Liquid Level Research Articles

Analysis of Working Capital Management in an Effort to Increase Liquidity and Profitability at PT Unilever Indonesia, Tbk

This research aims to find out how working capital management and liquidity levels affect profitability at PT Unilever Indonesia, Tbk.The data used in this research is secondary data using a purposive sampling method, namely the financial position report (balance sheet), profit and loss report in the financial statements of PT. Unilever Indonesia, Tbk for the 2016-2023. The type of research is quantitative research because the data used is in the form of numbers which are then analyzed using multiple linear analysis. The results of this research were also tested using classical assumption tests and hypothesis tests. The research test results show that working capital and liquidity (current ratio) partially do not have a significant effect on profitability. Meanwhile, working capital and liquidity (current ratio) simultaneously have a significant influence on company profitability

Heat Transfer Mechanism Study of an Embedded Heat Pipe for New Energy Consumption System Enhancement

Aiming at the demand for new energy consumption and mobile portable heat storage, a gravity heat pipe with embedded structure was designed. In order to explore the two-phase heat transfer mechanism of the embedded heat pipe, CFD numerical simulation technology was used to study the internal two-phase flow state and heat transfer process of the embedded heat pipe under different working conditions. The evolution law of the internal working medium of the heat pipe under different working conditions was obtained. With the increase in heating power, it is easier to form large bubbles and large vapor slugs inside the heat pipe. When the heating power increases to a certain extent, the shape of the vapor slugs can no longer be maintained at the bottom of the adiabatic section, and the vapor slugs begin to break and merge, forming local annular flow. When the filling ratio (FR) is relatively low, the bubble is easy to break through the liquid level and rupture, unable to form a vapor slug. With the increase in FR, the possibility of projectile flow and annular flow in the heat pipe increases. Under the same heating power, the temperature uniformity of the heat pipe becomes stronger with the increase in heating time. The velocity distribution in the heat pipe is affected by the FR. The heating power has almost no effect on the distribution of the velocity field inside the heat pipe, but the maximum velocity is different. At an FR of 30%, there are two typical velocity extremes in the tube near positions of 120 mm and 160 mm, respectively, and the velocity in the tube is basically unchanged above a position of 200 mm. There are also multiple velocity extremes at an FR of 70%, with the maximum velocity occurring near 240 mm.

Bank Liquidity and Financial Performance of Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria

Due to the importance of the deposit money bank to the Nigerian Economy that liquidity level and status of this sector is not only important to the investors, the bank itself but also to the economy at large. Based on this challenge this study examines into the impact of bank liquidity on financial performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The secondary data was sourced from the audited financial statement of deposit money banks from 2018 to 2022. The study employed the static panel regression analysis to determine the relationship between liquidity ratio, loan-to-deposit ratio and bank size and financial performance measures. The findings from model one reveals that loan-to-deposit ratio and liquidity ratio has negative and positive significant effect on earnings per share, while loan-to-deposit ratio, liquidity ratio and bank size has negative significant effect on net interest margin. It is therefore recommended that deposit money banks should carefully manage their loan-to-deposit ratios to avoid excessive lending that could negatively impact earnings per share. Institutions should focus on improving their liquidity ratios by maintaining sufficient liquid assets to meet short-term obligations. Enhancing liquidity management practices can positively affect earnings per share, boosting overall financial performance and shareholder value. Regularly monitoring and adjusting these ratios will ensure a balanced approach to lending and liquidity, supporting sustainable growth and profitability. Additionally, financial institutions should provide ongoing training and resources to their teams to strengthen risk management and financial planning.

