nanocomposite can be used as an efficient and recyclable phase-transfer heterogeneous catalyst to remove mercaptans from gas refinery products.

Electrode Potentials Part 2: Nonaqueous and Solid-State Systems

This comprehensive paper, Electrode Potentials Part 2, is a continuation of Electrode Potentials Part 1: Fundamentals and Aqueous Systems. Determining the electrode potential is crucial for understanding the nature of the electrochemical properties of materials or systems; however, an accurate evaluation of the potential of a target electrode has always been a challenge. The electrode potential can be used to predict the reaction mechanisms in electrochemistry and can be directly applied to the study of electrochemical applications. This paper introduces the methodologies and strategies for measuring electrode potentials in nonaqueous and solid-state electrolytes, including organic solvent electrolytes, ionic liquid electrolytes, and oxide and sulfide solid electrolytes. Experimental details are described for basic to state-of-the-art strategies, focusing on practical methods and know-how.

Theoretical study of transition metal atom pairs anchored in g-CN monolayers for ammonia decomposition

One way to efficiently store, transport, and utilize hydrogen is to convert it into liquid ammonia (NH3). Exploring low-cost and high-efficiency electrocatalysts for liquid ammonia oxidation reaction (AOR) is critical in developing hydrogen production fuel cells. Here, we have investigated the catalytic electro-oxidation of liquid ammonia on surfaces of transition metal dimer anchored in g-CN (TM2@g-CN) monolayer to derive insights into the reaction mechanism and evaluate the catalystic activity. Our results show that the mechanism proposed by Gerischer and Mauerer is kinetically preferred. Furthermore, Fe2, Co2, Ru2, Rh2, and Ir2 anchored in g-CN monolayer exhibit high AOR catalytic activity. In particular, Rh and Ir atoms exhibit excellent performance for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), indicating that they can be used as the efficient bifunctional catalysts towards ammonia splitting for production H2. Remarkably, by regulating TM atoms with different d-electron numbers, the d-band center (εd) of TM atoms on TM2@g-CN can be turned and utilized to predict AOR performance, which provides a theoretical guideline for the design of advanced AOR electrocatalysts.

Atom level revelation of the synergistic effect between Pd and Au atoms in PdAu nanoalloy catalyst for aerobic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

PdAu nanoalloy catalyst is widely used in liquid phase aerobic oxidation reactions. However, how Pd and Au atoms in PdAu nanoalloy catalyst worked synergistically and whether single atom isolated Pd or Au atoms are superior than their nanoparticle or nanoalloy counterparts in liquid phase are less investigated. Here, with nitrogen doped carbon as supporting material, Pd, Au dual single-atom-catalysts (SACs) and PdAu nanoalloy catalyst are prepared and compared in catalyzed aerobic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). The results show that Pd, Au dual SACs had much worse catalytic activity for the transformation of HMF into 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). Remarkably, PdAu nanoalloy catalyst gives excellent catalytic activity. DFT calculations demonstrate that the charge state of Pd sites can be varied obviously with the changing of surrounding coordination atoms. Pd dimer in Au (111) was shown to be the most favorable active sites. This work emphasizes the importance of coordination atoms type, number in catalyst synthesis on their catalytic activity and opens an avenue in future rational design of Pd and Au based SAC.

Co-generation of gas and electricity on liquid antimony anode solid oxide fuel cells for high efficiency, long-term kerosene power generation

Kerosene, as a widely used liquid hydrocarbon fuel, is difficult to convert directly in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) due to the coking issue. Liquid antimony anodes (LAAs) are promising for converting complex hydrocarbon fuels, but the intrinsic low open circuit voltage (0.72 V at 750 °C) limits the energy efficiency of LAA-SOFCs. In this paper, we propose a method using LAA-SOFCs as an electrochemical partial oxidation reformer of kerosene, which has the potential to co-generate electricity and syngas. The conversion processes for kerosene in the different components of LAAs were investigated. In liquid Sb2O3, kerosene was partially oxidized into gaseous products with an oxygen/carbon ratio of 1.3–2 at 750–900 °C, which can be directly used as reforming feedstock to produce syngas. We also measured an LAA-SOFC with sulfur-containing kerosene as the fuel for 650 h at 750 °C, and the stable cell performance demonstrated the good durability of the cell. Comparison between the gas-electricity co-generation method and conventional fuel processing methods demonstrates that LAA-SOFCs are attractive as a primary gas-electricity co-generation module for high-efficiency, long-term kerosene-fuelled series power generation systems.

