Liquid Exudate Research Articles

RNAseq of Gingival Fibroblasts Exposed to PRF Membrane Lysates and PRF Serum.

Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is prepared by spontaneous coagulation of fractionated blood. When squeezed between two plates, PRF is separated into solid PRF membranes and a liquid exudate, the PRF serum. The question arises regarding how much the overall activity remains in the PRF membranes and what is discarded into the PRF serum. To this end, we have exposed gingival fibroblasts to lysates prepared from PRF membranes and PRF serum, followed by bulk RNA sequencing. A total of 268 up- and 136 down-regulated genes in gingival fibroblasts exposed to PRF membrane lysates were significantly regulated under the premise of a minimum log2 with 2.5-fold change and a minus log10 significance level of two, respectively. PRF serum only caused 62 up- and 32 down-regulated genes under these conditions. Among the 46 commonly up-regulated genes were CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL8, IL33, IL6, and PTGS2/COX2, stanniocalcin-1-all linked to an inflammatory response. PRF membrane lysates further increased chemokines CCL2, CCL7, CXCL2, CXCL3, and IL1R1, IL1RL1, and IL1RN, as well as the paracrine factors IL11, LIF, IGF1, BMP2, BMP6, FGF2, and CCN2/CTGF, and all hyaluronan synthases. On the other hand, PRF serum increased DKK1. The genes commonly down-regulated by PRF membrane lysates and PRF serum included interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3) and odd-skipped-related transcription factors (OSR1 and OSR2), as well as FGF18 and GDF15, respectively. Taken together, PRF membrane lysates, compared to PRF serum, cause a more complex response in gingival fibroblasts, but each increased chemokine expression in gingival fibroblasts.

PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY OF PURULENT WOUNDS IN EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES MELLITUS

The aim of the study was to study the effectiveness of the method of photodynamic therapy of purulent wounds in conditions of experimental diabetes mellitus.
 Materials and methods. Experimental studies were carried out on 30 mature male Wistar rats, which were injected with diabetogenic cytotoxin streptozotocin to induce type 2 diabetes mellitus, and also simulated a purulent wound. Various combinations of topical treatments have been used for treatment. A comparative analysis of the use of various methods of treating purulent wounds was carried out using the following methods: clinical, bacteriological, planimetric, histological, and statistical data processing.
 Results and discussion. In the course of clinical observation, it was found that a day after the modeling of infected wounds, the general condition of the animals could be assessed as moderate: the animals were lethargic, inactive, some of them had sanious discharge from the nose. Wounds in all animals had signs of suppuration: accumulation of liquid fibrinous-hemorrhagic exudate was noted in the cavity of the ring, in some animals there was no exudate. in two experimental groups (B and C), PDT sessions were performed according to the plan; in the control group (A), the wounds were treated with chlorhexidine solution. During the experiment, it was shown that the proposed method for the treatment of purulent wounds against the background of diabetes mellitus makes it possible to optimize the wound process, reduce the time for the appearance of granulations and the filling of mature granulation wounds. The use of photodynamic therapy contributed to the rapid cleansing of wounds, the appearance and marginal epithelization. Microbiological examination testified to the rapid decontamination of wounds.
 Сonclusions. The use of the photosensitizer 5-ALA in the complex of wound treatment under conditions of photoactivation enhances the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative effects; This opens up the possibility of a promising use of this complex for antibacterial photodynamic therapy as a new method for the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the skin and soft tissues in diabetes mellitus.