Dynamic simulation of wind-powered alkaline water electrolysis system for hydrogen production

Alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) is a mature and cost-effective technology, especially suited for large-scale deployment, yet faces challenges in adapting to the dynamic nature of renewable energy sources. Evaluating AWE's adaptability to fluctuating renewable energy inputs is crucial. This study introduces a dynamic model to assess the influence of wind energy on a 250 kW industrial-scale AWE system for hydrogen production. This paper pioneers the utilization of Aspen Plus Dynamics for dynamic modeling, offering a comprehensive approach that incorporates all vital components and controllers of the balance of plant, such as gas-liquid separator, heat exchangers, deionized water supply, pumps, and the cooling loop. This methodology allows comprehensive simulation at the system level, revealing the real dynamic characteristics of the system under fluctuating wind energy conditions. Due to the absence of a dedicated module for AWE in Aspen Plus Dynamics, an integrated dynamic operation unit for the electrolyzer is constructed using Aspen Custom Modeler. The study analyzes the dynamic characteristics of the AWE system, specifically focusing on temperature, voltage, and liquid level. The study compares two temperature control strategies, before-stack and after-stack, with the refined after-stack method effectively addressing over-temperature issues and improving system energy efficiency by 1.44%.

Performance, nutrient digestibilities, and metabolic profiles of Holstein calves fed whole milk or milk replacer at two feeding levels.

The macronutrient composition of common milk replacers (MR) largely differs from bovine whole milk (WM). These differences are more nutritionally relevant when calves receive higher milk allowances. Therefore, the present study compared fresh WM with a conventional MR fed at 2 level of feeding allowances evaluating growth performance, apparent total-tract nutrient digestibilities, nitrogen (N) balance, and serum metabolite profiles in calves. Forty-eight newborn Holstein male calves (1.96 ± 0.99 d of age; 45.0 ± 4.37 kg BW) were blocked by arrival date and age. Calves in each block were then randomly assigned to the 4 treatments (n = 12/treatment): MR or WM at a high (9.0 L/d) or low feeding allowance (4.5 L/d) fed 3 times daily. Calves were weaned between wk 6 and 10 following the introduction of the starter feed in wk 6. The study ended 13 wk after the arrival at the facility. Blood and body weights were collected on arrival, and weekly thereafter. Total 24h-collection periods of feces and urine was performed at wk 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13. Remarkably, no interactions were observed between liquid feed and level of supply. Calves fed MR had higher ADG during the pre-weaning phase than to calves fed WM. However, calves fed WM had an increased growth rate post-weaning, resulting in no difference in BW at the end of the study. Calves fed WM had a higher apparent crude fat digestibility during the weaning period. Metabolic N efficiency, expressed as N balance relative to digestible N supply, was higher during the pre-weaning phase, but tended to be lower during the post-weaning phase for calves fed MR as compared with calves fed WM. In the pre-weaning period, serum glucose, BHB, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), total protein (TP), urea, albumin, globulin, triglyceride (TG), and cholesterol were influenced by liquid feed source. Carry-over effects of milk source on TG and TP were observed during the post-weaning period. As expected, calves fed a high-milk allowance showed better ADG at pre-weaning and were consistently heavier throughout the study than calves fed a low-milk allowance. Feeding a high-milk allowance did not negatively affect nutrient digestibility during the post-weaning phase. In the pre-weaning phase, milk allowance affected glucose and cholesterol metabolism, whereas TG, TP, albumin, and NEFA concentrations were affected during the post-weaning period. From a single oral dose of indigestible markers (Cr-EDTA, lactulose, and D-mannitol), calves fed a high-milk allowance showed greater urinary recovery of all markers after 6h of collection, but not after 24h. Calves fed a high-milk allowance had a higher proportion of days with lower fecal scores during the pre-weaning phase. In conclusion, the serum metabolite profiles of calves throughout the study were highly influenced by milk source. Higher milk allowance increased growth performance and had no adverse effects on starter feed intake or nutrient digestibility in the post-weaning phase. The multiple effects described for milk source and level of supply were overall independent, presenting no relevant interactions.