Thermal Stability of Active Materials Versus Different Type of Electrolytes

The safety of Lithium ion battery (LIB) is recently a hot topic due to their increased use by the electric vehicles. Energy density has become more and more important to solve the range anxiety. However, thermal behavior becomes more unstable due to this increase in energy density. Several studies have claimed that the main reason batteries have thermal runaway events are the reactions between the intercalated lithium in the anode and the liquid electrolytes [1] [2]. Therefore, solid state electrolytes are proposed [3] [4] to be an option to increase the thermal stability of LIBs.In this work, thermal evaluation of Solid state battery materials will first be defined by a differential scanning calorimeter to understand the thermal stability of the different materials that might be used in different types of solid state cells. Materials tested include layered oxide cathodes with different Ni content, pure lithium metal and several types of solid electrolytes such as sulfides, polymers and oxides. Heat flow test with different combinations of the materials, such as cathode with anode, cathode with electrolytes and anode with electrolytes were conducted to isolate reaction mechanisms between the different materials. The results show, that compared to the thermal runaway paths of cell with liquid electrolytes, sulfide and oxide electrolytes show the possibility of improved thermal stability. However, polymer electrolytes might have the similar, or even worse, thermal behavior as liquid electrolytes.Reference[1] Ren, X. Feng, L. Liu, H. Hsu, L. Lu, L. Wang, X. He and M. Ouyang. "Investigating the relationship between internal short circuit and thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries under thermal abuse condition." Energy Storage Materials, 2021.[2]Mukai, T. Inoue and K. "Are All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries Really Safe?−Verification by Differential Scanning Calorimetry with an All-Inclusive Microcell." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2016.[3]Chen, A. M. Nolan, J. Lu, J. Wang, X. Yu, Y. Mo, L. Chen, X. Huang and H. Li. "The Thermal Stability of Lithium Solid Electrolytes with Metallic Lithium." Joule, 2020.[4]Feng, M. Ouyang, X. Liu, L. Lu, Y. Xia and X. He. "Thermal runaway mechanism of lithium ion battery for electric vehicles: A review." Energy Storage Materials, 2018. Figure 1

Ionic liquids enhance the electrocatalysis of lignin model compounds towards generating valuable aromatic molecules

The valuable exploitation of lignin depends mainly on the conversion strategy of lignin, of which the conversion of lignin into valuable aromatic molecules is a critical approach. In this study, three lignin model compounds, veratrylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether (VG), 4-phenoxyphenol (PP), 4-ethoxyphenol (EP), are comparatively degraded by electrochemical oxidation in an aprotic ionic liquid (IL), [Bmim][OTf], and two protic ILs, [PrSO3Hmim][OTf] and [BSO3Hmim][HSO4]. The protic ILs are more favorable for the degradation of lignin-derived substrates compared to aprotic ILs. Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in the O2 atmosphere generates reactive oxygen species (ROSs) that play an indirect oxidation effect on substrates, which is stronger for the protic ILs. In addition, the different types of ILs allow modulating the distribution of degradation products. Combined with the identification of products and CV curves, the microscopic mechanisms of the degradation process for lignin model compounds are further elucidated.

A Combined Machine Learning and High-Energy X-ray Diffraction Approach to Understanding Liquid and Amorphous Metal Oxides

A Combined Machine Learning and High-Energy X-ray Diffraction Approach to Understanding Liquid and Amorphous Metal Oxides

Size evolution during laser-ignited single iron particle combustion

To further our understanding of iron particle combustion, especially in the liquid state, insitu optical measurements are performed for the size evolution and temperature of laser-ignited iron particles in a narrow size range around 45–55μ m. The particle size evolution is monitored by a high-speed shadowgraphy system, and the particle temperature is probed using a two-color pyrometer synchronized with the shadowgraphy system. Before a particle reaches the peak temperature, its diameter grows linearly with elapsed time. Near the peak temperature, three types of particle size behavior are detected, namely, smooth transition, micro-explosion, and rapid inflation. For particles with smooth transition, the size and temperature reach the maximum values at the same time, and thereafter the size remains constant, while the temperature drops until rapid solidification of the iron oxide droplet. The micro-explosion and rapid inflation clearly indicate towards a quick gas release inside the particle. The ambient oxygen concentration has a strong effect on the growth rate of the particle size before the peak temperature but no influence on the final particle size. The measured relative particle diameter at the peak temperature suggests that iron has been fully oxidized and the degree of oxidation could be higher than FeO. At the onset of solidification, gas release occurs again, resulting in a second inflation or burst of already inflated particles. This suggests that the oxygen dissolved in the liquid iron oxide is at least more than needed to form solid Fe3O4, and the solidification process is accompanied with gaseous oxygen release via the phase transition: L2 ⟶ Fe3O4(s) + O2(g) at 1855 K, where L2 represents liquid iron oxide with dissolved excess oxygen.