Effects of platelet‐rich fibrin on human gingival and periodontal ligament fibroblast proliferation from chronic periodontitis versus periodontally healthy subjects

BackgroundPlatelet‐rich fibrin (PRF), an autogenous blood concentrate, contains multiple growth factors and is used as an adjunct in the periodontal regeneration and implant site development procedures to stimulate wound healing. Patient‐related factors such as chronic periodontitis may affect the quality of PRF.ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate and compare PRF's effects from patients diagnosed with generalized moderate or severe chronic periodontitis to patients who presented with intact periodontium on human gingival fibroblast (HGF) and human periodontal ligament fibroblast (HPLF) proliferation.Materials and methodsA total of 33 ml of whole intravenous blood was collected from each subject and centrifuged at 2700 rpm for 12 min in three 10 ml tubes, and 3 ml of blood was used for Complete Blood Count analysis. Three PRF clots were compressed to produce the membranes and liquid exudate. PRF membrane and 10% liquid exudate were exposed to 20,000 HPLFs/well or 25,000 HGFs/well in triplets from each subject in a 48 cell well plate. After 72 h of incubation, the conditioned media were evaluated by Water Soluble Tetrazolium‐1 assays to determine fibroblast proliferation. Controls included cells alone and media without cells. Complete blood counts were measured.ResultsSubjects in both groups were age and gender‐matched (intact 46.7 ± 11.4 years and periodontitis 54.8 ± 10.4 years, p‐value = 0.1344). Body Mass Index and White Blood Corpuscles in the periodontitis group was significantly higher than the intact group (p = 0.0176 and p = 0.0038) whereas no differences were seen for Red Blood Corpuscles (p = 0.2020), Hemoglobin (p = 0.2290) and Platelets (p = 4,094). There were no significant differences in the HGF and HPLF proliferation with PRF exudates and membranes between intact periodontium and periodontitis groups (all p > 0.05). However, PRF exudates in both groups induced significant more cell proliferation when compared to PRF membranes.ConclusionsPRF exudates induced significant proliferation of fibroblasts and can play a vital role in wound healing. The current study concluded that PRF membranes, in combination with PRF exudates, can be utilized for their therapeutic and wound healing potential, not affected by the periodontal condition of the patient.

Quality evaluation of minimally fresh-cut processed pineapples

Physicochemical, sensory and microbiological quality parameters were determined in fresh-cut pineapple products. Containers with fresh-cut pineapple in cylinders or in chunks were considered and the above parameters were studied over ten days of storage at 5 ± 1 °C. Chromatic parameters presented differences between both formats, with the cylinders being more susceptible to browning. Besides, the cylinders had lower levels of acidity, texture and ascorbic acid, while in general, greater changes of the main quality physicochemical characteristics were observed in the ring format during the ten days of refrigerated storage. Liquid exudate increased, sucrose content decreased and a greater tendency to browning were observed during the cold storage at 5 ± 1 °C. Sensory characteristics and microbiological control for both types of format showed a positive evaluation after eight days of storage at 5 ± 1 °C. Mesophile, psychrophile, mold and yeast loads in both pineapple formats were relatively low (<106 CFU/g after 10 days under 5 °C for all the microbiological loads) throughout their useful shelf-life, taking into account that both formats were packed in trays in normal atmosphere without chemical treatment or any additives.

First report of bleeding canker caused by Rahnella sp. on Populus nigra in Iran

In 2019, a bleeding canker with a sour-smelling and brownish liquid exudate was observed on mature (>10 years old) black poplar (Populus nigra) trees in eight poplar plantations in the Hamadan, Kermanshah, Isfahan, and Kohgiluyeh and…

Characterization of the Leukocyte- and Platelet-Rich Fibrin Block: Release of Growth Factors, Cellular Content, and Structure.

The leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin block (L-PRF block) is a composite graft that combines a xenograft that is acting as a scaffold with L-PRF membranes that serve as a bioactive nodule with osteoinductive capacity. This study evaluated the properties of the L-PRF block and its components in terms of release of growth factors, cellular content, and structure. The concentration of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor-AB (PDGF-AB) and bone morphogenetic protein-1 (BMP-1) released by a L-PRF membrane (mb) and a L-PRF block were examined with ELISA for five time intervals (0 to 4 hours, 4 hours to 1 day, 1 to 3 days, 3 to 7 days, 7 to 14 days). Those levels in L-PRF exudate and liquid fibrinogen were also evaluated. The cellular content of the liquid fibrinogen, L-PRF membrane and exudate was calculated. The L-PRF block was also analyzed by means of a microCT scan and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). TGF-β1 was the most released growth factor after 14 days, followed by PDGF-AB, VEGF, and BMP-1. All L-PRF blocks constantly released the four growth factors up to 14 days. L-PRF membrane and liquid fibrinogen presented high concentration of leukocytes and platelets. The microCT and SEM images revealed the bone substitute particles surrounded by platelets and leukocytes, embedded in a dens fibrin network. The L-PRF block consists of deproteinized bovine bone mineral particles surrounded by platelets and leukocytes, embedded in a fibrin network that releases growth factors up to 14 days.

Metabolomics of meat exudate: Its potential to evaluate beef meat conservation and aging

In this study we analyzed the exudate of beef to evaluate its potential as non invasive sampling for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) based metabolomic analysis of meat samples. Exudate, as the natural juice from raw meat, is an easy to obtain matrix that it is usually collected in small amounts in commercial meat packages. Although meat exudate could provide complete and homogeneous metabolic information about the whole meat piece, this sample has been poorly studied. Exudates from 48 beef samples of different breeds, cattle and storage times have been studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The liquid exudate spectra were compared with those obtained by High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HRMAS) of the original meat pieces. The close correlation found between both spectra (>95% of coincident peaks in both registers; Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.945) lead us to propose the exudate as an excellent alternative analytical matrix with a view to apply meat metabolomics. 60 metabolites could be identified through the analysis of mono and bidimensional exudate spectra, 23 of them for the first time in NMR meat studies. The application of chemometric tools to analyze exudate dataset has revealed significant metabolite variations associated with meat aging. Hence, NMR based metabolomics have made it possible both to classify meat samples according to their storage time through Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and to predict that storage time through Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression.

Characterization of an extracellularly derived α-mannosidase from the liquid exudate of the sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary.

Class I α-mannosidases play an important role in co- and post-translational N-glycosylation modification of proteins, and also in glycoprotein glycan hydrolysis. Herein, we investigated a protein named Man-41, from liquid exudate droplets secreted on the surface of developing sclerotia by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The protein was identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to be a α-mannosidase. The full-length open reading frame of Man-41 consists of 1581 bp, encoding 526 amino acid residues and containing a putative signal peptide at amino acid residues 1-20, and a conserved sequence at residues 50-521. Man-41 was classified into glycoside hydrolase family 47 (GH47) by clustering analysis. The catalytic residues include Glu(125), Arg(129), Asp(270), Ser(271), Glu(274), Arg(420), Glu(422), Glu(425), Glu(485), Thr(514), and Glu(515), which are conserved in all Class I α-1,2-mannosidases. Recombinant Man-41 protein had 26.67 ± 2.18 U/mg of α-mannosidase activity, about one-half of intracellular mannosidase activity of sclerotia. In conclusion, this is the first time that mannosidase has been identified in an extracellular fluid and Man-41 is also a new member of GH47 with Ca(2+)-dependent characteristics. This work lays the foundation for further study of the function of Man-41 in sclerotial development.

Comparison of Media and Sampling Locations for Isolation of Listeria monocytogenes in Queso Fresco Cheese