The Effect of Liquidity Management on the Viability of Microfinance Institutions of Ethiopia

Purpose: Micro finance institutions have a great contribution to the development of every country’s economy through strengthening society's financial requirements. The institutions need to have adequate liquidity to generate sustainable profit. The main intention of the paper was to investigate liquidity’s impact on Micro finance institutions’ profitability. Research Methodology: Ten years of secondary data were used from 12 Microfinance institutions and fixed effect regression analysis by the use of E-views version 7 software. Return on assets used as the proxy of profitability to evaluate the financial healthiness of MFIs. Results: This study found that the deposit loan ratio has a significant and negative impact on profitability statistically. Whereas, the debt to equity ratio shows a negative signal on Micro finance Institutions (MFIs) profitability but statistically insignificant. The impact regarding size and deposit asset ratios was positive and significant on MFIs’ profitability of Ethiopia. Limitations: Lack of empirical study on the topic was the basic constraint of the study. Contribution: The study concentrated on the financial institutions specifically on microfinance firms. This study helps the institution’s management to give appropriate considerations for each component to preserve an optimal level of liquidity and sustainable profit.

Factorial inputs and outputs: A virtual plant for industrial control training and operations

The field of manufacturing and production is rapidly changing because of the fourth Industrial Revolution or Industry 4.0 and bridging theory and practice is a major requirement in industrial control and automation training, operations and virtual simulation is one such way to help bridge this kind of gap. One of such simulation program that has gained popularity among companies recently is Factory inputs and outputs (Factory I/O). This paper presents an example of a used case study of FACTORY I/O. The tank scene in the Factory I/O was used for level control and the control algorithm was implemented in the TIA portal using Siemens S7 1500 PLC integrated with the factory I/O to carry out the control of the liquid level in the tank by controlling the fill valve on the level control rig. The S7-PLCSIM TIA portal V15 communicated with the PLC in the Factory I/O drivers through an IP address. Therefore, with virtual simulation system, it is possible to test controller and control configuration before applying it to a physical system, with a methodology matching the fourth industrial revolution in a simulation environment in which theory and practice is bridged for real-time simulations.

Implementation of Embedded PID Controller to Water Level Control System

In chemical and industrial processes, the level control of liquids in tanks is significant and widely used, especially in power stations and petroleum industries. The liquid level can be controlled by the most common method, PID control due to its efficiency and performance in achieving the desired set point. In this paper, the water level in tank control using a level sensor and PID controller system will be designed and implemented based on the PID Arduino microcontroller algorithm that controls the change in flow rate by controlling a DC water pump with the help of a MOSFETs interface circuit. Tuning the specific PID level tank controller will be implemented to increase the system accuracy with no error and overshoot when there is a disturbance (drawn or excess water).

Bridging activity gaps between batch and flow reactor configurations in the electroreduction of carbon dioxide.

To date, the understanding of various modes of CO2 mass transport remains incomplete, impeding the transfer of catalysts identified in the more accessible electrochemical batch cells to high-performance flow cells. In this work, we demonstrate that the meniscus region formed between the electrode and the convex liquid level due to the electrowetting of the catalyst plays a vital role in the CO2RR in batch cells. CO2RR in the meniscus region in batch cells exhibits similar performance with that in flow cells, and the performance disparity between these two configurations largely disappears when conducting CO2RR primarily in the meniscus region. An assembled double-sided gas diffusion electrode with a gas channel is developed to maximize the meniscus-like region, achieving a CO2RR partial current density of 640 mA/cm2geo on commercial Cu in the KHCO3 electrolyte. This performance represents the highest CO2RR activity in neutral buffered media.

