Liquid-liquid Extraction Of Copper Research Articles

Innovative synergistic extraction of copper(II) from sulfate solutions using D2EHPA and Tri-n-octylphosphine oxide

Solvent extraction is a critical process in the copper extraction industry, offering an advanced method for separating and purifying copper from its ores. As industries aim for increased efficiency and sustainability, the significance of enhancing copper extraction methods is increasingly evident. The liquid-liquid extraction of copper(II) from sulphate medium with di(2-ethylhexy1) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA, HL) has been investigated in chloroform and 1-octanol at 25°C. The study examined the impact on several factors, including the equilibrium pH, extractant concentration, and the nature of diluent. The extracted copper(II) species were found to be CuL2.2HL in chloroform and CuL2 in 1-octanol and the extraction constants of these species were also estimated. The effect of the presence of tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide (TOPO) on the above extraction systems was also studied. A strong antagonistic effect observed during the extraction of copper(II), in the chloroform system is caused by a D2EHPA–TOPO interaction. In the 1-octanol system, the presence of TOPO may change the reaction stoichiometry of copper(II) and D2EHPA.

Liquid-liquid extraction of copper(II), zinc(II), cadmium(II), and lead(II) from aqueous solution and sewage effluent using phenoxy-amino ligands

Abstract The phenoxy-amino ligands 2-(((2-(diethylamino)ethyl)amino)methyl)phenol (L1) and 2-(((2-mercaptoethyl)amino)methyl)-phenol (L2) were studied as model chelating agents for liquid-liquid extraction of copper(II), zinc(II), cadmium(II), and lead(II) cations from water using dichloromethane-water biphasic system. The relative affinities of these chelating ligands for copper(II), zinc(II), cadmium(II), and lead(II) by liquid-liquid extraction were found to be in the order copper(II)> zinc(II) > cadmium(II) > lead(II). The ligands L1 and L2 showed binding efficiencies ranging from 78%–97% for copper(II), 75%–91% for zinc(II), 76%–92% for cadmium(II), and 59%–67% for lead(II). The extraction protocol was successfully applied to sewage effluent.

Phenoxy-imino ligands: coordination chemistry and binding properties with copper(II) cations

Reactions of 2-[{(2-hydroxyethyl)imino}methyl]phenol (L1) and 2-[1-{2-(diethylamino)ethylimino}ethyl]phenol (L3) with copper(II) nitrate yielded monometallic complexes [CuNO3(L1)] (1) and [CuNO3(L3)] (2), respectively. The solid-state structures of 1 and 2 confirmed the κ3-O,N,O’ and κ3-O,N,N’ tridentate binding mode of L1 and L3, respectively. The phenoxy-imino ligands 2-[{(2-hydroxyethyl)imino}methyl]phenol (L1), 2-[{(2-(diethylamino)ethylimino}-methyl]phenol (L2), 2-[1-{2-(diethylamino)ethylimino}ethyl]phenol (L3) and 2-[(2-mercaptoethylimino)methyl]phenol (L4) were also used as model chelating agents for liquid-liquid extraction of copper(II), zinc(II), cadmium(II) and lead(II) cations from water using dichloromethane as the organic solvent. The relative affinities of these chelating ligands for copper(II), zinc(II), cadmium(II) and lead(II) by liquid-liquid extraction were found to be in the order copper(II) > zinc(II) > cadmium(II) > lead(II) in line with the hard-soft acid-base interaction. The ligands L1-L4 showed extraction efficiencies ranging from 75% to 99% for copper(II), 72% to 97% for zinc(II), 64% to 87% for cadmium(II) and 51% to 74% for lead(II). The extraction protocol was successfully applied to sewage effluent.

Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Copper (II) in a Synthetic Sample using a New Macrocyclic Compound

The paper describes the synthesis and characterization of a novel macrocyclic ligand. Liquid-liquid extraction studies were conducted to assess the extraction performance of the new macrobicyclic ligand towards copper ions. Selective extraction of heavy metals is highly demanded due to their toxicity and market significance. The results of the experimental studies to determine the best extraction conditions demonstrates pH=9 in the presence of 8.0 ppm of copper (II) in 10 mL with shaking time equal to 30 minutes at 25o C with using 0.05% reagent and chloroform as an organic solvent. The article studies the influence of various parameters on the extraction percentage such as; effect of pH, shaking time, type of solvent, temperature, ionic strength, the effect of concentration of metal ion and reagent. IR and HNMR have been used for the characterization of the new macrocyclic compound. Thermodynamic parameters have been calculated based on the experimental results at different temperatures with ΔH (39.91 kJ/ mol), ∆S (0.155 KJ/ mol. K), and ΔG (-6.28 KJ/ mol), which, indicates that the reaction is endothermic, randomness and spontaneous. This process has been used for extracting copper ions using atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS).

The Improvement of Copper (II) Extraction by Nitro Substitution on Schiff’s Bases Derived from Salicylaldehyde

In this work, three isomeric Schiff’s bases: salicylidene-2-nitroaniline N2HB2NA, salicylidene-3-nitroaniline N2HB3NA, and salicylidene-4-nitroaniline N2HB4NA, were synthesized and their effect on the liquid-liquid extraction of copper (II) was studied. During the extraction of metal ions from sulfate media in chloroform at 25°C, it has been shown that substitution of nitro group to the ortho, méta and, para position of the aniline ring in salicylideneaniline led to a large increase in the extraction of copper ions. It was concluded that the extracted species are CuL2 (L denote N2HB2NA, N2HB3NA, or N2HB4NA). The results revealed that the best extraction efficiencies for Cu2+ were according to the following order: N2HB2NA > N2HB3NA> N2HB4NA.

Liquid-liquid Extraction of Copper(II) ions from Sulfate Media with Salicylidene Chloroaniline Isomers

The liquid-liquid extraction of copper(II) ions from sulfate media with three Schiff bases extractants used were salicylidene-2-chloroaniline, sal-2-cla, salicylidene-3-chloroaniline, sal-3-cla, and salicylidene-4-chloroaniline, sal-4-cla, diluted in chloroform at 25°C are studied with the following parameters: pH and concentration of the extractant. The geometries of three extractants are optimized using DFT approximations at B3LYP/6-31G+ (d.P) bases set and the Gaussian 09 programs. Stoichiometry coefficients of the extracted species are determined by the slope analysis method. The copper(II) is extracted as a simple chelate CuL2. The estimated extraction constants (log Kex) relative to the three extractants reveal that the extraction efficiency increases in the order: sal-4-cla ∼ sal-3-cla > sal-2-cla.

The effect of ionic strength on the liquid-liquid extraction of copper(II) from aqueous solutions by capric acid in chloroform

The effect of ionic strength on the liquid-liquid extraction of copper(II) from aqueous solutions by capric acid in chloroform

Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Copper (II) with 1-Naphthyl Benzohydroxamic Acid

Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Copper (II) with 1-Naphthyl Benzohydroxamic Acid

Liquid-liquid extraction of copper(II)-EDTA chelated anions with microporous hollow fibers

The rates of extraction of Cu(II)-EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) chelated anions from aqueous solutions across microporous hollow fibers to kerosene solutions of Aliquat 336 (a quaternary amine) were measured. Experiments were performed as a function of aqueous pH, the chelated anion concentration, the organic amine concentration, and temperature. From experiments performed on the temperature dependence of extraction rate, it was shown that the resistance of interfacial chemical reaction was negligible. It was shown that the extraction rate increased with increasing concentrations of both the chelated anions and the amine. However, the aqueous pH had little effect on extraction rate under the ranges studied. The mass transfer mechanism of this extraction process was also discussed.

Influence of marangoni effect on liquid-liquid extraction of copper(II) by sodium bis(2-ethyl hexyl) phosphate

The influence of spontaneous convection movements on the liquid-liquid extraction of copper(II) by sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (SEHP) is investigated by a kinetic study. Tire origin of the movements is related to a Marangoni effect which is caused by the surfactant properties of SEHP used as an extractant : a concentration gradient of SEHP occurs spontaneously at the interface when the two phases are put into contact and creates an interfacial tension gradient which promotes an interfacial movement. By a viscous dragging effect, this convection causes a stirring of the two phases of which efficiency is equivalent to that of two external stirrers running in opposite directions at 60 rpm. In these conditions adsorption of SEHP ion and the formation of an intermediate 1:1 complex at the interface are the rate controlling steps. However, a model taking into account a mixed regime seems to be more realistic for explaining the experimental observations than a pure kinetic model.