Listeriosis associated with Hispanic-style soft cheese is an ongoing public health concern. Although rapid detection methods based on molecular and immunological technologies have been applied successfully for detecting Listeria monocytogenes in foods, obtaining isolates of the pathogen is a critical procedure for epidemiologic studies and regulatory analysis. Oxford agar, a medium recommended by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) to isolate L. monocytogenes from cheese, is unable to differentiate L. monocytogenes from other Listeria species. Hence, two selective isolation media, L. monocytogenes blood agar (LMBA) and Rapid 'L. mono agar (RLMA), were compared with Oxford agar for isolating L. monocytogenes from cheese. Queso fresco cheese was inoculated at 100 or 101 CFU/g with a five-strain mixture of L. monocytogenes or with the five-strain L. monocytogenes mixture and Listeria innocua. Cheese samples were stored at 21, 12, and 4°C and Listeria counts were determined at 3, 7, and 10 days; 7, 10, 14, 21 days; and 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postinoculation, respectively. Surface and interior cheese samples as well as liquid exudate produced during storage were assayed individually to determine differences in Listeria contamination at different sampling locations. L. monocytogenes was more easily differentiated from L. innocua on RLMA than LMBA and Oxford agar. Similar L. monocytogenes counts (ca. 104 CFU/g) were obtained on the last sampling day on the surface and interior of cheese samples (P > 0.05) for all storage temperatures and both initial inoculation levels, but smaller cell numbers were detected in the exudate produced during storage. In addition, simultaneous inoculation of L. innocua with L. monocytogenes did not affect the final L. monocytogenes counts in the cheese. The amount of exudate released from the cheese and decrease of pH correlated with storage temperature. More exudate was produced and a greater decrease of pH occurred at 21°C than at 12 or 4°C. Our results indicate that RLMA is a suitable medium for isolating L. monocytogenes from queso fresco cheese. Higher counts of L. monocytogenes were obtained from surface and interior samples of cheese than from the exudate of the cheese during storage. In addition, pH may be a useful indicator of improperly stored queso fresco cheese.

Development of an animal repellent — selection, efficacy and presentation

Under some circumstances it may be desirable to repel herbivorous pests (e.g. goats and wallabies) from plants (e.g. horticultural or forestry seedlings) rather than to kill them. These circumstances may include using these animals as a resource at a later time, and there may also be welfare, public perception or legislative issues where repelling animals from particular plants or area is preferable to killing them. The first experiment tested the efficacy of 5 different materials (tiger fecal extract, maggot brew — the liquid exudate from a flyblown goat, capsaicin, dog urine, and burnt goat hair, skin and carcass + fat) to repel groups of goats in a feedlot pen from 1 trough of feed when another trough of feed was available to them to eat. Each repellent was tested on 5 groups of mixed age female goats for periods of 3 days. All 5 groups were exposed to the 5 repellents. Both tiger fecal extract and maggot brew reduced intake of feed from the ‘protected’ feed trough and significantly (P&lt;0.05) delayed ‘normal’ feeding behaviour by more than 5 h from that trough. The repellents became less effective with repeated use even with different groups of goats. The reduction in effectiveness was indicated by higher intakes of feed and earlier feeding from the protected trough. This habituation to the repellents, where the effectiveness is reduced with repeated exposure, is of concern. In the second experiment, we selected the most effective repellent (tiger fecal extract) and tested its efficacy under similar conditions, after the repellent had been mixed with a carrier (bentonite) in an endeavour to increase the duration of its effectiveness. This repellent was significantly more effective in repelling groups of 3 goats in a feedlot pen from 1 trough of feed for 3 days, when another trough of feed was available to them to eat.

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses of volatile organic compounds from potato tubers inoculated with Phytophthora infestans or Fusarium coeruleum