Dynamic analysis in polar exploration: Fluid-structure interaction modeling of projectile colliding with floating ice during water entry

In polar resource exploration, the interaction between polar detectors and floating ice, as well as their water entry mechanisms, are crucial for ensuring effective detector operation and data collection. This study developed a fluid-structure interaction (FSI) model to simulate the water entry of the projectile in a multidegree motion state upon collision with the floating ice, and the numerical method was validated through experiments. This study analyzes the mechanisms of cavity evolution and the laws of cavity pinch-off. This analysis further explores the motion states and dynamic characteristics under the interaction between the projectile and the floating ice. Additionally, this study also considers the influence of structural parameters of the floating ice, including thickness (Lt), width (Lw), and collision position (Sd), on the water entry process. The study reveals that increasing the submergence depth of the floating ice enhances the stability between the floating ice and water, and can mitigate flow separation phenomena generated by passive motion under inertial effects. Variations in the floating ice thickness significantly affect the cavity evolution and the projectile's underwater motion state. Conversely, variations in the floating ice width notably affect the liquid level disturbances, the development of splash crowns, and the evolution of passive water entry cavities. In specific multidegree motion states, various collision positions do not alter the evolution form of water entry cavities, yet the variation in collision positions notably affects floating ice displacement. As the collision position shifts from the center to the side edge of the floating ice, both the hydrodynamic forces on the projectile and the stress on the floating ice gradually decrease, with the decrease in hydrodynamic forces being the most significant, reaching up to 58%. This study is important for enhancing multi-body fluid-structure interaction algorithms and advancing polar exploration engineering development.

A Stacking Ensemble Learning Algorithm for Anomaly Early Detection of Liquid Levels in High-Pressure Heaters of Turbine Reheat Systems

In the steam turbine reheating system, maintaining the high-pressure heater liquid level is crucial to prevent equipment damage and safety accidents. High liquid levels may cause steam to enter the feed system, while low liquid levels may lead to overheating and damage to the heater tube bundle. In this study, the stacking ensemble learning model for combined data decomposition is proposed for high-precision liquid level prediction and early warning. Initially, outliers in the high-pressure heater liquid level data from the DSC system are processed. The Adaptive Local Iterative Filtering (ALIF) algorithm is used for the first data decomposition, followed by Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) for a second decomposition. Time-domain features such as summation, maximum value, skewness, and peak value are extracted to construct reconstructed data. Random Forest (RF) reduces the dimensionality of the reconstructed data. The prediction model combines Deep Belief Network (DBN), Deep Neural Networks (DNN), Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM), and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (xGBoost) as base models, with Echo State Network (ESN) as the meta-learner. Finally, based on historical data, warning level values are set, and the system outputs warnings when the actual liquid level significantly deviates from the predicted value.

Hardware implementation of a novel intelligent fuzzy fractional order proportional-integral (FFOPI) controller for a coupled tank liquid level control system

Hardware implementation of a novel intelligent fuzzy fractional order proportional-integral (FFOPI) controller for a coupled tank liquid level control system

Highly sensitive liquid level and temperature sensors based on all-fiber intermodal interferometers

Abstract Fiber optic-based precise measurements of liquid level and temperature are crucial for remote controlling in pharmaceutics, chemistry, and bromatology. Thus, it is essential to monitor liquid level and temperature simultaneously. In this paper, we propose all-fiber intermodal interferometers for highly sensitive liquid level and temperature measurements. We fabricated two different structures of single mode fiber-no core fiber-single mode fiber (SMF-NCF-SMF). One of them was used to measure the liquid level when the liquid soaked the NCF, and the other one was further coated with PDMS thermal-optic material and utilized to detect temperature. The measurement sensitivity of liquid level was 580 pm/mm within the range of 0-20 mm, while that of temperature was 1 nm/°C within the range of 28-51°C. A matrix was finally obtained by demodulating the measurements of liquid level and temperature. The proposed liquid level and temperature sensors, exhibiting the merits of high sensitivity, easy fabrication, and low cost, could be a candidate for precise and remote monitoring of liquid levels.