Liquid-liquid extraction of copper(II) with cyclic tetrathioethers

Liquid-liquid extraction of the divalent metal ions manganese(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II) and cadmium(II) with 1,4,8,11-tetrathiacyclotetradecane was examined using the tetraphenylborate ion (TPB −) for the formation of the ion pairs. Copper(II) was quantitatively extracted into 1,2-dichloroethane, whereas the other metals were hardly extracted. The extraction behaviour of copper(II) with 12–16-membered cyclic tetrathioethers ([ n]aneS 4, where n represents the total number of carbon and sulphur atoms int he cyclic ligand ring) was examined. Chloroform and 1,2-dichloroethane were used as extraction solvents. The order of the extractability of copper(II) was as follows: [15]aneS 4 > [16]aneS 4 > [14]aneS 4 > [13]aneS 4 > [12]aneS 4 > at 2.5 × 10 −4 M of ligands, [16] aneS 4 > [15]aneS 4 > [14]aneS 4 > [13]aneS 4 > [12]aneS 4 at 2.5 × 10 −5 M of ligands. The extracted species were examined at ligand concentrations higher than 2.5 × 10 −4 M. Copper(II) was extracted with [13]aneS 4 and [16]aneS 4 as [CuL 2] 2+ (TPB −) 2 and [CuL 4] 2+ (TPB −) 2 depending upon the relative concentration of the ligand to copper(II). Where L represents cyclic tetrathioethers. The extracted species with [14]aneS 4 and [15]aneS 4 were [CuL 2] 2+(TPB −) 2 and [CuL 4] 2+(TPB −) 2, respectively. In case of [12]aneS 4, the following three species were observed depending upon concentrations of the ligand and TPB −: [CuL 2(OH)] +TPB −, [CuL 2] 2+(TPB −) 2 and [CuL 4] 2+ (TPB −) 2.

Synthesis of bisthiacrown ethers and their liquid-liquid extraction of copper(I)

Five new bisthiacrown ethers bearing 7-aza-1,4,10,13-tetrathiacyclohexadecane were succesfully synthesized. A study of the extraction equilibria for copper(I) in the presence of picrate shows that copper(I) is extracted in the form of a 1:1 ion-pair [ML] + pic − complex. The extraction constants, log K ex, for copper(I) with these thiacrown ethers are in the range 6.46-8.05. The extractabilities of the thiacrown ethers with respect to class a, b and ab metals were examined. Class b metals except cadmium(II) could be well extracted. The relationship between the structure of bisthiacrown ethers and their complexing ability is discussed in detail.

Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Copper from Ammoniacal Solution with Cyclohexyl-Substituted β-Diketones

Abstract The extraction of copper from ammoniacal solution was studied with different cyclohexyl-substituted β-diketones. For comparison with LIX 54, the extraction parameters were determined for their dependence on the chain length of the substituent as well as on the influence of pH and the concentrations of copper and ammonia.

Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Copper from Ammoniacal Solution with 4-Acylpyrazol-5-ones

Abstract The extraction of copper from ammoniacal solution with different 4-acylpyrazol-5-ones was studied. Depending on the nature of aliphatic acyl groups, the influence of pH and of the concentrations of ammonia and copper were evaluated. The extraction parameters are given and compared with those of the commercially available extractant LIX 54. The best results were obtained for 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4(2-ethylhexanoyl)-pyrazol-5-one.

Liquid-liquid extraction of copper(II) with cryptand 222 with erythrosine B as the counter-ion

Copper is extracted at pH 5.5 with 3 × 10−4M cryptand 222 in dichloromethane with 3 × 10−4M erythrosine B as the counter-ion. It can be stripped with 0.5M perchloric acid and determined by atomic absorption spectrometry at 324.7 nm. Copper has been separated from multicomponent mixtures containing zinc, mercury, iron, cobalt, nickel and manganese, which are generally encountered in environmental samples.

Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Copper from Ammoniacal Solution with β-Diketones

Abstract Some β-diketones such as LIX 51 (Henkel KGaA), Hostarex DK 16 (Hoechst AG), LIX 54 (Henkel KGaA), and MX 80A (Sigma Innovation, Sweden) were developed for technical applications (1) but only LIX 54 is commercially available. The use of LIX 54 to separate copper from ammoniacal etch solutions is described by patent applications (2–4) and an information paper of Henkel KGaA. The extraction of transition metals with LIX 54 was studied by Ramesh et al. (5). LIX 54 in a mixture with neutral donor ligands also proved suitable for the extraction of lanthanide elements (6). The active component of LIX 54 and MX 80A was recently identified as a mixture of isomeric l-phenyl-3-iso-heptyl-1,3-propanediones (7, 8). Analogous P-diketones are easily available.

Liquid-liquid extraction of copper(II) with cyclic and acyclic tetrathioethers

The liquid-liquid extraction of copper(II) with cyclic and acyclic tetrathioethers (L) into 1,2-dichloroethane was examined. When hexanitrodiphenylamine ion (A −) was used as the counter anion, the extracted species [Cu(II)L(OH)] + A − was predominant at pH > 6.0. The logarithmic extraction constants log k ex were 14.65 and 14.88 for the cyclic tetrathiatetradecane and the corresponding acyclic tetrathiapentadecane, respectively.

Liquid-liquid extraction of copper (II) with dialkyl sulphoxides

The extraction behaviour of Cu(II) from hydrochloric acid and lithium chloride solutions with di-n-pentyl sulphoxide (DPSO) and di-n-octyl sulphoxide (DOSO) has been investigated over a wide range of conditions. At a given strength of the extradant, the extraction increases with increase in HCl and LiCl concentrations. The extraction of the metal also increases with increase in extractant concentration at constant [HCl] or [LiCl]. The species extracted would appear to be CuCl2·2DPSO/2DOSO and CuCl 4 2− ·2DPSO. The extraction of the metal decreases with increase in initial aqueous metal concentration and also with increase in temperature. The extraction also depends on the nature of the diluent employed.

Liquid-liquid extraction of copper (I) and copper (II) as ion-paired complexes with acyclic 2-thienyl-containing polythioether and triphenylmethane dye anion

Three acyclic polythioethers containing 2-thienyl units at both ends were synthesized and the effect of substituent on the extraction of copper(II) was studied. The methyl groups in the terminal thiophene ring have imparted an appreciable degree of increase in the percent extraction of copper(II), while the introduction of chlorine atoms into the 2-thienyl unit resulted in the reverse effect. Among the counter dye anions examined, tetrabromophenolphthalein ethylester was the best one for copper(II) extraction. The composition of extracted species was evaluated to be 1∶2∶2 (Cu(II)/polythioether/dye anion). Quantitative extraction of copper(I) was attained as complexes with various triphenylmethane dyes, i.e., bromocresol green, bromothymol blue, bromo-phenol blue and pyrogallol red. Copper(I) in organic phase was completely back-extracted with 2 mole/l sulfuric acid containing 10% hydrogen peroxide.

Liquid-liquid extraction of copper(I) by cyclic tetrathio ethers

The liquid-liquid extraction of copper(I) with 12-, 13-, 15- and 16-membered cyclic tetrathio ethers ([ n]aneS 4, where n represents the total number of carbon and sulphur atoms in the cyclic ligand ring) was examined stoichiometrically using picrate ion (Pic −) for the formation of the ion pair. Copper(I) was extracted with four ligands (L) into 1,2-dichloroethane as the ion-pair compound, [Cu(I)L] +Pic −. The extraction constant, K ex, with each ligand was determined. As the ring size of cyclic tetrathio ethers increases, the log K ex values, including that previously reported for [14]aneS 4, increase from 7.7 to 9.4. The value of Δ log K ex, which represents the increase in log K ex due to the addition of one carbon atom to the macrocyclic ring, was large between [13]aneS 4 and [14]aneS 4 (Δ log K ex=1.0) and small between [14]aneS 4 and [15]aneS 4 (Δ log K ex=0.1).