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) collected from potato tubers inoculated with Phytophthora infestans (late blight), Fusarium coeruleum (dry rot) or sterilized distilled water (as a control) were analysed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC–FID). A total of 52 volatiles were identified by GC–MS in the headspaces above P. infestans‐ and F. coeruleum‐inoculated tubers after incubation for 42 days in the dark at 10°C. Of these VOCs, the six most abundant were common to both pathogens. These were benzothiazole (highest abundance), 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol (second highest abundance), and at approximately equal third abundance, hexanal, 2‐methylpropanoic acid‐2,2‐dimethyl‐1‐(2‐hydroxy‐1‐methylethyl)‐propyl ester, 2‐methylpropanoic acid‐3‐hydroxy‐2,4,4‐trimethyl‐pentyl ester and phenol. In addition, styrene also occurred at approximately equal third abundance in the headspace of F. coeruleum‐inoculated tubers, but at lower abundance in the headspace of P. infestans‐inoculated tubers. Some VOCs were specific to each pathogen. Butanal, 3‐methylbutanal, undecane and verbenone were found at low levels only in the headspace of tubers inoculated with P. infestans, while 2‐pentylfuran and copaene were found only in the headspace of tubers inoculated with F. coeruleum. Additionally GC–FID analysis identified ethanol and 2‐propanol in the liquid exudate from both P. infestans‐ and F. coeruleum‐inoculated tubers after incubation for 35 days, and in the headspace after incubation for 42 days. These data provide key information for developing a sensor‐based early warning system for the detection of postharvest diseases in stored potato tubers.

Volatile organic compounds from garden waste

About 170 compounds were identified in the headspace or liquid exudate from garden waste. Typical for microbiological growth were branched and straight chain alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters C 2–C 8. Several of the substances have been identified in early studies of compost For some waste samples the organosulfur compound concentration (C 1 and C 3 mono-, di- and trisulfides) was ca. 10 mg/m 3 which suggests that these substances may contribute to mucous membrane irritation or nausea reported by waste collection personnel.

Initiation of the infection process by Erysiphe graminis: Conversion of the conidial surface from hydrophobicity to hydrophilicity and influence of the conidial exudate on the hydrophobicity of the barley leaf surface

When conidia of Erysiphe graminis are produced, they are hydrophobic and float when placed on the surface of a water droplet. In the hydrophobic state, a conidium may form one or more short germ tubes but fails to form an appressorial germ tube. Formation of an appressorial germ tube, from which the appressorium develops, is required for the establishment of the fungus as a pathogen on leaves of its barley host. Appressorial germ tube formation appears to require conversion of the conidium surface from a hydrophobic to a hydrophilic state. The present investigation shows that this conversion coincides with the contact-stimulated release of a liquid exudate from the conidium. Once the exudate is released, a conidium sinks when placed on water, indicating that it has become relatively more hydrophilic. When hydrophilic conidia are placed on cellophane or the surface of barley leaves, they undergo morphogenesis leading to the formation of appressoria. Incubation of the conidial liquid exudate on the hydrophobic surface of a barley leaf caused the leaf surface to become more hydrophilic. It is suggested that this phenomenon promotes the contact of the conidium with the leaf surface and establishes conditions required for a conidium to germinate by the formation of an appressorial germ tube.

Preparation of the infection court by Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei: cutinase is a component of the conidial exudate

Conidia of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei release a liquid upon contact with a substratum, either the surface of a barley leaf or cellophane. The liquid had been shown to contain esterase activity which partially erodes the surface of the cuticle of barley leaves. The present investigation demonstrates that the liquid exudate contains cutinase activity. The presence of cutinase in the conidial exudate was confirmed by enzyme assays using 3H-cutin as the substrate. Like other fungal cutinases, the enzyme from E. graminis was inhibited by the serine esterase inhibitor diisopropyl fluorophosphate. The results are significant since they demonstrate for the first time the production of cutinase by a powdery mildew parasite. It is possible that the cutinase is involved in the erosion of the leaf cuticle which begins prior to the development of appressoria. Such erosion may be necessary either for recognition of the host surface by the appressorium or for adhesion and more efficient penetration of the leaf.

Pathological Changes of Hyperphonated Cat Vocal Folds

To investigate the pathological changes of hyperphonated vocal folds 15 cats were used and over-cry was induced by mechanical stimuli. The longest experiment time was 15 weeks. All of the larynges were taken and the vocal folds were examined grossly and microscopically. The results were as follows: 1) liquid exudate accumulation beneath the epithelium developed in all of the experimental animals; 2) thickening of the epithelium was noticed in cats which had hyperphonated for more than 4 weeks; 3) acute laryngitis occurred in three cats.