Ultrafast detection of ammonia at room temperature and subsequent electrochemical water splitting via the ionic liquid templated nano nickel oxide

In this work, biopolymers like chitosan and Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) templated and ionic liquid (IL)-driven synthesis of crystalline NiO nanoparticles for ultrafast room temperature detection of ammonia together with its semi-empirical mechanistic details are reported. The XRD results have revealed the crystalline nature of synthesized NiO nanoparticles; the contact angle measurements for the adhesive nature of the NiO nanoparticles have been carried out and the films have been subjected to gas sensing studies by chemo-resistive method. The as-prepared BSA templated ionic liquid driven NiO based thin film sensor displays an ultrafast response for the room temperature detection of ammonia with an excellent response and recovery times of 38 and 13 s, respectively, towards a lower detection limit up to 1 ppm. The ultrafast sensing mechanism of the ammonia has been deduced with the aid of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Furthermore, as-synthesized BSA/BSA-IL templated NiO electrodes have displayed excellent electrocatalytic water oxidation in alkaline media, with a collective water-splitting stable current density of 10 mA∙cm−2. We have observed the HOMO-LUMO gap and the Valence Band/Conduction Band (VB/CB) position from the Bredas method calculations which clarifies the highest aptitude of NiO prepared with BSA-IL template for superfast ammonia gas sensing as the CB energy is significantly lower than that of NiO synthesized via the BSA template. The dual approach of multifarious applications for the ultrafast ammonia sensing and the corresponding electrochemical water oxidation through the bio-inspired NiO-nanoparticles is in fact one of the novel applications being cited in this paper. The results highlight the grave implications of as-synthesized NiO-nanoparticles as a brilliant cost-effective gas sensor and as an effective alternative electrode for sustainable energy harvesting.

Antioxidant effect of 2–4 xylenol on fuel oxidation in liquid and gas phase over a wide temperature range

The inhibiting effect on fuel ageing of 2,4-xylenol, a phenolic antioxidant that can be produced from biomass, was investigated experimentally in the liquid phase, while its impact on combustion was studied in the gas phase. The antioxidant effect of 2,4-xylenol in liquid phase has been examined in n-decane and in a surrogate, containing 65%vol. toluene and 35%vol. n-heptane. Experiments were performed in a PetroOxy at initial oxygen pressure 7 bar and temperature held at 180 °C. The impact of 2,4-xylenol on the gas-phase reactivity of the surrogate fuel was investigated on ignition delay times and laminar flame velocities. Ignition delay times were measured in the rapid compression machine at 10 bar, from 675 to 1000 K at two equivalence ratios, 0.5 and 1. Laminar flame velocity measurements were conducted in a heat flux burner at atmospheric pressure and an initial temperature of 398 K. For all experiments considered in this work, the doping level of 2,4-xylenol was kept below 1%mol. Results are compared to effect of other usual additives, EHN and ferrocene. Results show that 2,4-xylenol exhibits a remarkable antioxidant effect in liquid phase, without affecting the main combustion characteristics of the fuel.

Insight Into the Metabolic Adaptations of Electrically Pulse-Stimulated Human Myotubes Using Global Analysis of the Transcriptome and Proteome.

Electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) has proven to be a useful tool to interrogate cell-specific responses to muscle contraction. In the present study, we aimed to uncover networks of signaling pathways and regulatory molecules responsible for the metabolic effects of exercise in human skeletal muscle cells exposed to chronic EPS. Differentiated myotubes from young male subjects were exposed to EPS protocol 1 (i.e. 2 ms, 10 V, and 0.1 Hz for 24 h), whereas myotubes from middle-aged women and men were exposed to protocol 2 (i.e. 2 ms, 30 V, and 1 Hz for 48 h). Fuel handling as well as the transcriptome, cellular proteome, and secreted proteins of EPS-treated myotubes from young male subjects were analyzed using a combination of high-throughput RNA sequencing, high-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, oxidation assay, and immunoblotting. The data showed that oxidative metabolism was enhanced in EPS-exposed myotubes from young male subjects. Moreover, a total of 81 differentially regulated proteins and 952 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed in these cells after EPS protocol 1. We also found 61 overlapping genes while comparing the DEGs to mRNA expression in myotubes from the middle-aged group exposed to protocol 2, assessed by microarray. Gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated that significantly regulated proteins and genes were enriched in biological processes related to glycolytic pathways, positive regulation of fatty acid oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation, as well as muscle contraction, autophagy/mitophagy, and oxidative stress. Additionally, proteomic identification of secreted proteins revealed extracellular levels of 137 proteins were changed in myotubes from young male subjects exposed to EPS protocol 1. Selected putative myokines were measured using ELISA or multiplex assay to validate the results. Collectively, our data provides new insight into the transcriptome, proteome and secreted proteins alterations following in vitro exercise and is a valuable resource for understanding the molecular mechanisms and regulatory molecules mediating the beneficial metabolic effects of exercise.

Ablation behavior of a network interlacing ZrC-VC ceramic coating prepared by a pioneering spillover permeation

A novel network interlacing ZrC-VC ceramic coating was prepared by a pioneering spillover permeation. With the increase of Zr content in the blind vias, the content of ZrC in the coating and the density of the coating all decrease. The density of the coating on C/C–ZrC–SiC substrate is obviously higher than that on C/C substrate. The linear ablation rate of the novel ceramic coated C/C–ZrC–SiC composites was −0.06 μm/s with about 20 and 1.56 times reduction than C/C composites and C/C–ZrC–SiC composites respectively. The improved ablation resistance was attributed to a dense honeycomb ZrO2 layer filled with liquid vanadium oxide in the ablation center and the improved thermal radiation.

Combined Effect of Phosphonium Ionic Liquid and Copper Oxide Nanopowder as Additives to the Bio-based Lubricant During Tribological Analysis

Combined Effect of Phosphonium Ionic Liquid and Copper Oxide Nanopowder as Additives to the Bio-based Lubricant During Tribological Analysis

THERMODYNAMIC MODELING OF PHASE EQUILIBRIA AT STEEL ALLOYED WITH MANGANESE AND CHROME

In order to analyze the phase equilibria that are realized in the Fe–Mn–Cr–C–O system at the liquid metal existence temperatures, an extensive material on the thermodynamics of the interaction reactions of components dissolved in liquid iron has been generalized and systematized, and a database of mutually consistent data has been created. For the first time, the thermodynamic modeling of liquidus line coordinates has been performed and state diagrams for MnO–Cr2O3 and FeO–MnO–Cr2O3 systems have been plotted. The temperature for MnCr2O4 incongruent melting ( = 1812°С) and the enthalpy and entropy for formation of this compound from the components of the oxide melt of the MnO–Cr2O3 system were calculated ( = 190.77 kJ/mol and ( = 75.62 J/(mol•K), respectively). It is shown that for the FeO–MnO–Cr2O3 system phase diagram, there are extensive areas of equilibrium for the oxide melt with solid oxides solutions FeO, MnO and solid solutions of chromites FeCr2O4, MnCr2O4 with variable composition. The energy parameters of the theory of subregular ionic solutions were determined and used for calculation of the activities of oxide melt components (FeO, Cr2O3, MnO). The data obtained made it possible to refine the boundaries of the liquid metal composition in areas, which is in equilibrium with specific oxide phases. It is shown that at steelmaking temperature (1600°C) and contents of manganese and chromium in liquid iron about 1 wt. %, the formation of spinels’ solid solution inclusions is possible. Increasing the temperature to 1800°C (for example, when metal is blown with oxy-gen) can shift the equilibrium towards the formation of liquid oxide inclusions. The obtained results can be used in modeling of steel alloying with manganese and chromium. The effect of carbon on the nature of the phase equilibria that are realized in the system is taken into account. It is shown that already at a carbon content in the liquid metal at the level of 0.1–0.2 wt. %, there is a wide range of metal compositions that are in equilibrium with the gas phase {CO, CO2}. The obtained results can be used in modeling of the processes of steel alloying with manganese and chromium