Dynamic liquid level prediction for multiple oil wells based on transfer learning and multidimensional feature fusion network

Abstract Accurate prediction of the dynamic liquid level (DLL) in oil wells is crucial for the intelligent optimization of pumping systems. It provides real-time insights into the operational conditions of the pumping system but also supports the optimization of operational parameters with data. However, due to the long-term operation of oil wells and their complex internal environments, direct measurement of the DLL is challenging, leading to low reliability of the obtained data. Therefore, this paper conducts an in-depth analysis of the parameters involved in the pumping process, identifies the model’s input features, and develops a DLL prediction model for multiple wells based on multidimensional feature fusion (MFF). This model captures the characteristics of DLL changes and the diversity of input features. To address the issues of slow model training and low prediction accuracy caused by insufficient datasets in practical applications, this paper integrates transfer learning (TL) techniques. It proposes a new model, the DLL model for multiple wells based on TL and multidimensional feature fusion (TMFF). Initially, the Euclidean distance and maximum mean discrepancy methods are employed to verify the feature similarity between the source and target domains, using highly similar DLL data as experimental data. By combining TL techniques with the MFF model, the TMFF model is established. The model’s capabilities are validated using field-collected data with broad representativeness. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed MFF model possesses high accuracy and generalization capability. Additionally, the TMFF model effectively resolves the issue of insufficient data during model training. In summary, the methods proposed in this paper can provide accurate DLL data for practical applications in intelligent oilfields.

The nutrition profile and utility of banana puree as a liquid thickener for medically complex infants with dysphagia.

Dysphagia among infants, particularly high-risk and preterm neonates, poses feeding challenges that can impact multiple systemic outcomes and delay hospital discharge. Limited therapeutic options for approved thickening agents for human milk and infant formula necessitate the exploration of alternatives, including banana puree. This study investigated the feasibility of using banana puree as a thickening agent for hospitalized infants with dysphagia. The International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI) flow test determined optimal volumes of banana puree mixed with infant formulas or human milk to achieve desired liquid thickness levels. Nutrition analysis considered potassium intake and calories from carbohydrates to assess dietary composition. Banana puree effectively achieved IDDSI Levels 1-3, with varying volumes required based on milk types and caloric concentrations. The nutrition analysis revealed the importance of restricting banana puree to 15% of feeding volumes to avoid exceeding recommended potassium levels while promoting appropriate nutrition. Banana puree represents a promising option for thickening feeds in infants with dysphagia, facilitating safe oral feeding opportunities, accelerating the introduction of oral feeding, and, potentially, improving long-term outcomes. Further research is warranted to explore its impact on feeding progression, hospital stays, growth, patient outcomes, and feeding-related behaviors compared with traditional thickening agents.

Experimental and theoretical research on upper plenum entrainment with air-water and steam-water

Upper plenum entrainment phenomenon occurs in the automatic depressurization process during the Small Break Loss of Coolant Accident (SBLOCA) in reactor pressure vessel, which may result in reactor disaster. The upper plenum entrainment experiments with and without reactor internals were carried out with air-water and steam-water as working mediums on the Automatic Depressurization and Entrainment Test Loop for Upper plenum entrainment (ADETEL-U) which scaled after AP1000 nuclear reactor. The experimental phenomena were observed by visualization method and the reliable data were collected and analyzed. The results indicate that the entrainment rate will increase with the increase of gas flow rate under the same hg∗, and the entrainment rate will decrease significantly with the decrease of the mixed liquid level when the range of hg∗ is low. The results confirm that a large number of liquid droplets will be deposited on the surface of the reactor internals, which greatly reduces the entrainment rate. Under the same conditions, the entrainment rate with the reactor internals is about 10% of that without the reactor internals. There is a huge discrepancy between the existing pool entrainment rate models and the experimental data, with the maximum deviation of 200 times. Based on the experimental results, new upper plenum entrainment models for near surface region and high gas flux region of momentum controlled region are proposed. The error decreases by orders of magnitude compared to existing models, which suggested that the new model can accurately predict upper plenum entrainment phenomenon in the pressure vessel.