Pharmacological characterization of polycation‐induced rat hind‐paw oedema

1. The inflammatory response induced by poly-L-arginine in the rat hind-paw was studied both by measuring paw oedema and histologically. 2. The paw volume was measured with a hydroplethysmometer at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 18 h after the subplantar injection of the polycation. Protein extravasation was evaluated with Evans' blue and the histology studied by light microscopy. 3. Poly-L-arginine (12, 24, 43 and 115kD) caused dose- and molecular weight-dependent oedema which had a rapid onset and long duration. Evans' blue extravasation paralleled the oedema induced by poly-L-arginine. Microscopic examination of the paws at early stages of oedema formation showed exuberant liquid exudate with no inflammatory cells. After 18 h, a cellular infiltrate was present, consisting mainly of mononuclear cells. 4. Indomethacin, dexamethasone, BW755c or the PAF-antagonist WEB 2086 caused no significant inhibition of the poly-L-arginine-induced oedema. Cyproheptadine had inhibitory effects only on the early stages of the polycation-induced oedema. Similar results were observed with rats depleted of histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. 5. Heparin, a polyanion, injected in the rat paw caused a marked inhibition of the polycation-induced oedema. NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (LNMMA), an inhibitor of EDRF synthesis, injected locally also produced a marked inhibition, but this inhibition was reversed by iloprost. 6. These results suggest that the oedema induced by polycations was due to their cationic charge. The inhibitory effect of LNMMA is probably due to a decrease in vascular flow rather than a decrease in vascular permeability.

Preparation of the infection court by Erysiphe graminis: Degradation of the host cuticle

Contact with a surface stimulates the release of a liquid from conidia of Erysiphe graminis and the liquid has been shown to contain esterase activity. The present investigation demonstrates that the liquid exudate partially erodes the cuticle of barley leaves. The release of esterase into the liquid occurs in two stages. The second stage of release occurs between 10 and 15 min after contact and was shown to be temperature dependent and to be inhibited by cycloheximide. Cuticular erosion may provide a stimulus for subsequent morphological differentiation, such as appressorium formation, or it may enhance appressorial adhesion.

Effects of preslaughter adrenalin injection on muscle metabolites and meat quality of pigs

SummaryGroups of sibling Large White pigs were injected subcutaneously at 2–4 hr preslaughter with 0.1–0.5 mg adrenalin/kg. Corresponding non‐injected siblings were used as controls. The amount of liquid exudate from the retail joints of pork was measured both objectively and visually after 1 and 4 days'storage at 0 ± 1°C. Except with the lowest dose of adrenalin, a marked improvement in water binding was achieved by the treatment. The colour of the meat from the treated group was perceptibly darker than that of corresponding controls. Texture effects were apparent in the cooked meat only at the highest dose level used; flavour was not affected. Concomitant biochemical investigations on bicepsrfemoris showed that the treatment had elevated the ultimate pH and significantly reduced the amount of glucose‐6‐phosphate in the muscle.

A Filterable Virus, Distinct from that of Laryngotracheitis, the Cause of a Respiratory Disease of Chicks

A RESPIRATORY disease of chicks clinically similar to infectious laryngotracheitis was reported upon by Schalk and Hawn (1931) under the title “An apparently new respiratory disease of chicks.” They stated that the disease was confined to chicks from 2 days to 3 weeks of age, the first cases appearing, in most instances, on the fifth to ninth day after removal from the incubator. The symptoms described were gasping, listlessness, and depression. Constant post-mortem findings were said to be acute congestion of all or a portion of one or both lungs and seromucoid liquid exudate in the bronchi and bronchioles. Mucous exudate was found in the nasal passages of a considerable number of the affected chicks. An outbreak ran a rapid course of 3 to 6 days’ duration, from 25 to 75 percent of the chicks became diseased, and from 40 to 90 percent of infected chicks succumbed. The disease was .