Comprehensive design and preliminary experiments of liquid hydrogen storage tank for trucks

As the global demand for lower carbon emissions intensifies, the deployment of medium and small-scale liquid hydrogen (LH2) storage tanks in heavy-duty trucking and aviation is expected to increase. However, heat leakage into these cryogenic vessels leads to a continuous increase in tank pressure, potentially resulting in sudden hydrogen release and other safety concerns. While horizontal LH2 tanks demonstrate greater suitability in the transportation sector compared to vertical tanks, investigations in this domain remain scarce. Research on horizontal tanks is crucial for safe and efficient storage. Understanding these dynamics is essential for predicting temperature and pressure changes during self-pressurization, ensuring safe liquid hydrogen storage. This study designed and built a 500-liter horizontal liquid hydrogen tank for vehicle fuel storage, following ISO 13985 standards to ensure practical applicability. The project encompassed material selection, structural design, and both stress and thermodynamic analyses. Preliminary experiments were conducted using liquid nitrogen as a substitute for liquid hydrogen. Experiments assessed tank heat leakage, vapor-cooled shield insulation performance, thermal stratification, lossless storage time, and pressure changes during self-pressurization and steady-state evaporation. Results validate the efficiency of our pressure vessel design method for complex conditions, enhancing understanding of self-pressurization and thermal stratification in horizontal tanks. The vapor-cooled shield reduced heat leakage into the tank by 22.7%, decreasing the daily evaporation rate under liquid nitrogen conditions from 1.87 wt% to 1.5 wt%. and maintaining an initial liquid level of 50% extended the lossless storage time to 50 h in the LN2 scenario. These findings offer valuable insights for assessing the performance of subsequent liquid hydrogen experiments.

Pengaruh Profitabilitas dan Likuiditas Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan pada Sub Sektor Perbankan di Indonesia

This study aims to examine the effect of profitability and liquidity on firm value in 22 banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period 2018-2023. Profitability is measured by Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE), while liquidity is measured by Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) and Debt to Equity Ratio (DER). Firm value is proxied by Price to Book Value (PBV). Multiple linear regression analysis is used to test the research hypothesis. The results showed that profitability (ROA and ROE) and liquidity (LDR and DER) have a positive effect on firm value. This study underscores the importance of maintaining healthy profitability and liquidity levels for banks to increase their firm value.

Liquidity and cost advantage of green bonds

The prevailing scholarly consensus suggests that green bonds benefit from a “green premium” by offering a financing cost advantage over conventional bonds. However, our empirical study reveals significant differences in liquidity between green and conventional bonds that could affect this cost advantage. We investigate the variations in liquidity levels between these bond types and explore how these disparities influence the advantage in financing costs associated with green bonds. The findings show that, due to their unique attributes, green bonds tend to have lower liquidity than conventional bonds; this results in higher liquidity costs, which counterbalance the cost benefits of the green premium. The liquidity disadvantage of green bonds thus weakens the overall financing cost advantage they might otherwise offer through the green premium.

Effects of internals on macroscopic fluid dynamics in a bubble column

The effects of internals on liquid mixing and gas–liquid mass transfer have rarely been investigated in bubble columns, and the commonly used measurement method overestimates significantly overall gas holdup. Firstly, gas holdup measurement method is improved by conducting multi-point liquid level measurement and using net fluid volume instead of bed volume to calculate gas holdup. Then, a stable conductivity method for liquid macromixing has been established by shielding large bubbles using #16 nylon mesh. Subsequently, the influences of internal coverage (=12.6%, 18.9% and 25.1%) on macroscopic fluid dynamics in a bubble column with a free wall area are systematically investigated. It is found that the presence of internals has a notable effect on macroscopic fluid dynamics. The overall gas holdup and gas–liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient decrease, and the macromixing time decreases with the increase of internal cross-sectional area coverage. These are mainly caused by the uneven distribution of airflow due to the low resistance in the free wall area. This design makes maintenance easier, but in reality, the reactor performance has decreased. Further improvements will be made to the reactor performance based on such a configuration through flow guidance using baffles.